Passive Recovery Group Research Articles

MÉTODOS DE RECUPERAÇÃO SOBRE OS ATLETAS DURANTE O TREINAMENTO DE ALTA INTENSIDADE

ABSTRACT Introduction: The continuous improvement of the level of modern sports competition compels continuous reform and constant updates on sports training theory; sports training research is migrating from continuous low-intensity to high-intensity interval, and many studies have shown that high-intensity interval training has a good effect on athletes. Objective: Investigate the effect of different recovery modalities during high-intensity interval training on the athletic performance of young male runners. Methods: Using body morphological index measurement, high-intensity intermittent exhaustion test, and statistical analysis, forty young male long-distance runners from sports schools were randomly divided into active recovery group (AR, n=20) and passive recovery group (PR, n=20), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and maximal aerobic speed (MAV) were measured by incremental load exercise test, and interval exercise capacity and time to exhaustion (ET) were recorded. Results: Compared with pre-training, MAV and ET in both groups increased significantly after training (P<0.05); there was no significant difference in MAV on RA group after training (P>0.05). Conclusion: High-intensity interval training with active recovery can significantly improve athletic ability and performance in young male runners in the long term. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

Efficacy of Different Cold-Water Immersion Temperatures on Neuromotor Performance in Young Athletes.

Cold-Water-Immersion (CWI) has been frequently used to accelerate muscle recovery and to improve performance after fatigue onset. In the present study, the aim was to investigate the effects of different CWI temperatures on neuromuscular activity on quadriceps after acute fatigue protocol. Thirty-six young athletes (16.9 ± 1.4 years-old; 72.1 ± 13.8 kg; 178.4 ± 7.2 cm) were divided into three groups: passive recovery group (PRG); CWI at 5 °C group (5G); and CWI at 10 °C group (10G). All participants performed a fatigue exercise protocol; afterwards, PRG performed a passive recovery (rest), while 5G and 10G were submitted to CWI by means of 5 °C and 10 °C temperatures during 10 min, respectively. Fatigue protocol was performed by knee extension at 40% of isometric peak force from maximal isometric voluntary contraction. Electromyography was used to evaluate neuromuscular performance. The passive recovery and CWI at 5 °C were associated with normalized isometric force and quadriceps activation amplitude from 15 until 120 min after exercise-induced fatigue (F = 7.169, p < 0.001). CWI at 5 °C and 10 °C showed higher muscle activation (F = 6.850, p < 0.001) and lower median frequency (MF) than passive recovery after 15 and 30 min of fatigue (F = 5.386, p < 0.001). For neuromuscular efficiency (NME) recovery, while PRG normalized NME values after 15 min, 5G and 10G exhibited these responses after 60 and 30 min (F = 4.330, p < 0.01), respectively. Passive recovery and CWI at 5 °C and 10 °C revealed similar effects in terms of recovery of muscle strength and NME, but ice interventions resulted in higher quadriceps activation recovery.

Effect of different recovery modes during resistance training with blood flow restriction on hormonal levels and performance in young men: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundResistance training with blood flow restriction (BFR) results in hypertrophy, and its magnitude depends on various training variables. This study aimed to compare the long-term effect of passive recovery (PR) and active recovery (AR) during low-intensity resistance training with BFR on hormonal levels and performance in young men.MethodsIn the randomized clinical trial, 20 men were randomly divided into PR and AR groups during resistance training with BFR. The intervention consisted of six upper and lower body movements with 30% of one maximum repetition (1RM), three sessions per week for six weeks. Both groups wore pneumatic cuffs on the proximal part of thighs and arms. The cuff pressure was 60% of the calculated arterial blood occlusion and increased 10% every two weeks. The AR group performed seven repetitions in 30 s break between sets by one second for concentric and eccentric phases and two seconds rest, and the other group had passive rest. The blood samples and a series of performance tests were gathered before and after the intervention. A repeated measure ANOVA was used to analyze data.ResultsAR and PR interventions significantly improved the C-reactive protein (CRP) (− 38% vs. − 40%), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (− 11% vs. − 3%), Sargent jump (9% vs. 10%), peak power (20% vs.18%), and average power (14% vs. 14%), upper 1RM (8% vs. 8%) and no significant differences were observed between groups. The AR intervention significantly increased growth hormone (GH) (423% vs. 151%, p = 0.03), lower body 1RM (18% vs. 11%) and muscle endurance (34% vs. 22% for the upper body, p = 0.02 and 32% vs. 24% for the lower body, p = 0.04) than the PR group. The PR intervention further increased the minimum power than the AR group (19% vs. 10%). There were no significant changes in testosterone (p = 0.79) and cortisol (p = 0.34) following interventions.ConclusionThe findings indicated that by increasing muscle activation and higher metabolic load, AR during resistance training with BFR might cause more remarkable improvements in serum GH, muscle strength, and endurance. Thus, to gain further benefits, AR during training with BFR is recommended.Trial registration: IRCT20191207045644N1. Registration date: 14/03/2020. URL: https://www.irct.ir/search/result?query=IRCT20191207045644N1

Efeitos da crioterapia por imersão sobre o desempenho sensório-motor de esportistas após protocolo de fadiga muscular

Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da crioterapia por imersão (CI) sobre o desempenho sensório-motor de esportistas após protocolo para indução de fadiga muscular localizada.&#x0D; Método: O presente estudo teve caráter experimental e delineamento prospectivo e teve participação de 36 esportistas universitários que foram divididos em três grupos: grupo recuperação passiva (RP), grupo crioterapia por imersão a 5ºC (CI5º) e grupo crioterapia por imersão a 10ºC (CI10º). Todos os grupos foram submetidos a protocolo de fadiga de membro inferior dominante em cadeira extensora. Posteriormente, o RP foi mantido em repouso, enquanto os demais grupos foram submetidos à imersão em água gelada a 5ºC e 10ºC, respectivamente, durante 10 minutos. Para avaliação do desempenho sensório-motor, foi utilizado o teste de equilíbrio (YBT), que foi realizado antes e no decorrer de 120 minutos após indução de fadiga.&#x0D; Resultados: Embora os resultados absolutos não tenham mostrado diferenças significativas entre os grupos, em termos relativos (%), o CI5º mostrou menor desempenho sensório-motor do que RP, o que foi mais acentuado no membro não-dominante. Todos os grupos obtiveram maior desempenho no YBT após 120 minutos de recuperação, quando comparado aos primeiros momentos de análise.&#x0D; Conclusão: Em conclusão, pode-se afirmar que o protocolo de CI de 5ºC durante 10 minutos aplicado após indução de fadiga neuromuscular resultou em menor desempenho sensório-motor no YBT, em comparação com o método de RP.

Effect of Hot-Water Immersion and Foam Rolling on Recovery in Amateur Sepaktakraw Players

Sepaktakraw athletes have an extremely high-risk ratio of injury to the lower body, especially the hamstring, when compared to sports like badminton and tennis. This study aims at measuring and comparing the recovery method of the hot-water immersion (HWI) and the foam rolling (FR) in the recovery process of Sepaktakraw athletes. Material and Methods: Overall, 18 Sepaktakraw players aged 18-20 years, who are members of the Sepaktakraw Club of Universitas Negeri Jakarta were involved in this study. 6 participants are randomly assigned to the HWI group, 6 players are assigned to join the FR group, and 6 players are assigned to join the passive recovery group (PR). Three of groups completed measurements pre- and post-recovery for blood lactate concentration and the total quality recovery (TQR). Blood lactate concentration was measured before, immediately, and 15 minutes after recovery. Meanwhile, the total quality recovery (TQR) is taken before the match starts and 15-min after each recovery method was completed. Results: ANOVA showed significant differences between the HWI and PR groups, as well as the FR and PR groups (p = 0.001). The post-TQR, ANOVA showed differences between the HWI and PR groups, as well as the FR and PR groups (p = 0.001). Conclusion: This study showed HWI and FR can reduce blood lactate levels better than the PR group at 15-m after each recovery process in Sepaktakraw athletes. On the other hand, this study shows that the TQR is an accurate predictor index in measuring the effectiveness and quality of a recovery method for Sepaktakraw athletes.

The effects of foam roll on perceptual and performance recovery during a futsal tournament

The present study investigated the efficacy of recovery by foam rolling (FR) on performance, psychological, and physiological parameters of futsal players in a simulated futsal tournament. In this randomized controlled trial design, four youth teams from Iran's national premier league participated in a simulated futsal tournament (five days, three matches). Sixteen youth futsal players from two teams (age: 19.1 ± 1.3 years old) were randomly distributed into two groups: (i) passive recovery (PR); and (ii) FR recovery. The FR recovery protocol consisted of five repetitions of 40 s separated by 20 s of rest on calf, quadriceps, hamstrings, and gluteus muscles 5 min after each match. The other group rested passively during the same period. The Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 2, repeated sprint ability, vertical jump, and PRO agility tests were assessed pre- and post-tournament. Also, Hooper index (HI) and blood lactate concentrations were measured throughout matchdays. Data were analyzed by a repeated measure ANOVA and ANCOVA. Substantial improvements in HI on the second (ES:0.6) and third (ES:0.4) matchdays and faster lactate removal on the third (ES:0.3) matchday were observed in the FR group when compared to the PR group (p<0.05). Although FR recovery was slightly beneficial when compared to PR attenuated decrements in aerobic (-1.6%vs-9.7%) and anaerobic performance (-4.5%vs-1.3%), vertical jump (-1.6%vs-3.0%), and change of direction (-2.1%vs-4.3%), these effects were not statistically significant (p>0.05). The finding showed using FR during compact competitions expedites physical performance recovery, increases blood lactate clearance and leads to regenerate psychological characteristics. Therefore, along with other desirable recovery strategies, the use of FR could be recommended in short-term compacted futsal tournaments.

Effects of Foam Rolling as a Recovery Tool in Professional Soccer Players

Rey, E, Padrón-Cabo, A, Costa, PB, and Barcala-Furelos, R. Effects of foam rolling as a recovery tool in professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 33(8): 2194-2201, 2019-Foam rolling (FR) is a common strategy used after training and competition by players. However, no previous studies have assessed the effectiveness of FR as a recovery tool in sports populations. The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of FR (20 minutes of FR exercises on quadriceps, hamstrings, adductors, gluteals, and gastrocnemius) and passive recovery (20 minutes sit on a bench) interventions performed immediately after a training session on Total Quality Recovery (TQR), perceived muscle soreness, jump performance, agility, sprint, and flexibility 24 hours after the training. During 2 experimental sessions, 18 professional soccer players (age 26.6 ± 3.3 years; height: 180.2 ± 4.5 cm; body mass: 75.8 ± 4.7 kg) participated in a randomized fully controlled trial design. The first session was designed to collect the pretest values of each variable. After baseline measurements, the players performed a standardized soccer training. At the end of training unit, all the players were randomly assigned to the FR recovery group and the passive recovery group. A second experimental session was conducted to obtain the posttest values. Results from the between-group analyses showed that FR had a large effect on the recovery in agility (effect sizes [ES] = 1.06), TQR (ES = 1.08), and perceived muscle soreness (ES = 1.02) in comparison with the passive recovery group at 24 hours after training. Thus, it is recommended that soccer coaches and physical trainers working with high-level players use a structured recovery session lasting from 15 to 20 minutes based on FR exercises that could be implemented at the end of a training session to enhance recovery between training loads.

Molecular Implications of Active and Passive Recovery Following High Volume Resistance Training

PURPOSE: Deloading is widely practiced in the strength and conditioning community as a method to augment recovery; however, there is little molecular signaling data to fully explain the details of why this practice is beneficial. METHODS: Recreationally-trained, college-aged males (n = 30) underwent 6 weeks of volume based training, after which the participants were split into active recovery (AR) and passive recovery (PR) groups with delaod lasting 7 days. Participants donated a muscle biopsy from the vastus lateralis prior to week 1 (PRE), post training (POST), and post deload (DL). Protein expression for mTOR, AMPk, 4EBP1, and p70S6k was evaluated via western blotting. Additionally, blood was obtained via venipuncture, and serum levels of creatine kinase (CK), testosterone (TEST), and cortisol (CORT) were evaluated using commercially available assay kits. RESULTS: There was an effect of time for phosphorylated (p) 4EBP1 (p = 0.014) where PRE (p = 0.003) and POSTDL (p = 0.004) expression of p-4EBP1 were significantly higher than POST. CK activity also had an effect of time (p = 0.016) where CK at POST was significantly higher than at DL (p = 0.007). There was a significant group*time interaction of proteasome activity (p = 0.040) where post-hoc analysis revealed the AR group exhibited higher proteasome activity DL than the PR group (p = 0.051). Differences in protein expression for pan and phosphorylated mTOR, AMPk, p70S6K, and pan 4EBP1 were not significant (p > 0.05). Additionally, there were no significant differences in serum testosterone and cortisol levels (p > 0.05) CONCLUSION: AR may stimulate the PI3K/AkT pathway resulting in the phosphorylation of 4EBP1 potentially allowing hypertrophic adaptation to occur. Additionally, proteasome activity being upregulated with AR POSTDL may be beneficial in cleaving damaged protein structures. More research is needed to further investigate molecular signaling after deloading paradigms.

Active Recovery Induces Greater Endurance Adaptations When Performing Sprint Interval Training.

Yamagishi, T and Babraj, J. Active recovery induces greater endurance adaptations when performing sprint interval training. J Strength Cond Res 33(4): 922–930, 2019—This study sought to determine effects of recovery intensity on endurance adaptations during sprint interval training (SIT). Fourteen healthy young adults (male: 9 and female: 5) were allocated to 1 of 2 training groups: active recovery group (ARG, male: 4 and female: 3) or passive recovery group (PRG, male: 5 and female: 2). After having completed a 2-week control period, both groups performed 6 sessions of 4- to 6 30-second sprints interspersed with 4-minute recovery over 2 weeks. However, only ARG cycled at 40% V̇o2peak during the 4-minute recovery periods, while PRG rested on the bike or cycled unloaded. After the 2-week training intervention, both groups improved 10-km time-trial performance to a similar extent (ARG: 8.6%, d = 1.60, p = 0.006; PRG: 6.7%, d = 0.96, p = 0.048) without gains in V̇o2peak. However, critical power was increased by ARG only (7.9%, d = 1.75, p = 0.015) with a tendency of increased maximal incremental power output (5.3%, d = 0.88, p = 0.063). During the training, active recovery maintained V̇o2 and heart rate at a higher level compared with passive recovery (V̇o2: p = 0.005, HR: p = 0.018), suggesting greater cardiorespiratory demands with the active recovery. This study demonstrated that greater endurance performance adaptations are induced with active recovery when performing SIT over a short time frame. The findings of the current study indicate that, with active recovery, individuals can gain greater training benefits without increasing total training commitment time. Further studies are required to determine whether differences are seen with recovery intensity over a longer period.

Cold water immersion or LED therapy after training sessions: effects on exercise-induced muscle damage and performance in rats.

Cryotherapy and phototherapy have been suggested as recovery methods due to their anti-inflammatory effects. They may also induce mitochondrial biogenesis, thus favoring endurance training adaptation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and ergogenic effects of phototherapy or cold water immersion (CWI) applied daily after exercise in rats. Thirty-five rats were divided into five groups: control (CO), non-exercised (CE), passive recovery (PR), cold water immersion (CWI), and LED therapy (LED). The CO and CE groups were not submitted to training; however, the CE were submitted to an exhaustion test after the training period. Low-intensity swimming training (21 sessions, 45min) was performed followed by passive recovery (PR), CWI (10°C, 5min), or infrared irradiation (940nm, 4J/cm2). Forty-eight hours after the final training session, the CE, PR, CWI, and LED animals were submitted to an exhaustion test. The animals were euthanized 24h later and submitted to hematological, creatine kinase (CK), and C-reactive protein (PCR) analysis. Gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were submitted to histological analysis. No differences in blood cell counts, CK, and PCR were detected between groups. The CE group presented an increased number of areas with necrosis in the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. The PR group presented the highest frequency of areas with edema and inflammation followed by CWI and LED groups. None of the recovery methods improved the performance in the exhaustion test. Successive applications of recovery methods do not improve exercise performance, but downmodulate the inflammation and prevent muscle necrosis.

EFFECT OF SHORT-TERM SLING EXERCISE WITH WHOLE BODY VIBRATION RECOVERY METHOD ON HEART RATE, BLOOD PRESSURE AND LACTIC ACID LEVEL VARIABILITY

The objective of this study was to compare heart rate, blood pressure, and lactic acid level with different recovery methods after having maximal exercise to provide reliable data regarding efficient recovery methods. Heart rate, blood pressure, and lactic acid level were continuously recorded for 30[Formula: see text]min at 5-min intervals during a recovery period after performing a maximal exercise test based on the Bruce-protocol. Study subjects were 36 healthy men in the 20[Formula: see text]s. They were randomly assigned to a passive recovery group ([Formula: see text] people), a sling exercise group ([Formula: see text] people), and a sling exercise with whole-body vibration group ([Formula: see text] people). One-way ANOVA was conducted to compare the recovery effects by using SPSS 18.0 Korea. The statistical significance was accepted at [Formula: see text]. Our results revealed that SWRG showed significantly faster heart rate recovery than SRG. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure tended to decrease more in the combined group than the PRG. Thirdly, the lactic acid level decreased to a lower level in the combined group than the PRG.

Modulation of exercise-induced muscular damage and hyperalgesia by different 630nm doses of light-emitting diode therapy (LEDT) in rats.

We compared the acute effects of different doses of 630nm light-emitting diode therapy (LEDT) on skeletal muscle inflammation and hyperalgesia in rats submitted to exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Wistar rats were divided into five experimental groups (n = 5-8/group): sedentary control (CON); exercise + passive recovery (PR); and exercise + LEDT (1.2J/cm2, 1.8J; 4.2J/cm2, 6.3J; 10.0J/cm2, 15J). After 100min of swimming, the rats in the LEDT groups were exposed to phototherapy on the triceps surae muscle. For mechanical hyperalgesia evaluation, paw withdrawal threshold was assessed before and 24h after swimming. Immediately after hyperalgesia tests, blood samples were collected to analyze creatine kinase (CK) activity and the soleus muscle was removed for histological and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α immunohistological analyses. In all LEDT groups, plasma CK activity was reduced to levels similar to those measured in the CON group. Paw withdrawal threshold decreased in the PR group (- 11.9 ± 1.9g) when compared to the CON group (2.2 ± 1.5g; p < 0.01) and it was attenuated in the group LEDT 4.2J/cm2 (- 3.3 ± 2.4g, p < 0.05). Less leukocyte infiltration and edema and fewer necrotic areas were found in histological sections of soleus muscle in LEDT (4.2J/cm2) and LEDT (10.0J/cm2) groups compared to the PR group. Also, LEDT (4.2J/cm2) and LEDT (10.0J/cm2) groups showed less immunostaining for TNF-α in macrophages or areas with necrosis of muscle fibers compared to the PR group. LEDT (4.2J/cm2, 6.3J)-reduced muscle inflammation and nociception in animals submitted to EIMD.

Investigation of Blood Hormone and Respiratory Parameters in Active and Passive Tolerance Period after Anaerobic Test in Football Players

The aim of the study was to determine the changes in blood hormone and respiratory parameters in recovery phases. 28 voluntary men participated in the study, with an average age of 19.75±1.61 years and playing active football during the league season. Wingate Anaerobic Power Test and Respiratory Function Test (RFT) were applied to the subjects who were randomly divided into two groups, active and passive group. Blood samples were collected from and RFT was applied to all subjects before and after the test. Cortisol hormone, Partial Oxygen Pressure (PO2), Partial Carbon Dioxide Pressure (PCO2), lactic acid (LA) values were obtanied with datas taken from blood samples. The forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume (FEV1), and rate of 1. Second of forced expiratory volume to the forced vital capacity (FEV1 / FVC) were measured by the PFT test. SPSS 24.0 program was used for statistical evaluation of the data. As a result; both 5-minute active and passive recovery methods did not reduce the cortisol ratio, but continued to increase in minute increments. In terms of PO2, passive recovery was found to be a more effective method than active recovery. 5 minutes of active and passive recovery did not reduce LA level and did not affect each other significantly. FVC and FEV1 values were found to be higher in the active recovery group than in the passive recovery group at the onset of AT recovery. Active recovery was found to have positive effects on vital capacity FVC and FEV1.

LED therapy or cryotherapy between exercise intervals in Wistar rats: anti-inflammatory and ergogenic effects

The aim of this study was to test, between two bouts of exercise, the effects of light-emitting diode (LED) therapy and cryotherapy regarding muscle damage, inflammation, and performance. Male Wistar rats were allocated in four groups: control, passive recovery (PR), cryotherapy (Cryo), and LED therapy. The animals were submitted to 45min of swimming exercise followed by 25min of recovery and then a second bout of either 45min of exercise (muscle damage analysis) or time to exhaustion (performance). During the rest intervals, the rats were kept in passive rest (PR), submitted to cold water immersion (10min, 10°C) or LED therapy (940nm, 4J/cm(2)) of the gastrocnemius muscle. Blood samples were collected to analyze creatine kinase activity (CK), C-reactive protein (CRP), and leukocyte counts. The soleus muscles were evaluated histologically. Time to exhaustion was recorded during the second bout of exercise. After a second bout of 45min, the results demonstrated leukocytosis in the PR and Cryo groups. Neutrophil counts were increased in all test groups. CK levels were increased in the Cryo group. CRP was increased in PR animals. The PR group presented a high frequency of necrosis, but the LED group had fewer necrotic areas. Edema formation was prevented, and fewer areas of inflammatory cells were observed in the LED group. The time to exhaustion was greater in both the LED and Cryo groups, without differences in CK levels. CRP was decreased in LED animals. We conclude that LED therapy and cryotherapy can improve performance, although LED therapy is more efficient in preventing muscle damage and local and systemic inflammation.

The Effect of Recovery Strategies on Contractile Properties Using Tensiomyography and Perceived Muscle Soreness in Professional Soccer Players

The capacity to recover from intense training and matches is considered an important determinant in soccer performance. At present, there is no consensus on the effect of posttraining recovery interventions on subsequent training session. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of active (12 minutes of submaximal running and 8 minutes of static stretching) and passive recovery (20 minutes sit on a bench) interventions performed immediately after a training session on muscle contractile properties using tensiomyography (TMG) and perceived muscle soreness 24 hours after the training. During 2 experimental sessions, 31 professional soccer players participated in a randomized fully controlled trial design. The first session was designed to collect the player's TMG and muscle soreness measurements (pretest). After baseline measurements, the participants performed a standardized soccer training during which the heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded to evaluate the training load. At the end of training unit, all the players were randomly assigned to the active recovery group and the passive recovery group. A second experimental session was organized to obtain the posttest values. The players performed the same test, administered in the same order than in the first trial. The results showed that no differences between groups were observed in the HR and RPE. No significant effect because of recovery strategy was found on TMG parameters and perceived muscle soreness.

Recovery After High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise in Elite Soccer Players Using VEINOPLUS Sport Technology for Blood-Flow Stimulation

Electric muscle stimulation has been suggested to enhance recovery after exhaustive exercise by inducing an increase in blood flow to the stimulated area. Previous studies have failed to support this hypothesis. We hypothesized that the lack of effect shown in previous studies could be attributed to the technique or device used. To investigate the effectiveness of a recovery intervention using an electric blood-flow stimulator on anaerobic performance and muscle damage in professional soccer players after intermittent, exhaustive exercise. Randomized controlled clinical trial. National Institute of Sport, Expertise, and Performance (INSEP). Twenty-six healthy professional male soccer players. The athletes performed an intermittent fatiguing exercise followed by a 1-hour recovery period, either passive or using an electric blood-flow stimulator (VEINOPLUS). Participants were randomly assigned to a group before the experiment started. Performances during a 30-second all-out exercise test, maximal vertical countermovement jump, and maximal voluntary contraction of the knee extensor muscles were measured at rest, immediately after the exercise, and 1 hour and 24 hours later. Muscle enzymes indicating muscle damage (creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase) and hematologic profiles were analyzed before and 1 hour and 24 hours after the intermittent fatigue exercise. The electric-stimulation group had better 30-second all-out performances at 1 hour after exercise (P = .03) in comparison with the passive-recovery group. However, no differences were observed in muscle damage markers, maximal vertical countermovement jump, or maximal voluntary contraction between groups (P > .05). Compared with passive recovery, electric stimulation using this blood-flow stimulator improved anaerobic performance at 1 hour postintervention. No changes in muscle damage markers or maximal voluntary contraction were detected. These responses may be considered beneficial for athletes engaged in sports with successive rounds interspersed with short, passive recovery periods.

The Effect of Immediate Post-Training Active and Passive Recovery Interventions on Anaerobic Performance and Lower Limb Flexibility in Professional Soccer Players

The capacity to recover from intense training, competition and matches is considered an important determinant in soccer performance. At present, there is no consensus on the effect of post-training recovery interventions on subsequent training session. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of active (12 min submaximal running and 8 min of static stretching) and passive recovery (20 min sitting on a bench) interventions performed immediately after a training session on anaerobic performances (CMJ, 20 m sprint and Balsom agility test) and lower limb flexibility 24 h after the training. During two experimental sessions, 31 professional soccer players participated in a randomized fully controlled trial design. The first session was designed to evaluate the player’s anaerobic performances and lower limb flexibility (pretest). After baseline measurements, participants performed a standardized soccer training during which heart rate and RPE were recorded to evaluate the training load. At the end of the training unit all players were randomly assigned to the active recovery group and the passive recovery group. A second experimental session was organized to obtain the posttest values. Players performed the same test, administered in the same order than in the first trial. No significant differences between groups were observed in heart rate and RPE. No significant effect due to recovery interventions was found on lower limb flexibility and anaerobic performances except CMJ that posttest value was significantly greater in the active recovery group than in the passive group (p < 0.05).

승마기구운동 후 서로 다른 회복처치가 초과산소섭취량 및 항산화력에 미치는 영향

The present study was undertaken to analyze the effects of different types of treatment on excess post exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), flexibility, free radical a nd antioxidants in women using a horseback riding therapeutic device. Subjects were trained in regular horseback riding exercises for 12 weeks (3 times/wk). The effects of this exercise were examin ed by means of a single session of horseback riding that lasted for 30 min. 21 women were recruite d from a public health center and divided into 3 groups (passive recovery group, passive+massage recovery group, and dynamic recov- ery group). 3 types of recovery patterns were determined after a single trial of horseback riding exercise. Their flexibility were determined pre-and post-traini ng by Paired T test, and ANOVA were used to analyze the data. The results were as follows: Among the 3 groups, the dynamic recovery group showed the highest levels of EPOC compared to the other groups, and also showed higher lev- els of anti-oxidants, as did the passive+massage recovery group compared to the passive recovery group. Moreover, horseback riding exercise greatly increased flexibility in the women. In conclusion, regular horseback riding training is recommended to enhance the flexibility of women and dynamic recovery is recommended to enhance EPOC and anti-oxidants after a single bout of exercise. Further study is needed in this area.

Efficacy of Lower Limb Compression and Combined Treatment of Manual Massage and Lower Limb Compression on Symptoms of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Women

Strategies to manage the symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) are widespread, though are often based on anecdotal evidence. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of a combination of manual massage and compressive clothing and compressive clothing individually as recovery strategies after muscle damage. Thirty-two female volunteers completed 100 plyometric drop jumps and were randomly assigned to a passive recovery (n = 17), combined treatment (n = 7), or compression treatment group (n = 8). Indices of muscle damage (perceived soreness, creatine kinase activity, isokinetic muscle strength, squat jump, and countermovement jump performance) were assessed immediately before and after 1, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours of plyometric exercise. The compression treatment group wore compressive tights for 12 hours after damage and the combined treatment group received a 30-minute massage immediately after damaging exercise and wore compression stockings for the following 11.5 hours. Plyometric exercise had a significant effect on all indices of muscle damage (p < 0.05). The treatments significantly reduced decrements in isokinetic muscle strength, squat jump performance, and countermovement jump performance and reduced the level of perceived soreness in comparison with the passive recovery group (p < 0.05). The addition of sports massage to compression after muscle damage did not improve performance recovery, with recovery trends being similar in both treatment groups. The treatment combination of massage and compression significantly moderated perceived soreness at 48 and 72 hours after plyometric exercise (p < 0.05) in comparison with the passive recovery or compression alone treatment. The results indicate that the use of lower limb compression and a combined treatment of manual massage with lower limb compression are effective recovery strategies following EIMD. Minimal performance differences between treatments were observed, although the combination treatment may be beneficial in controlling perceived soreness.

Lower limb compression garment improves recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage in young, active females

This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of lower limb compression as a recovery strategy following exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Seventeen female volunteers completed 10 x 10 plyometric drop jumps from a 0.6-m box to induce muscle damage. Participants were randomly allocated to a passive recovery (n = 9) or a compression treatment (n = 8) group. Treatment group volunteers wore full leg compression stockings for 12 h immediately following damaging exercise. Passive recovery group participants had no intervention. Indirect indices of muscle damage (muscle soreness, creatine kinase activity, knee extensor concentric strength, and vertical jump performance) were assessed prior to and 1, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h following plyometric exercise. Plyometric exercise had a significant effect (p < or = 0.05) on all indices of muscle damage. The compression treatment reduced decrements in countermovement jump performance (passive recovery 88.1 +/- 2.8% vs. treatment 95.2 +/- 2.9% of pre-exercise), squat jump performance (82.3 +/- 1.9% vs. 94.5 +/- 2%), and knee extensor strength loss (81.6 +/- 3% vs. 93 +/- 3.2%), and reduced muscle soreness (4.0 +/- 0.23 vs. 2.4 +/- 0.24), but had no significant effect on creatine kinase activity. The results indicate that compression clothing is an effective recovery strategy following exercise-induced muscle damage.