Passive Reflection Research Articles

Delay-Optimal Scheduling for IRS-Aided Mobile Edge Computing

In this letter, we consider an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS)-aided mobile edge computing (MEC) system, where an IRS is deployed to assist computation offloading from two users to an access point connected with an edge cloud. For the IRS-aided data transmission, in contrast to the conventional non-orthogonal multiple-access (NOMA) and time-division multiple-access (TDMA), we propose a new flexible time-sharing NOMA scheme that allows users to flexibly divide their data into two parts transmitted via NOMA and TDMA, respectively, thus encapsulating both conventional NOMA and TDMA as special cases. We formulate an optimization problem to minimize the sum delay of the two users by designing the IRS passive reflection and users' computation-offloading scheduling under the IRS discrete-phase constraint. Although this problem is non-convex, we obtain its optimal solution for both the cases of infinite and finite cloud computing capacities. Furthermore, we show that NOMA and TDMA based transmissions are preferred in different scenarios, depending on the users' cloud-computing time as well as the rate discrepancy between NOMA and TDMA with IRS.

Energy Efficiency Maximization via Joint Active and Passive Beamforming Design for Multiuser MISO IRS-Aided SWIPT

This letter studies a multiuser multiple-input single-output (MISO) intelligent reflecting surface (IRS)-aided simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) system. Specifically, a multi-antenna base station (BS) transmits data along with energy to a set of users to decode data and harvest energy by adopting the power splitting (PS) simultaneously. The energy efficiency indicator (EEI) is introduced to trade off between data rate and harvested energy, which is maximized by jointly optimizing beamforming vectors at the BS, PS ratio at each user, and phase shifts at the IRS. To solve this non-convex optimization problem, we first adopt the majorization-minimization (MM) approach to construct a concave-convex fractional function which can be handled via the Dinkelbach algorithm and then propose an efficient algorithm for solving two subproblems based on the alternating optimization (AO). For the first subproblem, semi-definite relaxation (SDR), MM approach, and Dinkelbach algorithm are adopted, while for the second sub-problem, a new manifold approach is proposed to handle the unit-modulus constraints due to IRS passive reflection. Simulation results demonstrate the superior performance of our proposed algorithm compared to other baseline schemes.

Proactive Monitoring via Passive Reflection Using Intelligent Reflecting Surface

To monitor wireless suspicious transmissions, we propose an intelligent reflecting surface enabled legitimate monitoring system. In the system, the monitor employs the passive reflection for constructive or destructive signal forwarding. For constructive passive reflection, we maximize the average monitoring rate by approximating the cumulative distribution function of outage probability at the suspicious destination, i.e., the Marcum $Q$ -function, by a closed-form expression. For destructive passive reflection, we derive the optimal transmission rate of the suspicious source. Furthermore, we propose to obtain the locally optimal reflection coefficients by the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). Numerical results demonstrate that our proposed ADMM-based passive reflection scheme achieves almost the same average monitoring rate as the upper bound.

Virtual Sources of Body Waves from Noise Correlations in a Mineral Exploration Context

Abstract The extraction of body waves from passive seismic recordings has great potential for monitoring and imaging applications. The low environmental impact, low cost, and high accessibility of passive techniques makes them especially attractive as replacement or complementary techniques to active-source exploration. There still, however, remain many challenges with body-wave extraction, mainly the strong dependence on local seismic sources necessary to create high-frequency body-wave energy. Here, we present the Marathon dataset collected in September 2018, which consists of 30 days of continuous recordings from a dense surface array of 1020 single vertical-component geophones deployed over a mineral exploration block. First, we use a cross-correlation beamforming technique to evaluate the wavefield each minute and discover that the local highway and railroad traffic are the primary sources of high-frequency body-wave energy. Next, we demonstrate how selective stacking of cross-correlation functions during periods where vehicles and trains are passing near the array reveals strong body-wave arrivals. Based on source station geometry and the estimated geologic structure, we interpret these arrivals as virtual refractions due to their high velocity and linear moveout. Finally, we demonstrate how the apparent velocity of these arrivals along the array contains information about the local geologic structure, mainly the major dipping layer. Although vehicle sources illuminating array in a narrow azimuth may not seem ideal for passive reflection imaging, we expect this case will be commonly encountered and should serve as a good dataset for the development of new techniques in this domain.

Minimum Symbol-Error Probability Symbol-Level Precoding With Intelligent Reflecting Surface

Recently, the use of intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) has gained considerable attention in wireless communications. By intelligently adjusting the passive reflection angle, IRS is able to assist the base station (BS) to extend the coverage and improve spectral efficiency. This paper considers a joint symbol-level precoding (SLP) and IRS reflecting design to minimize the symbol-error probability (SEP) of the intended users in an IRS-aided multiuser MISO downlink. We formulate the SEP minimization problems to pursue uniformly good performance for all users for both QAM and PSK constellations. The resulting problem is non-convex and we resort to alternating minimization to obtain a stationary solution. Simulation results demonstrate that under the aid of IRS our proposed design indeed enhances the bit-error rate performance. In particular, the performance improvement is significant when the number of IRS elements is large.

Intelligent Reflecting Surface Aided Multigroup Multicast MISO Communication Systems

Intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) has recently been envisioned to offer unprecedented massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)-like gains by deploying large-scale and low-cost passive reflection elements. By adjusting the reflection coefficients, the IRS can change the phase shifts on the impinging electromagnetic waves so that it can smartly reconfigure the signal propagation environment and enhance the power of the desired received signal or suppress the interference signal. In this paper, we consider downlink multigroup multicast communication systems assisted by an IRS. We aim for maximizing the sum rate of all the multicasting groups by the joint optimization of the precoding matrix at the base station (BS) and the reflection coefficients at the IRS under both the power and unit-modulus constraint. To tackle this non-convex problem, we propose two efficient algorithms under the majorization--minimization (MM) algorithm framework. Specifically, a concave lower bound surrogate objective function of each user's rate has been derived firstly, based on which two sets of variables can be updated alternately by solving two corresponding second-order cone programming (SOCP) problems. Then, in order to reduce the computational complexity, we derive another concave lower bound function of each group's rate for each set of variables at every iteration, and obtain the closed-form solutions under these loose surrogate objective functions. Finally, the simulation results demonstrate the benefits in terms of the spectral and energy efficiency of the introduced IRS and the effectiveness in terms of the convergence and complexity of our proposed algorithms.

Виокремлення та обгрунтування основних складових суспільно-політичної обстановки.

Systems analysis is a generally accepted methodology used to study complex social and economic as well as technical systems. Based on essential provisions and methods of systems analysis it has been discovered that composition of elements of social and political situation has to include information on studied sphere or process of the state or region. Not only passive reflection of information on events or identification of a certain process, but also trends of situation development and real capabilities of political powers and institutions as well as orientations and capabilities of governing elite are among essential elements of the social and political situation. Thus, to have a systemic assessment of social and political situation in certain state or region there should be analysed its following elements: foreign policy; political situation in region or state; political (military and political) leadership; political norms assessment; analysis of political culture of society; economical situation in the state or region; armed forces state (including capacity to run hybrid wars); social and psychological environment in the society; ethno-confessional situation in the region or state; demographic situation in the region or state; geographic location; ecological situation in the region or state; criminal situation in the region or state. Thus, the need to take into account all above elements of a certain situation of social and political processes leads to understanding the need for analysis, assessment and forecasting of all factors, conditions, events, processes and phenomena that took place, are taking place or will take place in the studied region.Today the need to forecast the future is determined by both objective realities of the general civilizational development and problems of specific perspective regulation of economic, political, spiritual and military relations. Forecasting has complex interdisciplinary nature formed on the crossroad of political science, sociology, philosophy, psychology, history, economical theory etc. Analysis of contemporary scientific literature devoted to forecasting proves that it is the process shedding light on a certain aspect creating methodological preconditions for further specification of actions.Thus, the forecasting in the system of social and political process is a probabilistic, stochastic and scientifically justified opinion on perspectives of a certain processes or phenomenon in future and alternative ways and terms of its realization on the basis of objectivity, proportionality as well as alternative, systemic and scientific approaches.Social and political process always has dynamic nature so it can never be static. To identify the level of social and political situation a comprehensive and deep study of features and patterns of essential elements of social and political situation is required. There are not only actions of social and political process agents but also social and political interests and goals as well as real social and political events, processes and phenomena among structural elements of social and political situation. Their impact on social and political situation will define its level: normal, critical, emergent.Study and generalization of theoretical approached leads to a conclusion that main goal of social and political situation assessment is the reflection of situation and identification of factors, conditions, events, phenomena that require constant analysis for further impact on social and political processes. It requires realization of the essence of social and political situation assessment as well as its elements that need identification. There should also be defined the sequence of analysis of factors that create social and political situation.Thus, the comprehensive analysis and assessment of social and political situation provides for identification of factors of development and mutual relation of the agents of social and political process, which have direct or indirect impact on social and political process in the state or separate regions. This is exactly what enables the state administration take actions for stabilization or destabilization of situation both in the international arena or locally.

Democratizing Finance or Democratizing Money?

This article extends the critique of finance to money itself. It argues that our understanding of money has been distorted by a series of myths about its origin and nature, in particular, the claim that money emerged from the adoption of precious metal coinage in market systems. These myths obscure the social and political history of money and the role of states in money creation and circulation. Neoliberal ideology, by contrast, adopts a “handbag economics” that treats the state as a dependent household rather than an economic actor in its own right. An alternative view of money is put forward that sees money as a social and political construct and not just a passive reflection of market activity. It is argued that the sovereign power to create money should be recognized, reclaimed, and democratized as a public resource.

The Conditions of Critical Knowledge on Capitalism or

Beginning with a presentation of the asymmetry between philosophical and economic reflection, the article assesses the possible effects of practical philosophy in relation to the critical analysis of the independent economic domain. The article emphasizes the importance of political genealogy of capitalism which explains conceptual mutations leading to a) autonomisation of economic reflection, b) self-hegemonic economic reflection, c) domination of “real abstraction” that reflects not mental operations but social practice in capitalism. It is necessary to conceive differences between economics, the economy and economic domain, as well as to establish mediation between these domains. It is important not to perceive theoretical production as passive reflection in relation to reality, but to consider the theory as a constitutive-practical factor, as the condensation of certain social relationships. For economics (“dismal science”), this means that it is co-constitutive in relation to “economic reality”. Practical philosophy can contribute to the self-awareness of economic reflection in three domains: a) the relevance of ideology in relation to the autonomy of the economic sphere, b) the importance of the measure for the economizing, c) the form–substance problem. Based on the effects in the mentioned domains, practical philosophy could evoke the fact that the core of the economy is something that transcends the phenomenon of economy. The foundation of the economy is based on non-economic categories.

The Angara Rock Art Style and the Emergence of Ethno‐Cultural Identity

SummaryThis paper focuses on a stylistic analysis of depictions of elk in Siberian rock art in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages. The aim of this paper is to go beyond the cultural and chronological attributions of rock art and to try to understand why and through what processes changes in rock‐art style occurred. In order to answer these questions, the phenomena of ethnicity and ethno‐cultural identity are explored. Rock art is not considered as a passive reflection of past ethno‐cultural groups but rather as an active agent in structuring social identities.

Addressing Evidential and Theoretical Inconsistencies in System-Justification Theory with a Social Identity Model of System Attitudes

System-justification theory (SJT) proposes that people have an inherent motive to support societal systems, even at the expense of their personal and group interests. However, the evidence for this system-justification motive is mixed, and a close examination of the relevant propositions yields some important theoretical inconsistencies. To address this mixed evidence and theoretical inconsistency, we introduce a social identity model of system attitudes (SIMSA). SIMSA integrates a cluster of different social identity processes and proposes that system justification can occur among members of low-status groups (a) because of a passive reflection of social reality, (b) as a form of in-group bias (at the superordinate level), and (c) in the hope that in-group advancement is possible in the future within the prevailing system. We conclude that SIMSA provides a more comprehensive and theoretically consistent explanation of system justification than SJT.

Logic and genesis of a scientific theory in the light of the concept of the “speculative cognitive level” developed by V. P. Bransky

His article discusses the concept of “speculative theoretical level of research”, developed byBransky and summarizing his earlier philosophical and methodological study of the enormous volume of material of modern physics (especially theory of elementary particles). The history of theoretical physics testifies to the fact that the most basic conceptsbe obtained by means of the inductive generalization of experimental data. It is also impossible to receive them, - by means of deduction - from the old theoretical concepts. And, meanwhile, in real history physics (and science in a whole) such ideas from time to time appear. After all, without them it would be impossible to offer a theoretical explanation of the new open phenomena: without them there is no adequate reflection of the objective essence of these phenomena, which - in its content - does not coincide with them (although, obviously, in the way of existence from them is inseparable). There is an activity of cognition: the speculative nature of abstract theoretical concepts and “visible” - from the point of view of our (macroscopic) experience - of theoretical ideas is not limited to a passive reflection of objective reality. The speculative constructs that the theorist creates are not identical to the reality for which they are created. If successful, the construct, not coinciding with the object of reality by way ofexistence can reflect the essence of the class of similar phenomena or a specific manifestation of the essence of the class of similar phenomena. One of the main creative actions leading to new ideas is the choice (selection). Theoretical knowledge becomes true within a fixed subject area and at a fixed sensitivity of instruments if the new empirical knowledge predicted by it (within the same limits) is consistent with the experiment. Verification means determining the limits of applicability of theoretical knowledge. The article deals with one historical episode associated with the name of N. Bohr and concerning the genesis of constructs of the “speculative level”. Some of the authors interpreted his figurative statement that the theory does not seem correct to him, if it is not “crazy enough”, as a speech against logic. However, Bohr had in mind that the proposed theory must be very significantly (up to “madness”!) different from the current views and theories in the given field of science. And it is quite clear that the content of such difference (or differences) cannot be distinguished without logic. Similarly, compliance or noncompliance of the theory content with the content of these experiences cannot be set without logic. In conclusion, the article considers an example of how the concept of the “speculative level of cognition”, developed by Bransky, allows us to advance in the development of the foundations of the concept of synergetics.

Revealing the Radial Effect on Orientation Discrimination by Manual Reaction Time.

It has been shown that the sensitivity and accuracy of orientation perception in the periphery is significantly better when the orientations are radial with respect to the fixation point than when they are tangential. However, since perception and action may be dissociated, it is unclear whether the perceptual radial effect has a counterpart in reaction time (RT) of motor responses. Furthermore, it is unknown whether or how stimulus-response-compatibility (SRC) effect interacts with the radial effect to determine RT. To address these questions, we measured subjects' manual RT to grating stimuli that appeared across upper visual field (VF). We found that (1) RTs were significantly shorter when a grating was oriented closer to the radial direction than when it was oriented closer to the tangential direction even though the perceptual accuracies for the more radial and more tangential orientations were not significantly different under our experimental condition; (2) This RT version of the radial effect was larger in the left VF than in the right VF; (3) The radial effect and SRC effect interacted with each other to determine the overall RT. These results suggest that the RT radial effect reported here is not a passive reflection of the radial effect in perceptual accuracy, but instead, represents different processing time of radial and tangential orientations along the sensorimotor pathway.

Interferometric seismic imaging around the active Lalor mine in the Flin Flon greenstone belt, Canada

Seismic interferometry, which recovers the impulse response of the Earth by cross-correlation of ambient noise recorded at sets of two receivers, has found several applications, including the generation of virtual shot gathers for use in seismic reflection processing. To evaluate the effectiveness of this passive recording technique in mineral exploration in a hard-rock environment, 336 receivers recorded 300h of ambient noise over the volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit of the recently discovered Lalor mine in the Canadian Flin Flon greenstone belt. A novel time-domain beamforming algorithm was developed to search for individual source locations, demonstrating that the vast majority of noise originated from the mine and ventilation shafts of the Lalor mine. The results of the beamforming were utilized in conjunction with frequency-wavenumber filtering to remove undesirable, mostly monochromatic surface wave noise originating from nearby sources. Virtual shot gathers were generated along three receiver lines, each of which was processed as a separate 2-D reflection line. Two of the resulting unmigrated reflection profiles are compared against coincident dipmoveout-stacked data from a larger, coincident 3-D dynamite seismic survey that was also acquired over the Lalor mine in 2013. Using knowledge of the local geology derived from numerous boreholes, coherent events recovered in the passive reflection profiles are inferred to be either spurious arrivals or real reflections, some of which can be interpreted in terms of geological contacts, indicating the future potential of passive recording surveys in hard rock settings.

The vultures of Kalabasput: On the interpretation of a series of unusual Karoo rock engravings

A rock engraving site at Kalabasput in the Upper Karoo, South Africa, includes an unusual set of engravings featuring vultures. In relation to the ‘frequently depicted’ subject matter of South African rock art – such as eland and ostrich – images of vultures are rare. The site provides an opportunity for considering these unusual images relative to a background of “shared, transcending beliefs and values”, showing how they may have acted as metaphors for altered states of consciousness. But the paper points further to the possible ways in which the contingencies of particular places and histories may have influenced the production of unique or uncommon images. The art, it is suggested, was not merely the passive reflection of a cultural or rock art tradition but, given particular contexts, was part of its dynamic, on-going elaboration.

Museums and their Paradoxes

AbstractThis chapter is written from the perspective of a practitioner and explores a range of paradoxes in museums and in the museological literature which may serve as starting points for conversations with philosophers. These include questions of definition and mission, intrinsic versus instrumental value, whether museums actively shape society or serve as a passive reflection, whether their main function is to produce liberating knowledge or express communal identities, whether traditional or progressive museums are the most ‘traditional’, whether museums are trying to serve idealized or real visitors and, ultimately, whether museums are rational or ritual institutions.

Fresh Strange Music: Elizabeth Barrett Browning's Language by Donald S. Hair

Reviewed by: Fresh Strange Music: Elizabeth Barrett Browning's Language by Donald S. Hair Clara Dawson (bio) Fresh Strange Music: Elizabeth Barrett Browning's Language by Donald S. Hair; pp. 312. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's UP, 2015. $70.00 cloth. As donald Hair writes in the conclusion to Fresh Strange Music: Elizabeth Barrett Browning's Language, "the EBB I present in this book is not the usual EBB" (280), and indeed, his study of Barrett Browning's poetics gives one of the most clear-sighted explications of her exceptional and experimental poetry. Hair's book also evinces how a full scholarly edition of a poet's work can extend the scope of criticism: the publication in 2010 of The Works of Elizabeth Barrett Browning (Pickering and Chatto) has made it much easier for critics to explore the full range of her works (and also to assume that this range is accessible to their readers). Hair makes excellent use of this advantage, covering her career from its inception in An Essay on Mind, and Other Poems (1826) to its culmination in Last Poems (1862), and includes various unpublished pieces. The introduction gives a useful précis of the critical field and particularly of the growth in scholarly interest in Victorian prosody. Taking his title from one of Robert Browning's courtship letters, Hair follows this prosodic interest in the direction of music, which he defines as "music in its technical sense, that is, as units of equal time (bars), each beginning with a strong beat" (3). He argues that Barrett Browning resists the eighteenth-century emphasis on conventional scansion and syllable counting, developing instead a poetical [End Page 191] system that consists of units of equal time, including pauses, caesuras, and extra syllables rather than feet. Hair's book builds on the critical work done by Jason Rudy, Joseph Phelan, and Meredith Martin on Victorian prosody, but particularly on the case made by these critics that prosody is not a passive reflection of themes. Instead, prosody is seminal in the invention of new ways to sound political as well as theological ideas and debates. Each of the readings in Hair's book is interwoven with material from contemporary discussions of poetics and from Barrett Browning's published reviews and letters, revealing her debates with correspondents such as Uvedale Price, Richard Hengist Horne, and, of course, Robert Browning. This thorough research is rewarding in that it exhibits Barrett Browning's experiments as deeply thought-through and self-conscious processes. For instance, chapter 4's focus on Barrett Browning's delineation of English literary history in the Athenaeum and her translation of Chaucer in the 1840s enables Hair to elucidate further the development of her poetics toward quantity rather than accent. While each section of Hair's book offers an illuminating reading, most valuable are the chapters on works that have received relatively little criticism, such as the early poetry and An Essay on Mind. In chapter 1, Hair lays the groundwork for his theory of Barrett Browning's musical poetics by giving an account of her engagement with philosophers of mind and language, particularly Locke and Bacon, in An Essay on Mind. He establishes the philosophical grounding of her poetics and the relations they create between words and ideas, matter and mind, demonstrating that "the main point of her definition of poetry is that it is a making and not an imitating" (37). In chapter 2, Hair explores the context of key words such as "harmony" (18) and "cadence" (19) within the history of prosodic debates about quantity and duration in English and classical verse and examines their manifestation in Barrett Browning's early poetry. These two chapters set up one of the central arguments of the book: that Barrett Browning's poetics propose an idea of world harmony wherein music links the earthly and spiritual spheres and, if enabled through poetry, brings insight and truth to readers. Readings of "The Seraphim" and "Drama of Exile" show how EBB's religious beliefs intertwined with her poetics; in what Hair calls a "myth of musical prosody" (105), she recreates the cadences and resonances of divine language using the fallen language of...

The Commodity Form of Safety Information

The production of safety information is deemed a vital resource to protect human lives at the work site. The injury rate, lost days, incapacity rate, and fatality rate, are key indicators to prop up labour risk awareness and identify job hazards. However, safety information gets highly distorted because it does not only measure risk but serves as a means of exchange. It determines the amount of money to be swapped between Workers’ Compensation Boards and their client corporations. Moreover, as a depository of exchange value, safety information tends to exert pressure over social reality rather than just being a passive reflection of it. This paper discloses the commodity form of safety information. Based on a political economy of information framework, it identifies, describes, and analyses the safety information commodity in its active role of organizing safety and labour health.

How the Physical World Impacts Different Objects

Main properties of the Universe are studied from some general positions of system theory. The world is described as the manifold of different objects. All of them have hierarchic stricture. The Objects constantly interact with each other. There are three basic types of interaction between the Objects. These interactions are implemented through flows of substance with different nature. Three main types of these substance flows are known. They are: the flow of matter, the flow of energy and the flow of information. Each of them can be divided in a standard paire – inflow and outflow. The affectation of all these pairs changes the each Object. If this affectation is weak one can say the properties of different parts of the environment are only reflected on the Object. The animation matter has active reflection of its environment. The non-animated matter has only passive reflection. One can select two stages of reflection. The first one is the interaction environment-interface. The second one is interaction between the interface and the internal parts of Object. The rates of these two interactions are different. Some practical examples of different rates of interaction are described. These examples are connected with the process of solidification in the case of non-animated matter. There are two additional examples for animated matter too. They are connected with the chains of transformation of information.

Making Money/Printing Painting: Warhol’s Dollar Bill Paintings

spectacle is the other side of money: it is the general abstract equivalent of all commodities. Money dominated society as the representation of general equivalence, namely of the exchangeability of different goods whose uses could not be compared. spectacle is the developed modern complement of money where the totality of the commodity world appears as a whole, as a general equivalence for what the society can be and can do. spectacle is the money which one only loo\s at, because in the spectacle the totality of use is already exchanged for the totality of abstract representation. spectacle is not only the servant of pseudo-use, it is already in itself the pseudo-use of life.-Guy Debord, Society of the Spectacle (1983)'By his own account, Andy Warhol's Dollar Bill paintings, which date from the early spring of 1962, were his first silk-screened works (figure l).2 As he put it to Glenn O'Brien, who interviewed him in 1977, started [silk screening] when I was printing money.3 Clearly, the logic of coupling printing with money was irresistible to Warhol. Printing, of course, had played an instrumental role in his work since the beginning of his career as an illustrator. His inked and blotted line drawings of the 1950s are, in effect, monoprints, as are the works he produced using gum erasers that he carved by hand, including numerous drawings of the mid-1950s, and the SH its internalization of the economies of mass production, distribution, and consumption; its passive reflection of the spectacle. If as Debord claimed, The spectacle is the money which one only loo\s it surely behooves us to consider more closely how Warhol looked at money. I mean this quite literally in both senses of the term: how Warhol felt about money, and how he chose to represent it. Let us begin with the former.In the rhetorical figures that surround his work, Warhol himself seemed to propagate and authenticate the very that so narrowly defined him. Two not so very different narratives that we might think of as myths of origin have been in circulation concerning Warhol's paintings of dollar bills. Their imbrication suggests that both were idealizations, underwriting their status as myth. first account appears in 1970 in Calvin Tomkins's essay Raggedy one of the seminal sources of Warholian myth. Let me cite it in full:Andy was desperate for ideas. What'll I do next? he kept asking his new art world friends. Ivan Karp and Henry Geldzahler, a young curator at the Metropolitan, who was taking an especially active interest in new artists, had urged Andy to develop images that were not being used by anyone else, but he couldn't think of any. One evening early in 1962, in the apartment over Florence's Pinup, Muriel Latow told Andy that she had an idea but it would cost him money to hear it. Muriel ran an art gallery that was going broke. How much? Andy asked her. Muriel said fifty dollars. Andy went straight to the desk and wrote out a check.All right, Muriel said. Now tell me, Andy, what do you love more than anything else?I don't know, Andy said. What?Money, Muriel said. Why don't you paint money?Andy thought that was a terrific idea. Later on that evening Muriel also suggested (gratis this time) that he paint that was so familiar that nobody even noticed it anymore, something like a can of Campbell's Soup. …