Passive State Research Articles

Research on surface energy and corrosion resistance by electrochemical processing of 304-Cu stainless steel

In this paper, activation (H7 series), over-passivation (H6 series), and passivation states were presented in the electrochemical processes. 304-Cu stainless steel was treated with two electrolytes (H6, H7), and then passivated by air oxidation, citric acid pickling, or ultraviolet irradiation. The variations of voltage and surface energy described the different stages of the process, corresponding to the changes in morphology, and the evolution of the passivation film. The H6 series with flat surfaces had higher corrosion potential and pitting corrosion potential, and the corrosion current was lower. The H7 series with rough surfaces had a thicker passivation film, poorer pitting corrosion resistance, and the best general corrosion resistance. The formula derived from the Arrhenius equation illustrates the functional relationship between the surface energy and the resistance of the passivation film, and the results validated the conclusions.

‘What’s a D and C between friends?’ Space, intimacy and the medicalisation of unmotherhood in modernist literature

This essay theorises what ‘unmotherhood’—or, living outside of motherhood—means within the specific context of ‘the modern’. Unmotherhood is an actively constructed state; it is explored through the parameters of agentive...

Monomer-dimer equilibrium of human cystatin C during internalization into cancer cells.

Human cystatin C (hCC) is a physiologically important protein that serves as intra- and extracellular cysteine proteinase inhibitor in homeostasis. However, in pathological states it dimerizes and further oligomerizes accumulating into a toxic amyloid. HCC forms an active monomer in the extracellular space and becomes an inactive dimer when internalized in cellular organelles. However, hCC cell penetration and its oligomeric state during this process are not well understood. To determine if and how the oligomeric state influences hCC transmembrane migration, we investigated the internalization of the hCC wild type protein as well as three different mutants, which exclusively exist in the monomeric or multimeric state into HeLa cells via confocal fluorescence microscopy. Our results showed that the preferred pathway was endocytosis and that the oligomeric state did not significantly influence the internalization because both monomeric and dimeric hCC migrated into HeLa cells. Considering the differences of the active monomeric and the passive dimeric states of hCC, our findings contribute to a better understanding of the intra and extra cellular functions of hCC and their interaction with cysteine proteases.

Enhancing sound insulation performance with active constrained layer damping plates at low frequencies

In this paper, the normal incident sound transmission loss characteristics of active constrained layer damping (ACLD) plates are investigated numerically and experimentally. The sound insulation performance of the ACLD plate configuration with a centrally positioned 30 mm × 30 mm patch is initially examined in both passive and active control states. The analog feedback control strategy is employed to physically demonstrate that the ACLD treatment can effectively improve airborne sound insulation performance at low frequencies. To enhance control efficiency and mitigate control spillover effects, an edge-enhanced ACLD (EACLD) plate configuration is proposed, which enables a direct electrical connection between the PZT layer and base plate. Control mechanism is further analyzed from the perspectives of mean quadratic normal velocity and deformed modal shapes. Results show that, in the passive state, the formation of sound insulation peaks of the ACLD and EACLD plate configurations are attributed to structural anti-resonance effects. By applying active control, the shear deformation degree of the viscoelastic layer can be further increased, and the advantages of active and passive hybrid damping are formed. Therefore, the sound insulation performance of the EACLD plate configuration in the first-order resonance region around 190 Hz can be enhanced by approximately 20 dB. The proposed EACLD plate configuration demonstrates a broad low-frequency sound insulation bandwidth and holds strong potential for engineering applications.

How would autonomous vehicles behave in real-world crash scenarios?

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) have the potential to revolutionize transportation systems by enhancing traffic safety. Safety testing is undoubtedly a critical step for enabling large-scale deployment of AVs. High-risk scenarios are particularly important as they pose significant challenges and provide valuable insights into the driving capabilities of AVs. This study presents a novel approach to assess the safety of AVs using in-depth crash data, with a particular focus on real-world crash scenarios. First, based on the high-definition video recording of the whole process prior to the crash occurrences, 453 real-world crashes involving 596 passenger cars from China In-depth Mobility Safety Study-Traffic Accident (CIMSS-TA) database were reconstructed. Pertinent static and dynamic elements needed for the construction of the testing scenarios were extracted. Subsequently, 596 testing scenarios were created via each passenger car’s perspective within the simulation platform. Following this, each of the crash-involved passenger cars was replaced with Baidu Apollo, a famous automated driving system (ADS), for counterfactual simulation. Lastly, the safety performance of the AV was assessed using the simulation results. A logit model was utilized to identify the fifteen crucial scenario elements that have significant impacts on the test results. The findings demonstrated that the AV could avoid 363 real-world crashes, accounting for approximately 60.91% of the total, and effectively mitigated injuries in the remaining 233 unavoidable scenarios compared to a human driver. Moreover, the AV maintain a smoother speed in most of the scenarios. The common feature of these unavoidable scenarios is that the AV is in a passive state, and the crashes are not caused by the AV violating traffic rules, but rather caused by abnormal behavior exhibited by the human drivers. Additionally, seven specific scenarios have been identified wherein AVs are unable to avoid a crash. These findings demonstrate that, compared to human drivers, AVs can avoid crashes that are difficult for humans to avoid, thereby enhancing traffic safety.

Effect of endogenous chloride ion on the corrosion behavior of reinforcement embedded in sea-sand UHPC matrix in different immersion environments

Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is an innovative cement-based composite material characterized by extremely high durability and mechanical properties, which provides a potential possibility of using non-desalted sea-sand as aggregate. However, the long-term steel corrosion behavior in UHPC prepared by simulated sea-sand under different immersion environments remains unclear, which is of great significance for the application of sea-sand UHPC in practical engineering. In this study, the pore structure of sea-sand UHPC matrix was measured using nitrogen adsorption/desorption method. The corrosion behavior of rebar in sea-sand UHPC with different endogenous chloride ion contents soaking in pure water and NaCl solution was characterized by linear polarization resistance (LPR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic polarization (CP). The experimental results show that the initial UHPC pore structure is refined by incorporation of sea-sand, and is similar to that of ordinary UHPC at the later hydration. Regardless of the endogenous chloride ion content and immersion environment, the corrosion rate evaluated by corrosion current density (icorr) and polarization resistance (Rp) of reinforcement in UHPC is extremely low. The measurement of EIS shows that UHPC group has higher matrix resistance (Rc) and charge transfer resistance (Rct), while lower electric double layer capacitance (CPEdl) of reinforcement, which indicates that the steel in UHPC made of sea-sand is still in a state of passivation. However, the steel bar in comparison specimen OPC soaking in NaCl solution is in the corrosion stage. Furthermore, sea-sand UHPC possesses of excellent ability of anti-pitting corrosion of reinforcement after 180 days of immersion in NaCl solution.

An Unpredictable Brain Is a Conscious, Responsive Brain.

Severe traumatic brain injuries typically result in loss of consciousness or coma. In deeply comatose patients with traumatic brain injury, cortical dynamics become simple, repetitive, and predictable. We review evidence that this low-complexity, high-predictability state results from a passive cortical state, represented by a stable repetitive attractor, that hinders the flexible formation of neuronal ensembles necessary for conscious experience. Our data and those from other groups support the hypothesis that this cortical passive state is because of the loss of thalamocortical input. We identify the unpredictability and complexity of cortical dynamics captured by local field potential as a sign of recovery from this passive coma attractor. In this perspective article, we discuss how these electrophysiological biomarkers of the recovery of consciousness could inform the design of closed-loop stimulation paradigms to treat disorders of consciousness.

Стойкость против питтинговой коррозии как критерий безопасности эксплуатации металлического оборудования

Pitting corrosion is hazardous for personnel of chemical plants operating with tanks, reactors, and pipelines. Pitting is a pinpointed corrosive damage rapidly penetrating a metal and causing its through-perforation. Chemical and thermal burns and poisoning of personnel are also potential. When designing the equipment, it is required to select materials able to resist pitting corrosion in the operational medium. Quick methods of pitting resistance of material include the comparison of critical potentials determined by potentiodynamic polarization curves. The potential of the studied sample is given a value equal to the corrosion value that is increased at the rate of 0.2–2 mV/s. At the same time, values of current density are registered. The gradual increase of current density is followed by its decrease, and the metal turns to a passive state. With a certain value of pitting formation potential, the current density increases acutely; and pittings are formed on the metal surface. When the potential is decreased, current density within a certain range of values remains relevant to the current density at the pitting formation potential but then decreases to the values relevant to dissolution in a passive state. This occurs at the re-passivation potential. Earlier, values of potentials of pitting formation and corrosion were compared. Later, it was proved that the evaluation of the pitting resistance of metals based on the comparison was not correct as pittings could also be formed at the potentials lower than the pitting formation potential. The correct evaluation of metal pitting resistance can be obtained based on the comparison of re-passivation and corrosion potentials. Until now, however, the pitting formation potential has been used for the evaluation. Based on the experimental potentiodynamic polarization curve of stainless steel Х20Н6Г11 and the results of corrosion tests, it has been established that metal corrodes at potentials above the re-passivation potential but lower than the pitting formation potential. When potentials are lower than the re-passivation potential, pittings are not formed.

Security analysis of linear optics cloning machine-enhanced passive state preparation continuous-variable quantum key distribution

Security analysis of linear optics cloning machine-enhanced passive state preparation continuous-variable quantum key distribution

Formation and long-time exposure aging of oxides on Ni-Cr and Ni-Cr-X (X = Mo, W) alloys in acidic chloride solutions: Ramifications towards corrosion resistance

The passivation of Ni-22Cr, Ni-22Cr-6Mo, and Ni-22Cr-6Mo-3W (wt%) was characterized from 100 s to 10 days in 0.1 M NaCl in pH 4 at various potentials in the passive range. The influence of aqueous solution exposure time in NaCl (exposure aging), passivation potential, as well as Ni-Cr-X alloy composition (Mo or W) on passive film growth, composition, oxidation state, molecular identity, and inner versus outer film layering were investigated. Initial passive film formation was dominated by Ni(II). Cr(III) oxides and hydroxides tended to enrich upon formation and exposure aging. Corundum and rock salt are speculated to undergo a solid-state phase transformation to form NiCr2O4 at long times under certain conditions. The concept of the time-potential-transformation diagrams to describe the evolution of passive film phases and protectiveness is introduced. Factors limiting Cr(III) enrichment were discussed. Aliovalent Mo and W ions were detected in passive films, particularly after aging. The roles of Cr enrichment, Ni depletion, and Mo and/or W aliovalent cations after oxide aging towards protectiveness to passive and localized corrosion in chloride (Cl-) solutions were discussed.

L’infini s’abouchant avec le fini : la poétique labyrinthique d’Henri Michaux

The infinite merging with the finite: the labyrinthine poetics of Henri Michaux This paper examines how the figure of the labyrinth helps us to grasp the particular writing of Henri Michaux. Based on a reading of Déplacements, dégagements, it will show how the aesthetic experience of wandering arises from compositional processes of the multiple. This double perspective, both poetic and aesthetic, allows us to grasp the specificity of labyrinthine wandering, which suggests the infinite within a structure that is however finite. It is not the absence of any signification, but the multiplication and proliferation of significant data, that produces wandering. Confronted with this multiplicity, the reader is not confined to a passive state of reception, but actively projects a trajectory in order to give meaning on all his perceptual details, even if this meaning remains unstable.

Wind turbine load optimization control and verification based on wind speed estimator with time series broad learning system method

AbstractWith the rapid development of wind power, the power performance and mechanical load characteristics of wind turbine are simultaneously considered and focused. Normally, wind turbine senses the incoming flow characteristics through the nacelle mounted anemometer, due to the inability to perceive the characteristics of wind speed in advance, the control strategy makes the wind turbine itself to be at a passive state during the operation process. In this paper, a wind turbine mechanical load optimization control strategy based on an accurate wind speed estimator with time series Broad Learning System Method (BLSM) is designed, simulated and also verified. Firstly, the basic control theory of the BLSM and also a mechanical load optimization controller is designed. Then the OpenFAST is used to conduct a full‐life cycle simulation comparison study on mechanical load characteristics of wind turbine before and after the implementation of the optimization control strategy. Finally, a field empirical mechanical load test is performed on the wind turbine, which is configured with BLSM mechanical load optimization control technology. The findings indicate that the implementation of this control strategy can significantly mitigate the ultimate and fatigue loads of wind turbines, particularly the fatigue loads of tower base tilt and roll bending moments, with a reduction rate of approximately 6.2% and 4.3%, respectively.

Effects of Passivation with Cu and W on the Corrosion Properties of Super Duplex Stainless Steel PRE 42

Carbon steel is subjected to several pretreatments to enable its use in highly corrosive environments, such as marine structures. However, its surface treatment is problematic owing to various processes, and these problems can be solved by replacing it with super duplex stainless steel (SDSS), which exhibits remarkable strength and corrosion resistance owing to its austenite and ferrite phases. EN 1.4410 and EN 1.4501 are the most extensively used SDSS grades in marine structures, as they exhibit exceptional strength and corrosion resistance in seawater. This study subjected EN 1.4410 and EN 1.4501 samples to specific heat treatment after casting and observed their structural alterations through field emission scanning electron microscopy. Their passivation states, with or without the Cu and W layers, were determined by examining their corrosion properties through open-circuit potential measurements, electrostatic polarisation tests, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and critical pitting temperature (CPT) analysis. The inclusion of Cu significantly improved the uniform corrosion resistance within the passivation layers, whereas the addition of W enhanced the pitting resistance (Epit, CPT). Additionally, the EIS analysis confirmed a double-layer structure in the passivation layer of EN 1.4501. Moreover, Cu did not act as a strengthening element of the passivation layer, whereas W significantly reinforced it.

Determination of the ability of migrating steel corrosion inhibitors to passivate corroding reinforcement in reinforced concrete structures

Introduction. The corrosion condition of steel reinforcement in reinforced concrete structures and products is the main factor determining their bearing capacity and durability. The alkalinity of the pore liquid of concrete (at pH > 11.8) in reinforced concrete structures and products under normal conditions ensures the passive state of steel reinforcement. In the presence or when chloride, sulfate and other analogous ions enter the concrete, the steel reinforcement of reinforced concrete structures and products depassives, despite the pH value > 11.8, and begins to corrode. In addition, depassivation and subsequent corrosion of steel reinforcement occur during carbonation (neutralization) of the protective layer of concrete due to a decrease in pH < 11.8. One of the promising options for slowing down or stopping the corrosion processes of steel reinforcement is currently the use of migrating corrosion inhibitors.
 
 The aim of the work was to obtain experimental data on the ability of migrating steel corrosion inhibitors to inhibit or completely stop the corrosion of reinforcement in reinforced concrete structures and products initiated by the presence of chloride ions (Cl-) in concrete or neutralization of the protective layer of concrete in relation to steel reinforcement.
 
 Materials and methods. The following types of migrating steel corrosion inhibitors were used for testing:
 
 – Cortec MCI-2020 (manufacturer – KORTEK RUS (KORTEK) LLC, suppliers – Ettrilat LLC, MONUMENT LLC);
 
 – IFKHAN-80 (manufacturer and supplier – IFKHAN LLC);
 
 – Basf Master-Protect 8000 CI (former name Protectosil ® CIT. Suppliers – MBS Construction Systems LLC, MPKM LLC, LKM-FLEET LLC).
 
 The determination of the ability of migrating steel corrosion inhibitors to inhibit or completely stop the corrosion of reinforcement was carried out by accelerated electrochemical research methods in accordance with State Standard 31383-2008 "Protection of concrete and reinforced concrete structures from corrosion. Test methods".
 
 Results. All three types of migrating steel corrosion inhibitors inhibit corrosion of steel reinforcement initiated by the presence of chloride ions in concrete by the age of 90 days. All three types of migrating steel corrosion inhibitors by the age of 30 days do not inhibit the corrosion of steel reinforcement initiated by concrete carbonation.
 
 Conclusions. According to the results of the work, it was revealed that the migrating steel corrosion inhibitors inhibit the corrosion of steel reinforcement initiated by the presence of chloride ions in concrete, while the corrosion initiated by the carbonation of concrete is not slowed down or stopped by migrating steel corrosion inhibitors.

Quantum Switch as a Thermodynamic Resource in the Context of Passive States.

In recent years, many works have explored possible advantages of indefinite causal order, with the main focus on its controlled implementation known as quantum switch. In this paper, we tackle advantages in quantum thermodynamics, studying whether quantum switch is capable of activating a passive state, either alone or with extra resources (active control state) and/or operations (measurement of the control system). By disproving the first possibility and confirming the second one, we show that quantum switch is not a thermodynamic resource in the discussed context, though it can facilitate work extraction given external resources. We discuss our findings by considering specific examples: a qubit system subject to rotations around the x and y axes in the Bloch sphere, as well as general unitaries from the U(2) group; and the system as a quantum harmonic oscillator with displacement operators, as well as with a combination of displacement and squeeze operators.

Quantitative Characterization of Passivation Process of Steel Reinforcement in Concrete towards Durability against Anticorrosion Based on Electrochemical Methods

The passivation behavior of steel reinforcements in concrete is significantly influenced by the environment, concrete pore solution, and the passive film formed on the steel surface. The present study used electrochemical methods to successfully characterize the passivation process of steel reinforcements in concrete. The passivation behavior of commonly used HRB400 steel reinforcement material in concrete was studied using various electrochemical parameters quantitatively. As the soaking test time increased, the OCP gradually increased and stabilized after 5 days, indicating that the steel electrode transitioned from an active state to a passive state in the simulated liquid environment of concrete. The steel reinforcement developed a protective passive film that reduced its tendency to corrode. According to EIS, after soaking for one day, the steel electrode showed significant early passivation, indicated by an increase in its arc diameter. The WE arc gradually increased in the first 5 days of immersion, suggesting dynamic passive film formation and development. Beyond 5 days, the passive film stabilized with minimal further changes in its impedance spectrum, indicating carbon steel electrode passivation. The working electrode’s impedance increased significantly on the fifth day, and gradually increased slightly after 10 days, indicating comprehensive coverage by the oxide film. Attributed to the growth and development of the oxide film, the electrode resistance reached a relatively stable state after the fifth day. The shift in corrosion potential offers an indication of the level of passivation of the steel reinforcements. The decrease in the anode Tafel slope and increase in the corrosion potential indicate the formation and stabilization of an oxide film on the steel surface, which is beneficial for its long-term durability in concrete structures. By analyzing the OCP, EIS, and dynamic potential polarization curve method data, it is possible to gain insights into the passivation behavior of steel reinforcements in concrete structures. This study aims to provide a basis for optimizing the corrosion protection of steel reinforcements in concrete structures. The significance of this study lies in a deep understanding of the passivation behavior of steel bars in concrete, providing a theoretical basis for improving the durability and lifespan of steel bars in concrete structures.

Altered knee kinematics after posterior cruciate ligament single-bundle reconstruction-a comprehensive prospective biomechanical in vivo analysis.

Purpose: Passive tibiofemoral anterior-posterior (AP) laxity has been extensively investigated after posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) single-bundle reconstruction. However, the PCL also plays an important role in providing rotational stability in the knee. Little is known in relation to the effects of PCL single-bundle reconstruction on passive tibiofemoral rotational laxity. Gait biomechanics after PCL reconstruction are even less understood. The aim of this study was a comprehensive prospective biomechanical in vivo analysis of the effect of PCL single-bundle reconstruction on passive tibiofemoral rotational laxity, passive anterior-posterior laxity, and gait pattern. Methods: Eight patients undergoing PCL single-bundle reconstruction (seven male, one female, mean age 35.6 ± 6.6years, BMI 28.0 ± 3.6kg/m2) were analyzed preoperatively and 6months postoperatively. Three of the eight patients received additional posterolateral corner (PLC) reconstruction. Conventional stress radiography was used to evaluate passive translational tibiofemoral laxity. A previously established rotometer device with a C-arm fluoroscope was used to assess passive tibiofemoral rotational laxity. Functional gait analysis was used to examine knee kinematics during level walking. Results: The mean side-to-side difference (SSD) in passive posterior translation was significantly reduced postoperatively (12.1 ± 4.4mm vs. 4.3 ± 1.8 mm; p < 0.01). A significant reduction in passive tibiofemoral rotational laxity at 90° knee flexion was observed postoperatively (27.8° ± 7.0° vs. 19.9° ± 7.5°; p = 0.02). The range of AP tibiofemoral motion during level walking was significantly reduced in the reconstructed knees when compared to the contralateral knees at 6-month follow-up (16.6 ± 2.4mm vs. 13.5 ± 1.6mm; p < 0.01). Conclusion: PCL single-bundle reconstruction with optional PLC reconstruction reduces increased passive tibiofemoral translational and rotational laxity in PCL insufficient knees. However, increased passive tibiofemoral translational laxity could not be fully restored and patients showed altered knee kinematics with a significantly reduced range of tibiofemoral AP translation during level walking at 6-month follow-up. The findings of this study indicate a remaining lack of restoration of biomechanics after PCL single-bundle reconstruction in the active and passive state, which could be a possible cause for joint degeneration after PCL single-bundle reconstruction.

Comprehensive Assessment of the Seismic Performance of an Innovative Hybrid Semiactive and Passive State Control System for a Low-Degree-of-Freedom Structure Using Real-Time Hybrid Simulation

The dynamic performance of base isolation systems provides an effective means to reduce the seismic vulnerability of buildings. However, large displacements in the base isolation during seismic events pose a major challenge for this control system. Recently, novel control systems have been implemented to control and reduce the excessive displacements. This study presents an evaluation of the seismic performance of unconnected-fiber-reinforced elastomeric isolators (U-FREI) and variable orifice damper (VOD) devices used together as a hybrid control system for a low-degree-of-freedom reference structure by employing real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS) testing technique. This physical cybernetic testing methodology allows a dynamic system of interest to be substructured into two components: numerical and experimental. In this study, the numerical substructure corresponds to a 2-degree of freedom model, representing a reference structure, and an experimental substructure was formed using the hybrid control system described. To develop an interface between the two substructures, a horizontal transfer system (HTS) was implemented and coupled with a vertical transfer system (VTS). Using RTHS, the performance of the reference structure and the hybrid control system was evaluated under six seismic events: CAM, CAT, El Centro, Loma Prieta, Pizarro, and Chihuahua, at a maximum acceleration of 0.10 g (0.981 m·s−2). The experimental behavior of the hybrid control system allows the reference structure to reduce its maximum drift by more than 24% compared to the fixed structure. Finally, the performance and accuracy of the RTHS tests were calculated.

At-rest lateral earth pressure of compacted expansive soils: Experimental investigations and prediction approach

This paper presents experimental studies on a compacted expansive soil, from Nanyang, China for investigating the at-rest lateral earth pressure σL of expansive soils. The key studies include (i) relationships between the σL and the vertical stress σV during soaking and consolidation, (ii) the influences of initial dry density ρd0 and moisture content w0 on the vertical and lateral swelling pressures at no swelling strain (i.e. σV0 and σL0), and (iii) evolution of the σL during five long-term wetting-drying cycles. Experimental results demonstrated that the post-soaking σL-σV relationships are piecewise linear and their slopes in the passive state (σL > σV) and active state (σL < σV) are similar to that of the consolidation σL-σV relationships in the normal- and over-consolidated states, respectively. The soaking σL-σV relationships converge to the consolidation σL-σV relationships at a threshold σV where the interparticle swelling is restrained. The σL0 and σV0 increase monotonically with ρd0; however, they show increasing-then-decreasing trends with the w0. The extent of compaction-induced swelling anisotropy, which is evaluated by σL0/σV0, reduces with an increase in the compaction energy and molding water content. The σL reduces over moisture cycles and the stress relaxation in the σL during soaking is observed. An approach was developed to predict the at-rest soaking σL-σV relationships, which requires conventional consolidation and shear strength properties and one measurement of the σL-σV relationships during soaking. The proposed approach was validated using the results of three different expansive soils available in the literature.

Exploring retro-cue effects on visual working memory: insights from double-cue paradigm.

In the realm of visual working memory research, the retro-cue paradigm helps us study retro-cue effects such as retro-cue benefit (RCB) and retro-cue cost (RCC). RCB reflects better performance with cued items, while RCC indicates poorer performance with uncued items. Despite consistent evidence for RCB, it's still uncertain whether it remains when previously uncued items are cued afterward. Additionally, research findings have been inconsistent. This study combines prior experiments by controlling the proportion of cue types and the number of memory items. Besides, using a CDA index to assess the status of items after the cue appeared. Results showed better performance under the double-cue condition (involving two cues pointing inconsistently with only the second cue being valid) compared to the neutral-cue condition, and better performance under the single-cue condition compared to double-cue. EEG data revealed that after the appearance of the second cue in the double-cue condition, there was a significant increase in CDA wave amplitude compared to the single-cue condition. Behavior results suggests that RCB occurs under double-cue but to a lesser extent than the single-cue. And EEG outcomes indicates that individuals did not remove the uncued item from their visual working memory after the first cue. Instead, they kept it in a passive state and then shifted it to an active state after the appearance of the second cue.