Passive Clauses Research Articles

VOICE SYSTEMS IN MANGGARAI: HOW SEMANTIC ROLES BEHAVE IN THE CLAUSES

This research evaluates Klamer's statement that says several languages in the Lesser Sunda Islands (and some languages in Sulawesi) do not have passive constructions. Therefore, this study aims to prove whether the Manggarai language has passive construction forms with different semantic roles. The data used in this study are clauses in the Manggarai language that contain five semantic role arguments: actor, patient, benefactive, instrumental, and locative. This is done by examining the semantic role argument to be positioned as the subject. The results show that the Manggarai language is indeed a language that has two voices, which means that active and passive constructions exist. However, Manggarai does not experience morphological changes in the verbs but is marked by the emergence of prepositions when changed into passive constructions. In the Kempo dialect of the Manggarai language, the preposition le ‘by’ not only introduces actors in passive constructions but also serves to introduce instrumental roles in active sentences. The preposition latang 'for' introduces a benefactive argument in both active and passive constructions. Preposition one ‘in/on’ serves to introduce a locative argument in active and passive clauses.

Exploring English Information Packaging Constructions in Written and Spoken Language

Information structure refers to the relationship between sentence properties and the surrounding discourse: the legitimacy of the sentences may depend on what has been established by the immediately preceding sentences or phrases in the written and spoken language. Passive clauses, extraposition, the existential construction, the 'it'-cleft construction, pseudo-clefts, dislocation, and pre- and post-posing are described as non-canonical constructions. The paper is to characterize the syntactic differences between these constructions and their basic counterparts and to investigate the factors that encourage or discourage the use of one of these constructions as opposed to the more basic counterpart

On the properties of phase heads in raising and passive clauses: DP movement and Transfer options

AbstractThis short article proposes to eliminate asymmetries between the CP and vP phases by arguing for a more uniform clause structure in which both phase heads, C and v, are always present in a derivation but may be removed from the workspace by Transfer. I argue that C is present in the derivation of raising clauses but is removed from the workspace after DP movement yields intersecting sets, in the sense of Epstein et al. (2012, 2015).

Kategori dan Peran Tematis Argumen Klausa Verbal pada Bahasa Batak Toba

This paper describes the types of thematic role categories of verbal clause arguments in the Toba Batak language (BBT). This syntactic study is conducted through a qualitative approach with a listening technique in collecting oral and written data. Then the data is processed through commensurate and 'agih' methods, which are described through distributional and informal methods. The results show that the category of verbal clauses in BBT is divided into two parts: verbal and non-verbal. Verbal clauses consist of (1) transitive clauses, which are divided into medial active clauses, passive clauses, and reciprocal clauses; (2) intransitive clauses; and (3) semi-transitive clauses. Transitive clauses have the structure of P+O+S and S+P+O. Intransitive clauses are structured P+S and P+S+Ket. Furthermore, semi transitive clauses have S+P and S+P+Ket as their structures. The category of non-verbal clauses in BBT, namely clauses with non-verbal predicates, have nominal, numeral, adjectival, and adverbial (prepositional phrases) as categories in their predicates. The thematic role of BBT verbal clause arguments consists of two macro roles as actor and undergoer, while the special thematic role consists of agent, stimulus, experiencer, theme, locative and patient. This research is further expected to positively impact the development of BBT.

Pragmatic Reasons for Non-Clause-Initial Placement of Subjects of Active and Passive Clauses in Northern Mansi

Pragmatic Reasons for Non-Clause-Initial Placement of Subjects of Active and Passive Clauses in Northern Mansi

The Indonesian Di- Passive and Discourse Contexts

The syntactic analysis of the formation of an Indonesian active clause into a passive one has been much done in the literature. However, the research of the Indonesian passive into its discourse contexts has been understudied. The present study seeks to fill the lacuna. The findings show that an active clause and its passive clause counterpart change in the topic-comment relation, characterized by a change of definiteness status in the NP subject of the passive clause (NP patient) which serves to maintain the semantic interdependence between the NP object of the active clause and the NP subject (of the passive clause). The prohibition of passive clauses with the first and second person agent by-phrases is dependent upon the type of verbs that the di-passive co-occur with. NP agent by-phrases is also affected by discourse contexts tied to (im)politeness. It is also shown that the definiteness status of NP patients in agentless di-passive is affected by that of the NP agent. In addition to this, the omission of the NP agent by-phrase is made to avoid attributing direct responsibility for the action to the agent itself.

Passive Imperatives in Indonesian

An imperative clause is understood as a construction in which the subject is commonly filled by a second person but it is licitly dropped and the verb that co-occurs with it is commonly realized by a basic form in Indonesian. An active clause, on the other hand, contains an obligatory subject, the verb inflected with meN verbal prefix, and an object that makes the sentence readily transformed into its passive clause counterpart. Given the characteristic contrasts between an imperative clause and an active clause in Indonesian, it seems to be impossible to derive a passive imperative. However, imperative passives are available in Indonesian. The present study aims to uncover the issues of imperative passives in Indonesian. The study employs a descriptive qualitative method. Most of the data for the study were obtained from Leipzig Corpora and the remaining data were elicited from other speakers of Indonesian. Adopting the theory of a speaker commitment hypothesis for the analysis, the findings show that Indonesian has a passive imperative. This support can be evidenced by the fact that an imperative passive can be associated with a complex sentence construction in which the subject of the passive imperative clause can be recovered from the main clause thereby corroborating the idea that passive imperatives operate on a par with negative imperatives which possess prototypical passive constructions.

Linguistic Organization of the Official Sport Discourse Text
 (Based on 2017–2020 Rhythmic Gymnastics Code of Points)

The purpose of this article is to identify compositional, lexical and grammat-
 ical features of the texts related to the official sports discourse. The research is based on 2017–2020 Rhythmic Gymnastics Code of Points in English and Russian versions. The relevance of the study is due to the insufficient coverage of the linguistic peculiarities of documents related to sports in linguists’ publications and the importance of describing this segment of sports discourse from the point of view of its goal, sub-
 ject, communicants and linguistic means used in official texts.
 The text of Code of Points implements professional sports discourse, as it
 is created and read by specialists. Linguistic analysis of the official sports text
 makes it possible to identify the features of the compositional structure of the text,
 grammatical features, as well as lexemes that have meaning-forming functions.
 The research involves methods of structural, semantic, contextual and discourse
 analysis. The peculiarities of the composition lie in the clear structuredness of the
 material, which contributes to its logical presentation.
 The authors of the article present terms as key units that are significant
 for the content of the text and characterized by unambiguity, a tendency to fre-
 quent use in one text. Abbreviations and non-verbal signs promote concise com-
 munication of information. The syntax features include simple extended sen-
 tences, compound and complex sentences, conditionals, and passive clauses. The
 prescriptive nature of the text is also achieved by the functioning of modal verbs.
 The revealed features of the linguistic organization regulate such characteristics
 of the official text as informativeness, prescriptiveness, descriptiveness, concrete-
 ness and impersonality.

Structural Priming and Inverse Preference Effects in L2 Grammaticality Judgment and Production of English Relative Clauses.

This study investigated inverse preference effects in L2 structural priming of English relative clauses and their potential influences on subsequent learning of target structures. One hundred fourteen Chinese learners of English at a low-to-intermediate proficiency level participated in a structural priming experiment with a pretest-posttest design. The experimental group underwent a priming task in which they orally produced syntactic structures immediately after viewing English object or passive relative clauses as primes, whereas the control group only read sentences unrelated to English relative clauses. A grammaticality judgment task and a sentence completion task were used to measure the inverse preference effect and its subsequent effects on L2 learning. The results showed the presence of structural priming and inverse preference effects in immediate production, which extended to subsequent learning of L2. In subsequent grammaticality judgments and production, L2 learners performed better with English object relative clauses than with English passive relative clauses in comparison with the pretest. The results are discussed in terms of the structural frequency in both L1 and L2 as well as the implicit learning mechanisms of structural priming.

Semantic Working Memory Predicts Sentence Comprehension Performance: A Case Series Approach.

Sentence comprehension involves maintaining and continuously integrating linguistic information and, thus, makes demands on working memory (WM). Past research has demonstrated that semantic WM, but not phonological WM, is critical for integrating word meanings across some distance and resolving semantic interference in sentence comprehension. Here, we examined the relation between phonological and semantic WM and the comprehension of center-embedded relative clause sentences, often argued to make heavy demands on WM. Additionally, we examined the relation between phonological and semantic WM and the comprehension of transitive and dative active and passive sentences, which may also draw on WM resources depending on the number of propositions that must be maintained and the difficulty of processing passive clauses. In a large sample of individuals with aphasia (N = 56), we assessed whether comprehension performance on more complex vs. simpler active-passive or embedded relative clause sentences would be predicted by semantic but not phonological WM when controlling for single word comprehension. For performance on the active-passive comprehension task, we found that semantic WM, but not phonological WM, predicted comprehension of dative sentences when controlling for comprehension of transitive sentences. We also found that phonological WM, but not semantic WM, predicted mean comprehension for reversible active-passive sentences when controlling for trials with lexical distractors. On the relative clause comprehension task, consistent with prior results, we found that semantic WM, but not phonological WM, predicted comprehension of object relative clause sentences and relative clause sentences with a passive construction. However, both phonological WM and semantic WM predicted mean comprehension across all relative clause types for reversible trials when controlling for trials with lexical distractors. While we found evidence of semantic WM’s role in comprehension, we also observed unpredicted relations between phonological WM and comprehension in some conditions. Post-hoc analyses provided preliminary evidence that phonological WM maintains a backup phonological representation of the sentence that may be accessed when sentence comprehension processing is less efficient. Future work should investigate possible roles that phonological WM may play across sentence types.

Passive clauses argument structure of give verbs in corpus of contemporary American English (COCA)

This study is entitled Passive Clauses Argument Structure of Give Verbs in Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). It is concerned with the argument structure which is mapped to the grammatical relation. This study aimed to recognize the grammatical relations in passive clauses which have “give verbs”. This study is library research. The data of this study were taken from Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) which is concerned with passive clauses. To collect the data, the documentation method and note-taking technique were applied. The descriptive-qualitative method was applied in analyzing the data. The data were described and explained based on the theory argument structure and the theory of passive. Based on the analysis, the grammatical relation operated within passive clauses with the class of give verbs involves subject, object, and oblique. Verb feed, give, and pay in passive can be constructed with S-V, S-V-O, S-V-OBL, and S-V-O-OBL. However, the construction found with verb lease in passive is S-V and S-V-OBL. On the other hand, the possible construction found in verb lend in passive is S-V, S-V-OBL, and S-V-O.

Corpus linguistic and experimental studies on the meaning-preserving hypothesis in Indonesian voice alternations

Abstract One essential feature of voice alternation is that active and passive clauses centred around a given verb express the same meaning: the “meaning-preserving” hypothesis. One effect of the alternation is the different linking of grammatical relations and semantic roles, which affects the identity of the subject. This paper investigates the meaning-preserving hypothesis in voice alternation in Indonesian from a quantitative usage-based perspective by combining corpus-based data with sentence-production experiment data. It analysed Indonesian caused forward/backward motion verbs and the distribution of their (non-)metaphoric senses in active and passive. The findings demonstrate the frequency effects and sense-sensitivity of voice alternation, such that a given voice type of a verb is strongly associated with certain senses. This finding provides initial support for a previous study on voice alternation in an Austronesian language, predicting that the verb’s semantic properties may condition the statistical bias of the verb towards a particular voice. Some convergence between experimental and corpus findings indicates that participants demonstrate some representation of the strong association between a given voice form of the verb and the sense predominantly expressed in that form, highlighting the notion of item-specific representations of linguistic knowledge as found in construction grammar.

Preposition Pied Piping and Stranding in Academic and Popular Nigerian English Writing

This paper examined preposition pied piping and stranding in academic and popular Nigerian English writing with a view to determining their pattern of occurrence. Preposition placement has not been studied in Nigerian English and in specific genres. The 160 246-word relevant component of ICE-Nigeria was the sub-corpus used, and the Systemic Theory guided the study. Analysed using a multi-layered qualitative approach, the data comprised 112 cases of pied piping, 64 of stranding and 4 of doubling. Pied piping was dominant over stranding in Academic Writing (78 percent v 22 percent), and stranding was 1.7 times more frequent in Popular Writing than in Academic Writing. Though evenly distributed in Popular Writing (44 each), pied piping was about twice as frequent as stranding in Popular Natural Sciences while stranding was virtually non-existent in Academic Natural Sciences. Whereas to-infinitive and passive clauses were stranding favourite sites (21 and 15 respectively), only in wh-relative clauses did pied piping operate and in which was the prominent sequence. In Academic Writing prepositions were pied-piped and stranded at an average of 3.83 and 1.82 per form respectively, but the rates were 3.31 and 3.1 in Popular Writing. Whereas in was the most pied-piped preposition and was 5.2 times more likely to be pied-piped than stranded, up was the most stranded form and its stranding relative to pied piping was infinitely more. Subtle differences in the genres’ degree of formality explain the disparities in the distribution of pied piping and stranding in the sub-corpus analysed.

Penerjemahan Klausa Transitif Dari Bahasa Arab ke Dalam Bahasa Indonesia

The objective of this research was to obtain an overall view of translation of transitive clause from Arabic to Indonesian. This study used a qualitative approaching using a content analysis methode. The data used in this study is Arabic transitive clause including its translation procedures and its translation accuracy into Indonesian. The data source in this study is Himar Al-Hakim novel by Taufik Al-Hakim chapter 1-3 and its translation on Indonesia ‘Keledai yang Bijak’ translated by Harits Fadly.The results of this study indicate that the transitive clause of Arabic uses a standard clause 1 pattern (Verb[S] - Object) which is 79%. When viewed from the grammatical structure, the translation of the transitive clauses of Arabic in Indonesian is not always a transitive clause. In certain cases, transitive clauses can be translated into intransitive clauses, passive clauses, non-verbal clauses and even translated into phrases.There are nine procedures used by translators: literal procedures, modulation, transposition, cultural equivalence, functional equivalence, naturalization, recognized-translation, transference and deletion. In general, it can be said that most of the translations are accurate translations, although there are also eight inaccurate translations because there is a deviation of the meaning and omission of the meaning caused by the author's mistake in choosing the equivalent word and the failure of the author in understanding the source text.

Subjects, topics and the accusative case alternation in Finnish. A discourse-related “split” account of the Subject function

This article investigates the morpho-syntactic and discourse properties of preverbal constituents in Finnish, providing a new interpretation of the distinction between Subjects and Topics, as well as an explanation for the Case forms that characterize the Object realization in this language. Based on a cartographic approach to Finnish clause structure, evidence is provided for a functional ‘separation’ between the evaluation of the EPP feature and the domain of Nominative Case assignment. Specifically, a functional ‘split’ is proposed in the high IP-zone between the TP projection, where Nominative Case is checked by the sentential Subject triggering verb agreement, and the SubjP position, dedicated to the EPP requirement and hosting the Subject of predication. Based on this distinction, preverbal constituents only qualify as ‘full Subjects’ if they pass through both Spec positions. Specific consequences apply to Subject agreement and the realization of Accusative Case when these projections host different constituents (e.g., necessive, existential and passive clauses). This split account can also provide a distinction between the Subject of predication (in the IP-zone) and a Topic (in the C-domain), showing that not any preverbal constituent can be a Subject, while any constituent can be topicalized, with specific discourse functions and language-specific restrictions.

Can Frequency Account for the Grammatical Choices of Children and Adults in Nominal Modification Contexts? Evidence from Elicited Production and Child-Directed Speech

There is consensus that languages possess several grammatical variants satisfying the same conversational function. Nevertheless, it is a matter of debate which principles guide the adult speaker’s choice and the child’s acquisition order of these variants. Various proposals have suggested that frequency shapes adult language use and language acquisition. Taking the domain of nominal modification as its testing ground, this paper explores in two studies the role that frequency of structures plays for adults’ and children’s structural choices in German. In Study 1, 133 three- to six-year-old children and 21 adults were tested with an elicited production task prompting participants to identify an agent or a patient referent among a set of alternatives. Study 2 analyzed a corpus of child-directed speech to examine the frequency of passive relative clauses, which children, similar to adults, produced very often in Study 1. Importantly, passive relatives were found to be infrequent in the child input. These two results show that the high production rate of rare structures, such as passive relatives, is difficult to account for with frequency. We claim that the relation between frequency in natural speech and use of a given variant in a specific context is indirect: speakers may opt for the less grammatically complex computation rather than for the variant most frequently used in spontaneous speech.

In defense of a language error

The verb valda ‘cause’ in Icelandic standardly has the past participle/supine valdið, but an alternative form is ollið (ollað). This verb governs dative case with objects, which is preserved in passive in standard Icelandic. However, in a few examples, nominative is found instead, in which case an inflected form of the participle shows up (ollnar), agreeing with the nominative sub-ject of the passive clause. Such instances can be understood on the pre-sumption that the speakers in question not only have the alternative form of the participle, but also substitute nominative for dative in passive (by Nominative Sickness). In this article I look at examples of the intuitively ill-formed form ollnar, and discuss its possible emergence. As it turns out, structures involving this form are completely “grammatical” in light of some morphological and morphosyntactic changes in Icelandic.

Language Experience Affects Comprehension of Spanish Passive Clauses: A Study of Heritage Speakers and Second Language Learners

Heritage language (HL) learners of Spanish have shown better command with early acquired aspects of grammar than second language (L2) learners, mainly in oral tasks. This study investigates whether this advantage persists with passive clauses, structures acquired early but mastered during the school-age years, with literacy. We examined adjectival passives (La comida estaba servida, “Dinner was served”) with the copula estar in the imperfect, which refer to a description of a state or a final result; and verbal passives with the copula ser in the imperfect (La comida era servida. “Dinner was being served”), which refer to an ongoing or habitual action in the past. A grammaticality judgment task (GJT) testing knowledge of the copulas in different simple sentences and a picture-matching task (PMT) testing the comprehension of the two passive clauses revealed that HL learners’ knowledge of the copulas resembles that of literate monolingually raised native speakers more than that of L2 learners. HL learners are able to integrate their knowledge of the copulas to comprehend syntactically complex clauses, especially in the aural modality.

Differentiating between machine translation and student translation: red flags and salient lexicogrammatical features.

<p align="center"><span lang="EN-US">ABSTRACT</span></p><p align="center"><span lang="EN-US">Machine translation enables students to produce work in the target L2 which may be superior to that which they could produce otherwise.<span> </span>The present study examines whether use of machine translation can be detected by teachers.<span> </span>Seventeen native teachers compared and assessed the authorship of five human translations (HT) and five machine translations (MT) of Japanese news stories.<span> </span>Native teachers were able to accurately detect the difference in 74.04% of cases due to increased passive clauses (a ratio of 1 to 2.5), and inappropriate pronoun use (a ratio of 1 to 6.5) when MT was used.</span></p><p align="center"> </p>

FORM SHIFTS IN TRANSLATING PASSIVE CLAUSES FOUND IN NOVEL HARRY POTTER: HARRY POTTER AND THE DEATHLY HALLOWS

Shift is one of the phenomena in translation to suit with the acceptability of translation product. This article aims at finding out the shifts of form in translating passive clauses found in the novel Harry Potter translated by Listiana Srisanti. This research used a qualitative method where the research analysis relied on linguistic description and employed meaning-based to reveal and describe how is the existence of shifts of form and meaning in the translation. The data of this research were passive clauses taken from the novel “Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows” as the source language (SL), and the passive clauses translation in the target language (TL) obtained from the translated Novel “Harry Potter dan Relikui Kematian.” Based on the data analysis, it shows that the translation shift of form comprised structure shifts 67 data (60%), class shifts 37 data (33 %), and unit shifts 8 data (7%). Even though the shifts found in the translation, there was an acceptable translation of passive clauses. Thus, it indicated that there are shifts in translation, but it was acceptable.