Passive Infrared Sensor Research Articles

Smart Intelligent Areca nut and Coconut Theft Detection

The need for an effective and reliable intrusion detection with an alarm system have become vital necessity because of the frequent and rampant cases of burglary. Due to increase of Theft on areca nut and coconut etc, with the advancement in technology, motion can be detected by measuring change in speed or vector of an object in the field of view. This can be achieved either by mechanical devices that physically interact with the field or by electronic device that quantifies and measures changes in the given environment. The motion detector is not only used as intruder alarm but also used in many applications like home automation system, energy efficiency system, etc. According to this project is built using an embedded microcontroller system capable of detecting motion of an intruder in a restricted area and then triggering an alarm system, motion detector system, Sound sensors and accelometric, however passive infrared sensor detected the motion of the person using the person body heat. The passive infrared (PIR) sensor which is the motion detector used in this project is attached to a microcontroller with WIFI which activates the alarm system ,send notification to farmer using IoT it reaches the cloud platforms and any other devices to notify to the farm owner. In addition to PIR sensor we also include accelometric sensor that can be used to read the tiltness of the tree, Sound sensors will be used to read the threshold of ground with any falling of the objects.

An Agile Security System for Automobiles using IoT

Thieves are becoming smarter day-by-day which results in increase of looting of automobiles like scooters, cars and many other. To overcome this problem there is a crucial need for an effective system that diagnoses the vehicle theft. In this paper, an IoT based agile security system by using Raspberry Pi as the central processing unit of the entire system, a lightweight, cheap and efficient system is researched, built and explored. The Linux Embedded System gathers the data from Passive Infra-Red (PIR) motion sensors, pressure sensors, gas sensors, Global Positioning System (GPS), Pi camera, buzzer, and Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). The system has generally 2 modes. They are: Owner mode and Theft mode. If the system detects any intrusion in the vehicle it gives an alarm on detection, capture the image of the person by using image processing technique and identifies who is trying to unlock the vehicle and send coordinates of the vehicle when the intruder opens the vehicle door and starts moving the car, along with images of intruder to the owner by using a GSM module. By using GPS module, we can be to get the latitude and longitude of the vehicle remotely when the intruder has theft the vehicle.

A data-driven model predictive control for lighting system based on historical occupancy in an office building: Methodology development

The lighting system accounts for 8% of the total electricity consumption in commercial buildings in the United States and 12% of the total electricity consumption in public buildings globally. This consumption share can be effectively reduced using the demand-response control. The traditional lighting system control method commonly depends on the real-time occupancy data collected using the passive infrared (PIR) sensor. However, the detection inaccuracy of the PIR sensor usually results in false-offs. To diminish the false-error frequency, the existing lighting system control simply deploys a delayed reaction period (e.g., 5 to 20 min), which is not sufficiently accurate for the demand-response operation. Therefore, in this research, a novel data-driven model predictive control (MPC) method that is based on the temporal sequential-based artificial neural network (TS-ANN) is proposed to overcome this challenge using an updated historical occupancy status. Using an office as case study, the proposed model is also compared with the traditional lighting system control method. In the proposed model, the occupancy data was trained to predict the occupancy pattern to improve the control. It was found that the occupancy prediction mainly correlates with the historical occupancy ratio and the time sequential feature. The simulation results indicated that the proposed method achieved higher accuracy (97.4%) and fewer false-offs (from 79.5 with traditional time delay method to 0.6 times per day) are achieved by the MPC model. The proposed TS-ANN-MPC method integrates the analysis of the occupant behavior routine into on-site control and has the potential to further enhance the control performance practice for maximum energy conservation.

Human Detection using Unmanned Ground Vehicle

A human detection remote-controlled ground vehicle is employed to detect the humans around during the rescue regimes when a natural calamity occurs, to avoid losing the lives of humans. This project aims to build a robot that is active in disaster areas to create a rescue mechanism that needs to move at intervals, wherever rescue groups cannot operate due to loads of technical difficulties. A unique passive Infrared sensing element is employed in our project that emits infrared rays to sense humans. As an individual's body emits thermal radiation it will be received and manipulated by the PIR (Passive infrared sensor) and when the target is found the system will provide an associate degree alert which can be used to facilitate to localize the victim location in time. Human Detection using Unmanned Ground Vehicle is an attempt at creating an intuitive application that is capable of being used by people during war zones, disaster areas, and surveillance in jewelry shops.

REKAYASA PINTU GESER OTOMATIS DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN SENSOR PASSIVE INFRA RED (PIR)

Along with the rapid development of the times, in everyday life in the field of technology. This has encouraged humans to create and innovate in the field of technology to create a tool that can facilitate human activities. The door is something that is insulated inside the house and outside the home. The door in general as access into and out of the house or outside the home. Generally the door is opened manually by sliding because opening and closing the door does not take up much space for the mechanism of opening and closing the door so that most doors are opened with a manual mechanism. Current technological developments have also affected the door open and close system so that the door can be opened and closed automatically by using the Passive Infra Red Sensor (PIR).This simulation tool consists of a DC motor controller circuit and a sensor that is regulated by a microcontroller system with the input sensor. In a DC motor controller circuit, the direction of rotation and speed is regulated by the motor driver. As for the sensor circuit, it is used as a motion detector. For the microcontroller as a controller, selected from the type of Arduino Uno with Arduino programming. In the process of control, the sliding door will move to open and close the door either or not move according to PIR sensor input. The control system that is designed here only uses two commands at regular intervals in a single program execution, both the calling and the intended purpose of the user.

SLEEPIR: Synchronized Low-Energy Electronically Chopped PIR Sensor for True Presence Detection

Passive infrared (PIR) sensors are widely used in motion sensing and lighting control. However, stationary occupants always trigger false-negative detects of PIR sensors and result in uncomfortable lighting swings and short lifetime of electronic appliances. To address this issue, a synchronized low-energy electronically chopped PIR (SLEEPIR) sensor is developed in this letter for true presence detection, where a liquid crystal (LC) optical shutter is proposed to electrically chop signals received by the PIR sensor in the long-wave infrared (LWIR) region (8–12 μ m), where human skin radiates the most. Utilizing the anisotropic absorption property of the LC material, the shutter shows high modulation with a low driving voltage ( ${V_{{\rm{rms}}}}$ = 4.17 V). Instead of using the mechanical shutters previously developed by our group that are driven by motors, the SLEEPIR sensor reduces the power consumption,weight, volume, and noise level by 90.5%, 83.8%, 82.6%, and 100%, respectively, while maintaining high sensitivity and reliability. Thanks to the high modulation of the LC shutter in the LWIR region, the experimental results show that the SLEEPIR sensor could detect stationary occupants with high accuracy within the range of 4.0 m and with a large field-of-view of 100°.

Smart Street Lighting Detecting Vehicle and Pedestrian Movement Aiming for Sustainable Bhutan

An energy crisis is global issue nowadays. Bhutan however, does not realize it being blessed with good geographical and demographical diversity. It is high time that Bhutan realize the need of energy conservation technique. The electrical energy is wasted unnecessarily which starts from keeping the mobile charger plugged in the socket when not in use to lamps keeping ON in streets throughout day and night. People don’t seem to care but monitoring it for better conservation benefit has become crucial in underdeveloped countries like Bhutan whose source of energy is limited to hydropower only. Wind and solar generations are feasible but the energy cost per unit would be very high due to high initial cost. A case study conducted within the college campus revealed tremendous savings a college can make just by replacing conventional compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) with light emitting diode (LED). Therefore, the best option for Bhutan and Bhutanese people is to take better care of the existing energy sources and use it judiciously. This paper proposes a method to monitor and control the street/compound lighting in a smarter way. The two types of sensors are employed. The light dependent resistor (LDR) is used to monitor the intensity or brightness of surrounding and passive infrared (PIR) sensor is employed for detecting infrared source. The sensor output is processed and monitored by the PIC16F877A microcontroller. Moreover, the incandescent lamp and the compact fluorescent lamp will be replaced by LED lamps. The project aims to reduce power consumption in Bhutan through proposer control of street/compound lighting so as to have better economy of the country by exporting more unit of energy to neighboring country.

Smart Monitoring and Authenticated Door Access from Remote places

Securing our things is an important objective in our day-to-day life. If our belongings are not properly monitored, it may be stolen at any time. Hence the better way is prevention of theft than searching the lost belongings. Recently much importance is given regarding security of our home. There are situations where we may need to provide door access to people when we are away from our home. For example, while working at office, if you want to provide access to a plumber, then remote door access to be provided. By using our proposed work we can monitor our home from remote places and also we can have door access options. An embedded web server is used for the purpose of remote monitoring and control. The system for remote monitoring and control for door access is developed using Raspberry Pi embedded web server. The other components include Passive Infrared sensor (PIR), DC motor and Raspberry Pi camera module. Based on the PIR sensor and camera input, the secure access to the door for any person can be given through remote access. The access to the door can either be provided through application or the concerned web page. Both the application and the web page are password protected. The application is developed as an Android application and it can be installed in any android mobile phone. The web page is developed using PHP which is used as embedded server-side scripting language. After verifying the password the access to control the door is provided. This operation can be used in wide applications where physical presence is not possible all the time.

Teledetection System and Management of Intrusions Events, Based on Cloud Infrastructure

This document describes the design and development of a low-cost security system to detect unauthorized access of people in an office, using Arduino microcontroller technology. It used a passive infrared sensor (PIR) to detect movements of people, a Wi-Fi interface to send security alerts to the cloud platform and a GSM modem, in the same way, to send the detected security events to the frame of Cloud. The latter will be used if it is not possible to establish a link to the cloud platform, via the Wi-Fi interface. In addition, the security system sends an SMS (Short Message Service) directly to the security agent's mobile every time a security event is detected. A dual communication interface is used to guarantee the sending of alerts to the cloud platform and, on the other hand, to ensure the delivery of notifications of the alerts detected to the security agent, through the channels: Notify my device (NMD), email, Twitter and SMS. As a result, it has been obtained that the fastest interface to send the detected security alerts to the cloud platform is Wi-Fi and the channel with less time to notify the security agent is NMD. Therefore, this proposed security system represents an ideal solution for security problems, both level domestic and commercial, since it has characteristics of being pervasive, that is, it can be used anywhere and agnostic in so far as of the wireless interface Communication.

Design and Implementation of Security Device with Dual Wireless Communication Interface for Cloud-based Framework

This research work is aimed at developing a low-cost security device for intrusion remote sensing, and sends alert notifications to a cloud platform. This device is basically composed of a passive infrared sensor (PIR), an MCU ESP32 microcontroller with integrated Wi-Fi interface and a SIM800L GSM modem. The proposed device incorporates fault tolerance in communication links, integrating dual wireless communication technologies, to guarantee the sending of alerts to the cloud-based framework. The algorithm that has been designed for the microcontroller are enriched with intelligence to detect when a communication service is available or not, and choice best option between the interfaces. Moreover, the device is able to notify alerts via SMS directly to the user's mobile. This solution has proven to be effective not only in the field of security, but it also has applications in scenarios where nodes are required to acquire information from remote sites via telemetry, with guarantees on information delivery.

Mobile Object Sensing Technologies using Arduino Microcontroller

Motion detectors are sensors that record movement in a certain area. This study proposes the evaluation of three motion detectors, using the Arduino microcontroller to execute orders to the sensors infrared, PIR (passive infrared sensor) and ultrasonic, to determine the obstacle detection behavior against different objects. According to the tests carried out and the theory presented for each sensor, we have found that the most efficient sensor for object detection is the PIR, due to its scope and viewing angle, which represents being feasible and more reliable to implement; for example, in security systems.

Scada as a Smarthome for Light Control Home Fence Door Control and Curtain Control Based on Schneider PLC M221

Smarthome is made to help relieve human work in the field of automation in residential environments. The purpose of this system is to control the lamps, curtains, and fence doors, which are equipped with the HMI (Human Machine Interface) to display the process in real time. The system of this smarthome is made using Schneider TM221CE24R PLC as a controller. This smarthome controls the lamp with five different lighting brightness conditions by using a UV (Ultraviolet) sensor, controlling the open and close fence doors using the PIR (Passive Infrared) sensor, and controlling the curtains with three different conditions (open full, half closed, full lid) with the LDR sensor. The control of these Smarthome objects is displayed in an HMI (Human Machine Interface). The Operator can monitor the objects that are currently working through the HMI view. Through the testing stage of the tool, there is a conclusion that this smarthome can control objects well.

Enhanced of House Security System Based Pir Sensorand Microcontroller Based

Technological developments that are so rapid nowadays make people want to always be creative and trigger to create something new which can be applied and can be used easily and practically and can be controlled from close and long distance. In this research, what can be adopted is how to design a home security system using a microcontroller-based PIR (Passive Infra Red) sensor. Where this security will work if the PIR sensor (Passive Infra Red) detects the presence of unwanted humans into the house, and then the microcontroller processes and instructs cellphone 1 to send alarm signals in the form of SMS (Short Message Service).

Arduino Based Smart Home Security System

The use of smartphone technology as a tool for communication is ever-increasing, and this technology shows no sign of decline. Moreover, since the era of social networking, smartphones have become a significant entity that humans cannot do without. Internet of things has now opened a new era where we can keep contact data, surf the internet, exchange messages, take notes, carry files and documents, etc. Besides, we can now control hardware like lights, fans, air conditioners, etc. This research aims at designing home security systems to keep selected space safe from intruders and detect gas leakage. The methodology integrated GSM module, ultrasonic sensor, Passive Infrared Sensor (PIR), and gas detectors to implement the wireless remote home security technology. This system adopts the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) technology for optimal functionality and is programmed to respond rapidly as intrusion or gas leakage is detected. The GSM module alerts the homeowner via phone call.

Automatic Attendance System

As we have come across many inventions to reduce the human efforts and already many systems have been introduced to do so. The specialty about this system is that in this system the chances of proxies reduces since the PIR(Passive INFRARED) sensor installed in the class will scan the number of heat signatures in the class first then accordingly the teacher will take attendance. This system uses the RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) chips that will be already placed inside the ID card in order to make the process simpler.

Self-Monitoring Automated Route Trashbin

Waste management is one of the vital role of a smart city. Nowadays smart cities are rapidly increase at the same time the pollution rate was also increased highly. So people are doing the things smartly to reduce the pollution. Since the generation of waste is active in nature, it often outcomes in some garbage cans getting overloaded and leaking while other remains almost vacant. An overflowing waste bin cannot only produce pollution but also provide health threats, especially in warm surroundings. Waste management is one of the major issue in our society which would affect predominantly. This project reduces the trash bin waste smartly. The Passive Infrared sensor (PIR) is used to identify the existence with the assistance of motion. The DC Gear motor is used to open and close trash bin by means of rotation and it is placed inside the trash bin. Infrared (IR) sensor is located inside the trash bin which is used to sense the garbage level within its range. If the trash bin is full the buzzer will be on and GSM modem is used to send the message to the respective authority. The trash bin is built with a microcontroller which is interfaced with GSM, PIR sensor, DC gear motor and IR sensor. Once the waste reaches its limits, IR sensor will activate the GSM modem which will aware the involved authority until the trash in the bin is removed. Once these garbage bins are executed on a large level, by replacing our traditional bins present-day it has decrease the pollution level, remove the garbage with investing less time and keep our environment clean. Keyword: PIC16F877A Controller, PIR, Sensor, Microcontroller, GSM Cite this Article: M. Lizzy Nesa Bagyam, S. Mohamed Sameem, R. Nandhagopal, C. Priyanga. Self-Monitoring Automated Route Trashbin. International Journal of Software Computing and Testing. 2019; 5(1): 22–25p.

Real-Time Epileptic Seizure Detection During Sleep Using Passive Infrared Sensors

This paper addresses the problem of detecting epileptic seizures experienced by a human subject during sleep. Commonly used solutions to this problem mostly rely on detecting motion due to seizures using contact-based sensors or video-based sensors. We seek a low-cost, low-power alternative that can sense motion without making direct contact with the subject and provides high detection accuracy. We investigate the use of Passive InfraRed (PIR) sensors to sense human body motion caused by epileptic seizures during sleep which makes the body shake and causes the PIR sensor to generate an oscillatory output signal. This signal can be distinguished from that of ordinary motions during sleep using analysis with machine learning algorithms. The supervised hidden Markov model algorithm (HMM) and a 1-D and 2-D convolutional neural network (ConvNet) are used to classify the data set of the PIR sensor output into the occurrence of epileptic seizures, ordinary motions, or absence of motion. The method was tested on the PIR signals captured at 1 m from 33 recruited healthy subjects who, after watching seizure videos, either moved their body on a bed to simulate a seizure, ordinary motion, or lay still. The HMM algorithm attained 97.03% accuracy, while 1D-ConvNet and 2D-ConvNet attained an accuracy of 96.97% and 98.98%, respectively. All simulated seizures were successfully detected, with errors occurring only in distinguishing between ordinary motion and no motion, thereby demonstrating the potential for using PIR sensors in the epileptic seizure detection.

IoT Enabled Intelligent Sensor Node for Smart City: Pedestrian Counting and Ambient Monitoring

An Internet of Things (IoT) enabled intelligent sensor node has been designed and developed for smart city applications. The fabricated sensor nodes count the number of pedestrians, their direction of travel along with some ambient parameters. The Field of View (FoV) of Fresnel lens of commercially available passive infrared (PIR) sensors has been specially tuned to monitor the movements of only humans and no other domestic animals such as dogs, cats etc. The ambient parameters include temperature, humidity, pressure, Carbon di Oxide (CO2) and total volatile organic component (TVOC). The monitored data are uploaded to the Internet server through the Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) communication system. An intelligent algorithm has been developed to achieve an accuracy of 95% for the pedestrian count. There are a total of 74 sensor nodes that have been installed around Macquarie University and continued working for the last six months.

Design of Smart Trash Can Using Fuzzy Logic Algorithm Based on Arduino

Smart trash cans use a proximity sensor (ultrasonic) to detect the height of the trash, the PIR (Passive Infra Red) sensor to detect human presence and Arduino as the data processing center. This trash can also has an LED that functions as an indicator and the buzzer functions as an alarm when the trash can is full. If the garbage reaches half of the trash, the LED will turn yellow, if the garbage reaches a height of 4cm from the trash lid, then the LED will turn red and so the trash can will be locked even though the PIR sensor detects humans. Buzzer will live to attract the attention of cleaning officers to dispose of trash. To dispose of garbage, the clerk needs to shift the open and close trash button so that the lid will open. The author hopes that this smart trash can can increase public awareness to dispose of garbage in its place. The results of study show that PIR sensors work by well in detecting the presence of humans and ultrasonic sensors in detecting the height of garbage are not accurate, so that if the trash if the trash can is empty, sometimes the garbage is minus, whereasif the garbage is < 3.5 cm, the sensor fails detect it.

Intelligent Human Counting through Environmental Sensing in Closed Indoor Settings

Detecting count of human beings accurately in a closed indoor environment is crucial in diverse application areas including search and rescue, surveillance, customer analytics, abnormal event detection, human gait characterization, congestion analysis, and many more. Moreover, it has significant importance in preventing any intrusion in a secured indoor space such as a bank vault. Sensor-based technologies (for example camera, Passive Infrared sensor (PIR), etc.) are becoming more popular day by day to ensure enhanced security in such closed indoor setting. However, sensors used in these technologies have to be deployed in visible places. Thus, there exist possibilities of damaging the sensors by intruders. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel methodology to detect human count in such closed indoor setting, which can be deployed in any hidden place being oblivious to intruders. Here, we perform human counting based on different environmental gaseous parameters (Carbon Dioxide, Liquefied Petroleum Gas or LPG, Nitrogen Dioxide, and Sulfur Dioxide) and two weather parameters (temperature and humidity). We conduct numerous experiments under closed controlled settings and perform the counting task using different machine learning algorithms such as Bagging, RandomForest, IBK, and J48. We also propose a novel Deep Neural Network based framework for this task and evaluate its performance on the collected data sets. Using this method, we achieve 95% accuracy in detecting the number of humans present even in the unseen test case scenario.