Passport System Research Articles

Historical Causes of Militancy and Its Impacts on Educational Institutions in the World

The study was carried out since May, 2019.The major objective was that to find out historical causes of militancy and its impacts on education in the world. Total 40 studies were downloaded from the net and was reviewed again and again and analyzed the situation about the historical causes of militancy and its impacts on education in the world. The study indicates that It is the historical game of the world which are used for gaining the power over the world. All the world developed and under developing countries are involved in this game. Similarly the poor community and illiterate people are deceived by this game and give money for gaining their objectives and purpose. In this game schools, hospitals , road and bridges are destroyed while sometime people are killed for pressurized the government for weakening the economy of the country. Since 1979 the Russia attacked on Afghanistan and this time US allied forces defeated to Russia and this time Asama Bin ladin was the part of US allied forces while latter on in 9/11 he was wanted to USA in this case. Such type accidents were also observed in Iraq, Turkey, Sirilanka, Bangladesh, India, Labia, Egpt. Sham, Pakistan, Malishiya and Syria etc. The militants also there attacked on the administration machinery and want that to downfall the system of the country. The record shows that million people were killed and number of school, colleges and hospitals were destroyed by bomb blasting and number of students was dropped out due to terror from the schools and colleges. Review of related literature shows that militancy is causing aggression in society in terms of cause and interest. In every society the militants are the production of socio-economical imbalanced systems. It also explores that poverty prevailed in society is mainly causing militancy. Thus militancy is not only affecting economy (in terms of spending money on war of terror) but can also have impacts on the physical shape of the society. Insecurity in educational sectors increases illiteracy (dropout rate). While terrorist attacks are directly creating fear and psychological diseases like anxiety etc. among both the parents and students and even in teachers as well. Especially those students whose institutions are once targeted or still under influence of terrorism are avoiding education and they are suffering directly and facing bad consequences in future. The militancy raised due to poverty and illiteracy in the world which further used by some leader for gaining the power. They activate the poor illiterate community which has no knowledge about the game while they are deceived and unite them against the government which latter on became militants which have weapons which are used against the government and destroyed to schools and colleges and make the environment unfavorable and create terror in the world for pressurizing the government. On the basis of problems the study recommended that to generate employment for reduction of poverty and established school and colleges for the improvement of their skill to find job easily anywhere in the world for pushing their economy. All countries of the world boundary walls should be constructed for protection of for foreign militant attack. Strict rules and regulation by government should be imposed. Passport and Identity Card system should be developed in the country for arresting the militants who goes against the country. Keywords: -Historical Review, Causes, Militancy, Impact, Education, World DOI : 10.7176/JAAS/58-04 Publication date :September 30 th 2019

Activities of the Passport Bodies of the Bolshevik Government in Kazakhstan in the 1920s

ABSTRACTThe history of the passport is one of the lesser researched questions in the history of post-Soviet countries. Our research is devoted to the consideration of the role of the passport institutions and associated documents of the Bolshevik government in Kazakhstan in the 1920s. Official pass documents, temporary identifications, and certificates of residence played the role of basic documents used in the passport system for Kazakhstan’s Bolshevik government. Regional administrative bodies were tasked with the organization and supervision of the issue of these documents. Those organizations were special departments, pass offices, and local Soviet organizations. Although the Civil War of 1918–1920 contributed to the strengthening of the law enforcement agencies that controlled identity documents, during the period of the New Economic Policy, control of movement using such documents was far less stringent than it would be after 1928 and into the 1930s.

Soviet Funeral Services: From Moral Economy to Social Welfare and Back

The intent to totally reconstruct society and human identity was a basic notion of the Soviet project. Funerals and the death care industry were no exception. The Decree on Funerals and Cemeteries on 7 December 1918 stated the need to construct a new funeral rite based on a new death care industry: the radical escape from Orthodox ritual tradition, an ‘equal’ funeral rite for every citizen, new ‘un-religious’ funeral practices, and, finally, the ‘fiery burial’ – cremation – as a most perfect burial, both ideologically and aesthetically. This new ‘death care policy’ also included the nationalization of the private death care industry and guarantees for any working person to be properly buried at the state’s expense. The practical implementation of these ideas, however, resulted in the immediate and total collapse of the death care industry in early Soviet Russia. This article depicts the early efforts of the Bolshevik regime in the radical and thorough reforming of the death care industry in Russia, and it discusses how the aftermath of these activities and the costs of the ‘new death administration’ ended in the quiet restoration of pre-revolutionary death procedures. It also argues that the implementation of class-based funeral fees in 1923 was one of the first steps towards creating new Soviet social estates that became official in the Soviet passport system in 1932.

Evaluation of Users’ Knowledge and Concerns of Biometric Passport Systems

The increase in terrorism and identity fraud has forced governments worldwide to make a combined effort to enhance the security of national borders. Biometric passports are the emergent identity travel document deployed in guaranteeing the safekeeping of the entry point of the border and limiting the usage of counterfeit documents. This study analyzes users’ concerns and threats to the biometric passport delivery system in Uganda, where the first biometric passports are planned for rollout in 2019. We used a mixed approach to compute and articulate the results. Factors impacting fear of technology like disclosure of personal data, improper data transmission, and data abuse were determined. Relevance knowledge of preferred technology such as the personal experience of the technology, data privacy awareness and perceived usefulness was confirmed. Threats and attacks on the technology such as counterfeit and brute-force were identified. It is important for policymakers and security expertise to understand that biometric technologies evoke fears of privacy and public liberties infringements. Therefore, end user’s acceptance of biometric passports will be dependent on the degree of trust in the technology itself and in those operating the applications.

False Passports, Undocumented Workers, and Public (Dis)Order in Late-Eighteenth-Century Russia

Abstract In 1798, a case of suspected passport forgery in the new town of Gatchina brought to light an array of legal, semilegal, and totally illegal behavior when it came to tsarist Russia’s documentary requirements that governed mobility. Although there had been earlier kinds of documents required for travel, in the early eighteenth century, decrees established a system of short-term passports to allow a degree of mobility within a social structure based in binding legal statuses (soslovie) that tied nearly all subjects of the tsar to their localities or their owners. This specific case demonstrates that although the tsarist state clearly viewed this passport system as a method of social control, there were several significant limits to that control. First, documents were only reliable as long as they could be taken as truthful; cases of passport forgery like this showed how difficult it was for authorities to ascertain that truth. Second, the investigation uncovered many individuals who were negotiating (or sometimes ignoring) the passport system in ways that show the real limits of tsarist control. And third, the passport system took significant effort to maintain, effort that did not necessarily always seem worthwhile to some local authorities.

Some Basic Aspects of Militia Activities in Ukrainian SSR in 1933

The authors’ objective was to study the main aspects of militia’s activities in 1933. This objective is specified in the following tasks: to highlight the work of militia regarding the introduction of passportization in Ukraine; to reveal certain aspects of its activity during the grain supplies in 1933. The authors of the article highlight for the first time the role of militia in carrying out grain supplies in 1933 in Ukraine. Materials on the implementation of passportization in the Republic have been supplemented through the prism of the tasks and activities of militia in this direction.
 It has been noted that the system of registration and control of population in the cities of Ukrainian SSR was radically changed at the end of 1932. The exact time for the introduction of passportization was chosen not by chance – collectivization in Ukraine ended and the Holodomor began. The result of these processes was a massive flight of peasants from villages who tried to survive and escape from the Holodomor. The main feature of the new passport system was the fact that passports were issued only to those residents of cities, workers’ settlements, state-owned enterprises and new buildings who reached the age of 16 years. An absolute majority of villagers did not have the opportunity to get this document and therefore became attached to their places of residence.
 Practical conduction of passportization of the population in Ukrainian SSR revealed an unfavorable demographic situation in the country and the presence of a large number of declassed persons who did not have a permanent job or committed crimes. The introduction of the passport system positively affected the organization of combating crime and ensuring state security, the registration of receptees was established. At the same time, passportization was accompanied by numerous repressions of judicial and extrajudicial nature. Militia being a part of the State Political Administration took an active part in the grain supplies campaign of 1932-1933, which led to the Holodomor. That activity had negative and repressive nature. Officers of militia also investigated the cases involving cannibalism.

Fissile material detection using neutron time-correlations from photofission

The detection of special nuclear materials (SNM) in commercial cargoes is a major objective in the field of nuclear security. In this work we investigate the use of two-neutron time-correlations from photo-fission using the Prompt Neutrons from Photofission (PNPF) detectors in Passport Systems Inc.’s (PSI) Shielded Nuclear Alarm Resolution (SNAR) platform for the purpose of detecting ∼5 kg quantities of fissionable materials in seconds. The goal of this effort was to extend the secondary scan mode of this system to differentiate fissile materials, such as highly enriched uranium, from fissionable materials, such as low enriched and depleted uranium (LEU and DU). Experiments were performed using a variety of material samples, and data were analyzed using the variance-over-mean technique referred to as Y2F or Feynman-α. Results were compared to computational models to improve our ability to predict system performance for distinguishing fissile materials. Simulations were then combined with empirical formulas to generate receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves for a variety of shielding scenarios. We show that a 10 second screening with a 200 μA 9 MeV X-ray beam is sufficient to differentiate kilogram quantities of HEU from DU in various shielding scenarios in a standard cargo container.

ПРАВОВІ ТА ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНІ ЗАСАДИ МІГРАЦІЙНОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ РАДЯНСЬКОЇ УКРАЇНИ (1922–1991 РР.)

The article deals with the legal and organizational principles of the migration policy of Soviet Ukraine. The authors aim to analyze and characterize the whole range of methods and means of regulating migratory flows used by the Soviet authorities. The article analyzes the components of the Soviet migration policy: the passport system, the controlled and compulsory population movements, the regime of external migration, and the like. It is noted that the migration legal framework was formed without taking into account generally accepted international legal standards. Regulatory acts in the field of regulating the movement of population had one goal – to achieve full control by the state for the movement of a person and subordinate these movements to the interests of the state. The methodological basis of the article consists of the principles of historicity, objectivity, versatility, complementarity and reasonableness. To analyse the development of the migration policy of the Soviet Ukraine, dialectical, chronological, systemic-structural, historical, comparative and other general scientific, as well as special scientific methods according to the subject of research are used. The study finds the main instrument for monitoring and streamlining migration flows in the Soviet Ukraine was the long-standing passport system, and but not the economic policy and human rights and freedoms. The freedom to choose a place of residence has been kept to a minimum. This was in line with the migration doctrine of the Soviet era, which was determined in the All-Union Centre and was reduced to the strict control over the movement of the population, the extreme limited travel abroad. The choice of personality was to be subject to public interests that were understood as the interests of the state. In the last years of the Soviet Union's its most odious limitations gradually weakened, but only marginally. State interests were motivated by a number of diverse controlled displacements. However, the authors prove that the desire to strictly regulate migration processes by the Soviet authorities was not fully realized. Firstly, organized resettlement had never been a dominant form of displacement of the population in the USSR, even during the most rigid totalitarian regime. Secondly, a significant part of the organized resettlement ended with the return of migrants to their former residence or relocation to another place. The authors draw attention to the fact that the constituent part of the migration policy of the Soviet Ukraine was the forced migration, which was carried out in the form of deportation of entire ethnic groups. Such voluntarist events have affected millions of different nationalities, and Ukraine has been experiencing their results to this day. Thus, the authors conclude that at the time of Ukraine's independence proclaimed, migration policy and its institutes in Ukraine were in fact absent, which is explained by the presence of only a surrogate statehood and the predominance of administrative methods over political management of migratory flows.

About passport system of foreign citizens in the caspian region

About passport system of foreign citizens in the caspian region

IMCI and ETAT integration at a primary healthcare facility in Malawi: a human factors approach

BackgroundIntegrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) and Emergency Triage, Assessment and Treatment (ETAT) are guidelines developed by the World Health Organization to reach targets for reducing under-5 mortality. They were set out in the Millennium Development Goals. Each guideline was established separately so the purpose of this study was to understand how these systems have been integrated in a primary care setting and identify barriers and facilitators to this integration using a systems approach.MethodInterviews were carried out with members of staff of different levels within a primary healthcare clinic in Malawi. Along with observations from the clinic this provided a well-rounded view of the running of the clinic. This data was then analysed using the SEIPS 2.0 work systems framework. The work system elements specified in this model were used to identify and categorise themes that influenced the clinic’s efficiency.ResultsA process map of the flow of patients through the clinic was created, showing the tasks undertaken and the interactions between staff and patients. In their interviews, staff identified several organisational elements that served as barriers to the implementation of care. They included workload, available resources, ineffective time management, delegation of roles and adaptation of care. In terms of the external environment there was a lack of clarity over the two sets of guidelines and how they were to be integrated which was a key barrier to the process. Under the heading of tools and technology a lack of guideline copies was identified as a barrier. However, the health passport system and other forms of recording were highlighted as being important facilitators. Other issues highlighted were the lack of transport provided, challenges regarding teamwork and attitudes of members of staff, patient factors such as their beliefs and regard for the care and education provided by the clinic.ConclusionsThis study provides the first information on the challenges and issues involved in combining IMCI and ETAT and identified a number of barriers. These barriers included a lack of resources, staff training and heavy workload. This provided areas to work on in order to improve implementation.

CPassport - a passport system based on Cloud Computing and Near Field Communication

CPassport - a passport system based on Cloud Computing and Near Field Communication

Electronic passport system acceptance: an empirical study from Indonesia

The objective of the study was to evaluate the website of passport submission provided by Directorate General of Immigration (DGI), Ministry of Law and Human Right of Indonesia. For this purpose, a questionnaire was deployed to gather data required. The questionnaire was developed in closed form to measure four variables i.e., information quality, system quality, service quality and perceived easy of use. Structural equation modelling was deployed to analyse the data. Lisrel software was used in this regard. The result showed that information quality, system quality and service quality influenced perceived easy of use of online passport website. Improvement in service quality will improve perceived easy of use. In contrary, in order to improve perceived easy of use, DGI must reformulate information provided on the website. Similar evidence with system quality of website, DGI must evaluate the quality of the website in order to improve perceived easy of use.

Electronic passport system acceptance: an empirical study from Indonesia

The objective of the study was to evaluate the website of passport submission provided by Directorate General of Immigration (DGI), Ministry of Law and Human Right of Indonesia. For this purpose, a questionnaire was deployed to gather data required. The questionnaire was developed in closed form to measure four variables i.e., information quality, system quality, service quality and perceived easy of use. Structural equation modelling was deployed to analyse the data. Lisrel software was used in this regard. The result showed that information quality, system quality and service quality influenced perceived easy of use of online passport website. Improvement in service quality will improve perceived easy of use. In contrary, in order to improve perceived easy of use, DGI must reformulate information provided on the website. Similar evidence with system quality of website, DGI must evaluate the quality of the website in order to improve perceived easy of use.

Underground Petersburg: Radical Populism, Urban Space, and the Tactics of Subversion in Reform-Era Russia by Christopher Ely (review)

SEER, 95, 4, OCTOBER 2017 772 Elsewhere, davit´ ikh vsekh nado — a fair approximation of which might be ‘we need to crush them all’ — is rendered as ‘everything is necessary to crush them’ (p. 50), and the verb prikhodit´sia produces the line ‘I don’t want to hope that it will come to me to live a long time here’ (p. 81). Such mistakes, typographical errors and stylistic infelicities abound throughout, testing the reader’s patience. These shortcomings notwithstanding, however, Badcock deserves credit for having produced an assiduous, enlightening and admirably humane piece of scholarship, one that adds greatly to our understanding of a hitherto obscure and understudied aspect of Russia’s imperial experience. London Ben Phillips Ely, Christopher. Underground Petersburg: Radical Populism, Urban Space, and the Tactics of Subversion in Reform-Era Russia. Northern Illinois University Press, DeKalb, IL, 2016. xi + 325 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $39.00: £27.50 (paperback). Revolutionary populism of the mid nineteenth century has been well served by historical writing. Soviet historiography saw the seeds of Bolshevik Marxism in the tactics of insurgency used by radicals in the nineteenth century. Magisterial studies by Franco Venturi and Avrahm Yarmolinsky provided thorough accounts of the ideology, strategy and tactics of populist and socialist movements in mid-nineteenth-century Russia. The number of chroniclers is unsurprising, as the story of the populists was a dramatic one that illuminates diversefieldsincludingradicalpolitics,publicspectacleandtheuseofterrorism. Significant acts included the ‘going to the people’ movement in 1874 and the successful use of regicide by the People’s Will in 1881. Christopher Ely’s new work seeks to combine this well-worn narrative of insurgent struggle against tsarist autocracy with an exploration of the dynamics of the developing urban environment. His contribution is to challenge analyses of populism that see the struggle as primarily ideological — instead, Ely focuses on environmental and strategic factors as key to understanding the populists; particularly, he focuses much attention on the development of the revolutionary underground as a space for populist mobilization. Drawing on Foucault, Ely conceptualizes St Petersburg as a battleground where power could be won or lost; he considers the urban environment to be a ‘heterotopia’ where the legitimacy of the state could be successfully challenged by insurgency due to the layout of the city. In Ely’s words, ‘by similarly isolating radical populism from any all-embracing justification, or lack thereof, we can more easily see it as rooted both in a specific time and place and in the development of a discrete set of practices that did not require coherent ideological scaffolding’ (p. 17). The transition from a REVIEWS 773 rural to urban setting during the 1870s transformed the tactics of the populists as they sought to use the city space to aid their cause. Ely convincingly argues that public space gave opponents of the autocracy a new space in which they could refine their arguments and techniques of resistance. The novelty and emotional attraction of the populist message led to a number of supporters being recruited to the cause. Ely assesses the development of revolutionary populism from 1855–81 across eight tightly focused chapters. To demonstrate his arguments, Ely draws on a wide variety of source materials, including archival documents and, usefully, voluminous quotations from the populists themselves, and engages widely with the secondary literature on the subject. In an interesting chapter, Ely examines how revolutionary insurgency was in effect performed through a series of public events. The first was the emergence of mass demonstrations. The demonstrations that accompanied the Balkan Crisis of 1875–76, in spite of their support for autocracy, showed the potential for public disorder. More crucial to this story was the appearance of a number of ‘red funerals’ held for deceased populists during 1876. Following these funerals was the infamous trial of Vera Zasulich in 1878, which allowed for a public articulation of the populist message (p. 164). Realizing its mistake in allowing these non-autocratic voices to be aired, the government sought to drive the populist movement underground. Close monitoring in the following decade meant populists were largely restricted to a revolutionary underground, using the passport system, fake identities and communal housing to evade capture. The populists...

Clinical Skills Passport: A Method to Increase Participation in Clinical Skills by Medical Students During a Surgery Clerkship

To prospectively evaluate the effect of introducing a clinical skills "passport" on medical students' reporting of their experience with basic clinical skills. A prospective longitudinal intervention study was conducted. Medical students were administered a questionnaire at the conclusion of their 12-week surgery clerkship regarding their experience with 15 clinical skills, inquiring whether they had "learned on surgery clerkship", "learned before surgery clerkship", or "not learned". Preintervention baseline data were obtained for 2 consecutive academic years (n = 213 students). In the third year, students (n = 124) were given a clinical skills passport to document performance of 8 of the 15 skills under the supervision of a surgical resident or faculty member. After excluding from analysis those students who learned a skill before their surgery clerkship, the fraction of students who reported learning clinical skills during their surgery clerkship before and after the introduction of the clinical skills passport was compared using Fisher exact test and chi-squared test, where appropriate (p ≤ 0.003 was considered significant; Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons). Washington University School of Medicine. A total of 337 medical students completing the junior surgery clerkship over a 3-year period were included in the study. All 337 students completed a survey. Considering each skill individually, survey response rate was 5045/5055 (99.8%). Combining all responses for all skills, the fraction of students reporting that skills were learned on the surgery clerkship increased after the introduction of the clinical skills passport (1498/1938 [77%] preintervention vs. 974/1109 [88%] postintervention, p < 0.0001, chi square). After the introduction of the clinical skills passport, the fraction of students reporting that a skill was "learned on surgery clerkship" significantly increased for the 8 skills listed on the passport (1026/1699 [83%] preintervention vs. 685/714 [96%] postintervention, p < 0.0001, chi square), but did not increase for the 7 skills not listed on the passport (472/695 [68%] preintervention vs. 289/395 [73%] postintervention, p = 0.08, chi square). Considering each skill individually, after the introduction of the clinical skills passport, the fraction of students reporting that a skill was "learned on surgery clerkship" significantly increased for 4/15 skills (all listed on the clinical passport) and decreased for 0/15 skills (p < 0.003, Fisher exact test, 2 tailed). Institution of a clinical skills passport system during a surgery clerkship increased medical student reporting of their performance of basic clinical skills.

JAPAN'S PASSPORT SYSTEM AND THE OPENING OF BORDERS, 1866–1878

abstractThis article sheds new light on the opening of Japan in the late nineteenth century focusing on the legalization of overseas travel and the introduction of passports. It argues that the Tokugawa shogunate introduced passports as a belated endorsement of the increasingly common practice of undercover border-crossing as it feared losing the political grip. Once the new regulation was in place, most travellers went to China or Korea as petty merchants or low-skill labourers, in part recruited by Western merchants and consuls. The foreign ministry, fearing that unrestricted emigration of labourers and mercenaries might harm the country's international reputation and political stability, limited the number of passports to distribute to the treaty ports. Japan's passport system thus focused more on regulating the overseas travel than promoting it, in contrast to the positive light in which the opening of Japan is commonly portrayed. The government largely succeeded in preventing the unwanted emigration, but never fully controlled the process because of the less vigilant port officials and the ambiguity on some of the borders' exact location. Overall, the investigation into the first two decades of the Japanese passport travellers leads to a more complex understanding of modern Japan's opening of borders.

Modernist Resistance to the Surveillance State

Bridget Chalk’s Modernism and Mobility: The Passport and Cosmopolitan Experience (2014) is the first book-length study in the field of literary passport studies. Asserting that scholarship on exile and modern literature has generally ignored the travel constraints imposed on the traveler in the modern period, Chalk seeks to check the easy acceptance of cosmopolitan modernism by drawing attention to the bureaucratic apparatuses neglected in this discourse. Blending biographical criticism with close readings of texts and correspondence, Chalk argues that modernist writers resist the narrow juridical narrative of individual identity imposed by the passport system by reinserting agency into the process of identification. The book’s primary subjects are modernist writers D.H. Lawrence, Gertrude Stein, Claude McKay, Jean Rhys, and Christopher Isherwood; Chalk’s nuanced close readings of their interwar writing opens up compelling new interpretations of the texts she has chosen, with implications beyond them.

Chile's Limited Passport into the Global Literary Market

Chile's Limited Passport Into The Global Literary Market Paula C. Park (bio) "It's possible to have many homelands, it occurs to me now, but only one passport, and that passport is obviously the quality of one's writing." —Roberto Bolaño (2004) It seems reasonable to agree with Chilean writer Roberto Bolaño's metaphorical take on the distinctiveness of passports. The same way quality may allow an author's written work to cross national borders—that is, garner interest from international readers—the principal function of a passport is to enable transnational mobility. Yet what is quality writing? For Bolaño, quality is the direct result of an author's fearlessness; it consists of "the ability to peer into the darkness, to leap into the void, to know that literature is basically a dangerous undertaking" (2004, 34). A more cynical interpretation of Bolaño's definition, however, could correlate quality with a writer's ability to engage with the global market of literary production. In fact, this is what Bolaño has unintentionally achieved shortly after his premature death in 2003.1 Long after the end of the so-called Boom era (Latin America's first entry into the "international literary map" in the 1960s and 70s2), Bolaño almost single-handedly managed to reshape the reception of Chilean and Latin American literature in the world. As put by critic Ilan Stavans: "Not since Gabriel García Márquez… has a Latin American redrawn the map of world literature so emphatically as Roberto Bolaño" (2007). Receiving the Rómulo Gallegos Prize in Venezuela for his novel The Savage Detectives (1998), for which Bolaño recited the above-quoted acceptance speech in 1999, was only the beginning of his international stardom. [End Page 97] Bolaño's statement in respect to passports and writing quality hints at a paradoxically limiting effect of another basic function of passports: to provide national identity. The quality of an author's writing may very well pave the path towards far-reaching circulation around the world. However, the national identity indicated by the author's passport might also restrict access to that very same path since there is an unspoken quota, a limit to the number of writers that consumers of mainstream literature expect to read from a certain country. Likewise, passports legitimize mobility across international boundaries, but they also make individuals subject to their nationstate. Through passports, citizens become "dependent on states for the possession of an 'identity'" (Torpey 2000, 4). By way of the passport system, governments have the power to designate and monopolize those individuals that legally belong to the nation-state and those who are excluded. For instance, about two months after the military coup that overthrew Salvador Allende's socialist government on September 11, 1973, a decree-law empowered the government of Augusto Pinochet to deport Chileans and foreigners "when the noble interests of the state so require" (Rettig Commission 1993, 98). A list of Chileans whose re-entry was restricted was made and as a result, their passports were marked with a hand-written "L," which stood for Limitado para circular (Limited Circulation).3 During Pinochet's military reign (1973-1990), around 200,000 Chileans were expelled.4 In solidarity or fear of being targeted by the military regime, some writers like José Donoso chose voluntary exile. Yet in 1981, Donoso returned to Chile. Like Donoso, Carlos Cerda, who initiated his writing career while living in forced exile, returned and resettled in Chile in 1985, that is, also during Pinochet's regime. Donoso, whose work has been translated to more than fifteen languages, is often considered a central figure of the Latin American Boom, alongside García Márquez, Carlos Fuentes, Mario Vargas Llosa, and Julio Cortázar. Cerda, who lived in East Germany from 1973 to 1985, is much less known outside of Chile, even though his writings have been translated to English and German. Focusing on these two authors, I will draw here a connection between the transnational reception of Chilean exiles and Chile's place in world literature during the dictatorial regime, a period that coincided in part with the so-called...

Confederate Political Economy: Creating and Managing a Southern Corporatist Nation. by Michael Brem Bonner

Reviewed by: Confederate Political Economy: Creating and Managing a Southern Corporatist Nation. by Michael Brem Bonner John M. Sacher (bio) Confederate Political Economy: Creating and Managing a Southern Corporatist Nation. By Michael Brem Bonner. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2016.Pp. 272. Cloth, $48.00.) Michael Brem Bonner aims to reassess Confederate political culture in action in order to establish a new model for understanding the political economy of the South during the Civil War. He challenges scholars who have contended that Confederate oligarchs operated an undemocratic, top-down economy and created state socialism. Instead, Bonner paints a picture of leaders who prioritized national survival over any particular economic doctrine. In their attempt to win the war, Confederate politicians worked with industrial leaders, and this cooperation unintentionally led to the creation of a corporatist state similar to twentieth-century nations. Ultimately, he concludes, "in order to fight modernization the Confederacy was forced to modernize" (202). For Bonner, corporatism involves the shared government responsibility between public and private sectors, with each group needing the other to succeed. In the Confederacy, this symbiotic relationship was based on expediency more than any master plan. In fact, throughout Bonner's work, "expedient" serves as the ubiquitous modifier of "corporatism." According to him, this expediency distinguishes the Confederacy from later corporatist states where political leaders consciously chose corporatism rather than stumbling upon it like the South did. Bonner also uses the concept of expediency to remind readers that Confederate politicians did not intentionally embark on undemocratic policies but arrived at them as a result of a combination of wartime needs and a system that fostered this executiveled corporatism. Needing to marshal every available resource, the Confederacy not only worked with existing businesses such as the Tredegar Iron Works but also created others. The Augusta Powder Works, which provided gunpowder for the army, serves as the classic example of the state constructing a business when the private sector could not provide what it needed. Both patriotism and profit motivated the private-sector businessmen. And, when focused on the latter, their actions did not always coincide with the Confederacy's best interests. The Confederacy's railroad policy, where the government deferred to industry leaders until the final months of the war, demonstrates both corporatism in action and the problems of allowing profit-minded businessmen to determine government policies. Bonner has a keen eye for using specific cases and people as examples to support his argument. In addition to addressing prominent leaders such [End Page 324] as Josiah Gorgas and Tredegar's Joseph Reid Anderson, Bonner emphasizes less well known business leaders and army officers such as "patriotic industrialist" Colin J. McRae and Lieutenant Colonel George Washington Rains. McRae served as the key factor in forging a connection between the Shelby Iron Company and the Confederate government. Defying tremendous odds, Rains created the Augusta Powder Works, which kept Confederate armies in the field and thereby demonstrated the value of expedient corporatism. Additionally, Bonner studies a variety of specific policies to show the development of expedient corporatism over the course of the Civil War. First, he examines the Confederate Constitution. Contrary to historians who posit this document as simply the United States Constitution with protection for slavery, Bonner sees it as a fundamentally different document. In particular, it created the foundation for a strong executive and centralized power with its line-item veto, six-year presidential term, and greater presidential power over the purse. When coupled with the Confederacy's antipartyism, the lack of a Supreme Court, and the president's authority as commander in chief, it put in place a framework for executive-driven corporatism. Second, Bonner highlights conscription and the domestic passport system to demonstrate expedient corporatism. Confederate leaders did not begin the war with the intention of implementing either policy, but events forced their hands. Not only did the government use conscription to control manpower and a passport system to control movement, but it made each policy more stringent as the war placed greater and greater demands on the Confederacy. For Bonner, wartime expediency best explains the creation and evolution of these policies, especially conscription, which not only expanded the army but through its exemption...

“A Unique Plan of Getting Deported”: Claude McKay's &lt;em&gt;Banjo&lt;/em&gt; and the Marked Passport

"A Unique Plan of Getting Deported":Claude Mckay's Banjo and the Marked Passport Nissa Ren Cannon (bio) "While scrupulously complying with official regulations regarding passports, identity cards and visas," Claude McKay recounts in his 1939 autobiography A Long Way From Home, "in all my traveling in strange places, I have always relied on my own personality as the best passport" (301). McKay's claim articulates a tension familiar to the modern traveler, caught between the homogenizing limitations of a legally documented identity and the wider possibilities of individual expression. There are few novels in which passports, and the paperwork of identity and affiliation, play a more central role than McKay's 1929 Banjo. Without the demand for identifying and legitimating documents, and the attendant acceptance of the state's power represented in official paperwork, Banjo would lack motion: McKay's "beach boys" might never leave the beach. As the nation-state attempts to force a particular identity on its citizens, reified in legal documentation, Banjo's titular character demonstrates the power of the individual to resist bounded stasis by working within the system rather than outside of it. By emphasizing the way the passport's visas fundamentally alter its nature, McKay depicts a community that is founded not in nationalism or internationalism, but in a dialectic between them. This dialectic, created by transnational mobility, inscribes a new form of kinship on the modern mobile individual. Banjo is the product of a society newly dependent on the passport as it still exists today.1 While the twentieth century was not the first time the state attempted to control citizens' movement, the commencement of European hostilities in 1914 saw the implementation of an international passport system of unprecedented scope, and the initiation of new implications for these documents. Germany was the first Western European state to introduce a war-time passport mandate, and the UK, much of the rest of Europe, and the U.S. quickly followed suit. While the end of the American Civil War resulted in the relaxation of temporary passport controls, the end of World War I led to the calcification of identificatory demands. Despite the League of Nations' Organization for Communication and Transit holding conferences in 1920 [End Page 141] and 1926 with the expressed intention of once more phasing out the passport, member states' concerns about displaced immigrants flooding labor markets and security threats instead lead to further standardization of this document (Salter 2003, 79). The proposal that the form identification requirements take plays a role in literature is not novel. Looking long before the modern passport's introduction, Jesper Gulddal claims free movement was fundamental to emplotment in the early novel, and border controls had an effect on the form literature took (2013, 293-94). Gulddal traces state-sanctioned movement controls back to the French revolution, arguing that these restrictions led to a rupture with earlier literary tradition. In a twentieth-century context, Paul Fussell's influential Abroad: Literary Traveling Between the Wars (1980) makes a persuasive claim about the relationship between literature and the passport. Fussell suggests "so small a phenomena as the passport picture is an example of something tiny which has powerfully affected the modern sensibility" (26), going on to state that the mindset provoked by the passport photo's implementation manifests in the work of T.S. Eliot, Franz Kafka, and Samuel Beckett. Along with the thumbnail photo—introduced by the United Kingdom in 1914, and swiftly made standard practice across Europe and the United States—the modern passport's multi-page booklet form marked another key distinction from earlier instantiations. This new format facilitates the mutability that proves integral to Banjo's embrace of the passport in McKay's novel. The passport's sudden ubiquity meant all classes of travelers were abruptly forced into familiarity with a document previously only known to certain populations, in certain periods, in certain countries. Craig Robertson's The Passport in America (2010) articulates the decisive conceptual shift implemented by the modern passport: the full-scale displacement of identification practices from the individual's body onto the document. Reliance on the passport meant personal knowledge was not sufficient for verified identity, and power rested in...