Passiflora Ligularis Juss Research Articles

Phytoparasitic and free-living nematodes associated with the cultivation of Passiflora ligularis Juss. in the Sandia Valley, Puno Region, Peru

The identification of phytoparasitic nematodes, which is essential for the implementation of management strategies, is required for further study. The objective of this work was to identify, at the genus level, the phytoparasites and free-living nematodes associated with the cultivation of sweet granadilla (Passiflora ligularis Juss.) in the valley of Sandia, region Puno, Peru. For the study, 165 soil samples were evaluated, coming from eight communities from the district of Sandia, during the agricultural season 2018–2019. The samples were processed by the method of centrifugal fluctuation in sucrose solution, later identified on the basis of morphological characteristics. The results showed the presence of seven genera of phytoparasitic nematodes, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Mesocriconema, Xiphinema, Tylenchus, and Hemicycliophora, and two genera of free-living nematodes, Aphelenchus and Dorylaimus. The most harmful genera were Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus because they cause damage to other crops. In the nematode community, there was variability in the density and frequency of phytoparasitic and free-living nematodes in the evaluated localities.

Plant-mediated green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using an aqueous extract of Passiflora ligularis, optimization, characterizations, and their neuroprotective effect on propionic acid-induced autism in Wistar rats

The current study was conducted to examine an innovative method for synthesizing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) from an aqueous sweet granadilla (Passiflora ligularis Juss) P. ligularis. Furthermore, the synthesized AuNPs were used to explore their potential neuroprotective impact against propionic acid (PPA)-induced autism. A sweet granadilla extract was used to achieve the synthesis of AuNPs. The structural and dimensional dispersion of AuNPs were confirmed by different techniques, including UV–Vis spectrophotometer (UV–Vis), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Pattern, Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Zeta potential, and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) analysis. The AuNPs mediated by P. ligularis adopt a spherical shape morphology and the particle size was distributed in the range of 8.43–13 nm without aggregation. Moreover, in vivo, the anti-autistic effects of AuNPs administration were higher than those of P. ligularis extract per second. In addition, the reduced anxiety and neurobehavioral deficits of AuNPs were observed in autistic rats which halted the brain oxidative stress, reduced inflammatory cytokines, ameliorated neurotransmitters, and neurochemical release, and suppressed apoptotic genes (p < 0.05). The alleviated antiapoptotic gene expression and histopathological analysis confirmed that the treatment of AuNPs showed significant neural pathways that aid in reducing tissue damage and necrosis. The results emphasize that the biomedical activity was increased by using the green source synthesis P. ligularis -AuNPs. Additionally, the formulation of AuNPs demonstrates strong neuroprotective effects against PPA-induced autism that were arbitrated by a range of different mechanisms, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuromodulator, and antiapoptotic effects.

Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity, Tyrosinase Inhibition, and Stability of Face Mask Cream Formulation from Sweet Granadilla (Passiflora ligularis Juss) Seed Fraction

The face mask has been widely used by consumers as a skin care product. In addition, masks made from natural ingredients have become one of the consumers' choices. This study aimed to evaluate facial mask cream from sweet granadilla fraction related to antioxidant activity, tyrosinase inhibition, and physical stability of the preparation for 12w. The fraction used was the ethyl acetate fraction from sweet granadilla seeds (Passiflora ligularis Juss), which was formulated in a face mask cream preparation and tested for antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP), tyrosinase inhibition, and stability of the preparation during 12w of storage. Face mask cream showed very strong antioxidant activity at F2(2% seed ethyl acetate fraction) at a temperature of 30±2oC and 40± 2oC compared to F1(1% seed ethyl acetate fraction). Meanwhile, the best inhibition of tyrosinase was at F2 at a temperature of 40±2oC. The physical stability test still met the requirements. However, a slight decrease in antioxidant activity and tyrosinase inhibition occurred after 12 w of storage at temperatures 30±2oC and 40±2oC (F1 and F2). In conclusion, the 2% seed ethyl acetate fraction formulation met the standards and was relatively stable at 30±2oC during 12w of storage.

Functional Traits in Bees: the Role of Body Size and Hairs in the Pollination of a Passiflora Crop.

Pollination is a vitally important function in nature and becomes an ecosystem service because it influences the food and nutritional security for people. However, the contribution of different functional traits of insects for pollen transport of plants is still poorly known. We explore the relationship between pollinator insect functional traits and the transport of pollen of sweet granadilla (Passiflora ligularis Juss) in eight crops. We sampled flower-visiting insects of this crop and recorded 10 functional traits (five by direct measurements and five from the literature) that were related to the amount of pollen carried by each insect. Bees (Apidae) were not only the most abundant insects but also the ones that loaded the highest amounts of pollen. Within these, the most abundant species was the exotic common honeybee (Apis mellifera (Linnaeus)) makingup almost half of the specimens collected; however, this bee carried less pollen grains than other native bees. Bombus hortulanus (Smith) was one of the large-bodied native bees that carried more sweet granadilla pollen, despite not being an abundant species in the community. Body size was the most important trait determining the transport of sweet granadilla pollen, while the traits related to body hairs were not significant for the body's pollen load. None of the functional traits evaluated was influenced by taxonomy at species-level. Our results suggest that large body sizes in bees are the most important traits in granadilla pollen transport, regardless of other changes in composition and structure of pollinating insect assemblages in the crop.

Potential Hypoglycemic and Antilipidemic Activity of Polyphenols from Passiflora ligularis (Granadilla).

The consumption of fruits or by-products from plants of the Passifloraceae family has been associated with multiple health and nutritional benefits, due to their phenolic compound content. Likewise, the effects of polyphenols from Camellia sinensis (green tea) have been explored and are considered a reference for different biological actions of these bioactive substances. This study compared the hypoglycemic and antilipemic activity of polyphenol-rich extracts of Passiflora ligularis Juss (passion fruit) and Camellia sinensis (green tea) given to a group of Wistar rats induced to be overweight. The individuals were subjected to three doses of supplementation of both sources of polyphenols in the drinking water. An additional group without polyphenol supplementation served as a control group. Water consumption, weight gain, glycemia, cholesterol, serum triglycerides and percentage of fecal ethereal extracts were analyzed. Although Passiflora ligularis Juss had five times less polyphenol content than Camellia sinensis, rats fed doses of 2.5 and 3.0 g/L Passiflora ligularis Juss showed reduced glycemia by 16%, suggesting an antiglycemic activity similar to that of Camellia sinensis. On the other hand, higher doses of polyphenols from Passiflora ligularis Juss and Camellia sinensis significantly reduced triglyceride levels (p = 0.05) by more than 17% compared to the unsupplemented control group. The polyphenol-rich extracts produced effective inhibitory activity of lipemic metabolites with a reduction in the percentage of fecal lipids (p < 0.05), with no side effects on liver tissue. The 3.0 g/L dose produced the best result on signs of metabolic syndrome associated with excess weight. Polyphenols extracted from fresh Colombian passion fruit showed the potential to decrease metabolic syndrome risk factors in a murine model.

Total Polyphenols, Total Flavonoids, Antioxidant Activity and Inhibition of Tyrosinase Enzymes from Extract and Fraction of Passiflora ligularis Juss

Background: Sweet granadilla (Passiflora ligularis Juss) grows in the cool highlands of Indonesia, one of which is the province of West Sumatera. Sweet granadilla has potent antioxidant activity and can inhibit the tyrosinase enzyme. Objective: This study was performed to determine content of total polyphenols, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity, tyrosinase inhibition in different part of P. ligularis extract and fraction. Materials and Methods: Leaves, stems, peels and seeds P. ligularis were separately extracted by the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method using 70% ethanol. Then, the ethanol extract was fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and distilled water. The ethanol extract and active fraction were determining antioxidant activity using FRAP and DPPH method, inhibition of tyrosinase enzyme, total polyphenol and total flavonoid content. This study was equipped with analysis of light microscopy, SEM microscopy and LC-MS. Results: The highest total polyphenol content was found in the seed extract 176.22 ± 1.51 mg GAE/g extract and total flavonoid content was found in leaves extract 5.77 ± 0.48 mg QE/g extract. The highest antioxidant activity by FRAP method was found in seeds extract 80.79 ± 1.29 g Fe2SO4 equivalent/100 g extract and DPPH method was found in stem extract with IC50 value 9.00 ± 0.09. The highest percentage of tyrosinase inhibition (1 mg/ml) was found in seed extract 52.4 ± 2,55 %. In fraction of seed extract show that ethyl acetate fraction most active than others. Conclusion: These results indicate that ethyl acetate fraction of seed P. ligularis has potent antioxidants and good inhibition of the tyrosinase enzyme.

Molecular characterization of Fusarium spp. associated vascular wilt in passion fruit (Passiflora ligularis JUSS)

In Colombia, vascular rotting of passion fruit (P. ligularis) caused by the fungus Fusarium is considered the most important pathological problem in the cultivation of this fruit. Plants affected by the pathogen wilt and die, causing considerable yield losses and increased production costs. The objective of this work was to determine the genetic variability of the Fusarium species associated with this disease. For this, 50 samples were collected from producing farms in three municipalities of the department of Nariño. A total of 35 isolates were characterized morphologically and molecularly. The morphological identification was carried out using taxonomic keys. Molecular characterization was performed by PCR with primers ITS1 – ITS4 and TEF1α. The PCR products were sent to Macrogen (Korea) for sequencing. Sequencing results indicated that Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. passiflorae is associated as a causal agent of the disease. In addition, the presence of Ilyonectria robusta was determined, which, has not been reported before in passion fruit plants. The phylogenetic analysis allowed determine that there was little variability among the isolates evaluated; no grouping was observed associated to the geographical origin of the samples. The morphological characters corroborated the species information obtained from the molecular analysis.

Effect of biochar use as a substrate on granadilla (Passiflora ligularis Juss.) growth parameters

The impact of biochar on soils has been demonstrated, including its improvements of physical, chemical, and biological properties that promote agricultural production. This study aims to evaluate the effect of biochar on the growth of granadilla (Passiflora ligularis Juss.) seedlings. For this research, biochar was obtained from the pyrolysis of agricultural waste in a conical flame curtain reactor at temperatures between 400ºC and 500ºC for 90 min. The different biomasses used consisted of cholupa (Passiflora maliformis L.) fruit shells, residues of guamo (Inga spuria) wood, coffee (Coffea arabica L.) husks, and rice (Oryza sativa L.) husks. The biochar produced was mixed with Jiffy® brand peat in doses of 5%, 10%, and 20% (v/v) for each of the four types of biochar, with a control of 100% peat. For each treatment, 100 seedlings were planted, taking 12 random samples of each at 43, 57, and 71 d after sowing. Data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Levene test, followed by a factorial analysis of variance, evaluating variables such as dry weight, root length, leaf number, stem diameter, and chlorophyll index. The biochar obtained from the coffee husk promoted further growth, but its effectiveness decreased at a concentration of 20%.

An improved analytical strategy based on the QuEChERS method for piceatannol analysis in seeds of Passiflora species

An improved analytical strategy based on the QuEChERS extraction method combined with high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was developed and validated for the first time for piceatannol determination in passion fruit seeds. The method showed a limit of quantification of 160 µg kg−1, good linearity (r 2 = 0.9957), recoveries in the range of 82–102% with good precision (RSD < 9%) and low matrix effect (+17%). The new method was successfully applied for piceatannol determination in four passion fruit seeds species: Passiflora edulis Sims “Flavicarpa,” P. edulis “Sims,” Passiflora allata Curtis, and Passiflora ligularis Juss; for the last two species for the first time. Among them, the higher amounts of piceatannol were found in the seeds of P. allata Curtis and P. edulis “Sims”: 20.8 ± 0.4 and 14.6 ± 0.2 mg kg−1, respectively. Antioxidant activity was also evaluated and, in general, the antioxidant potential was stronger the higher the piceatannol concentration in the passion fruit seeds extracts. The obtained results highlight that passion fruit seeds are a rich source of piceatannol, boosting new applicability for these by-products, and indicating that the QuEChERS method is a powerful analytical strategy for piceatannol determination.

Industrial use of whey in the production of a yogurt-type fermented milk drink with Aloe vera L. (Asphodelaceae) crystals and Passiflora ligularis Juss. (Passifloraceae)

Currently, the food industry searches for innovation and the use of natural and more economical resources. With this in mind, the industrial application of whey was used to elaborate a yogurt-type fermented milk drink with Aloe vera L. crystals (Asphodelaceae) and Passiflora ligularis Juss. (Passifloraceae). For this purpose, A. vera crystals and granadilla or passionfruit pulp, were extracted and added to the four formulations established. Physicochemical, bromatological, microbiological, and sensory analyses (hedonic test) were carried out. The formulations with the highest content of A. vera (F4) and granadilla (F2) showed the best results in bromatological, microbiological, and sensory properties. The A. vera crystals and the granadilla pulp are of great industrial value due to the improvement that their addition gave to the physicochemical, bromatological, microbiological, and sensory properties of the yogurt-type fermented milk drink.

Review on the ecophysiology of important Andean fruits: Passiflora L.

The development of Andean fruit crops is viewed as an important and healthy contribution to global food consumption but ecophysiological studies on these fruit trees are scarce. 96% of approximately 520 Passiflora L. species are distributed in the Americas, especially in Colombia and Brazil. Many of these species originated on the edges of humid forests in tropical valleys. The four species: yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Degener), sweet granadilla (Passiflora ligularis Juss.), purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. edulis Sims) and banana passion fruit (Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima (Kunth) Holm-Niels &amp; P.M. Jørg) are widely cultivated in Colombia, and their ecophysiological findings are described in this review. The demands, in terms of temperature (°C) and altitude (masl) are, for yellow passion fruits: 15-28 °C and 0-1,300 masl; sweet granadillas: 15-23 °C and 1,800-2,600 masl; purple passion fruits: 15-22/12-14 °C (day/night) and 1,600-2,300 masl; and banana passion fruit: 13-16 °C and 1.800-3.200 masl; all of them have high requirements for solar radiation, a minimum of 7 h of sunshine per day, to encourage flowering and fruit quality. Cloudy days decrease growth, flower bud induction and flower opening. Temperature and photosynthetic active radiation are the climatic factors that have the greatest effect on plant development. Relative humidity between 60 and 80% supports effective pollination and fecundation. Passiflora L. crops do not support long periods of waterlogging, with a maximum of 4 days for yellow passion fruit. Climatic events such as prolonged rain, intense droughts, strong winds and hail are harmful for these plants.

Identification of α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Inhibitors and Ligularoside A, a New Triterpenoid Saponin from Passiflora ligularis Juss (Sweet Granadilla) Leaves, by a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Based Metabolomic Study

The leaves of Passiflora ligularis Juss (known as sweet granadilla for its edible fruits) are a crop byproduct that is discarded. With the aim of contributing to give value-added products from these crop by-side products to farmers of Colombian Andes, we carried out a 1H-NMR-metabolomics analysis of polar extracts from leaves collected in three locations and stored in two conditions in order to identify glucosyl-hydrolase inhibitors. Variations in the metabolic profile and the bioactivity among samples were analyzed by orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis. Thus, 1H-NMR signals related to polyphenolic compounds, saponins, and amino acids were correlated with higher inhibitory activities. Moreover, a targeted NMR and HPLC-MS/MS analysis allowed the identification of 14 polyphenolic compounds and the structural characterization of a new triterpenoid saponin, ligularoside A. The measurements of IC50 values for α-amylase and α-glycosidase inhibitors allowed the identification of quercetin-3-O-β-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-glucoside, and ligularoside A as the most active compounds. These results suggest that P. ligularis leaves are a source of glucosyl-hydrolase inhibitors and lay the foundation for exploring additional applications.

Folin-Ciocalteu Reaction Alternatives for Higher Polyphenol Quantitation in Colombian Passion Fruits.

Passiflora edulis Flavicarpa, Passiflora edulis Sims, and Passiflora ligularis Juss are Colombian fruits (passion fruits) of important exportation value. They act efficiently as antioxidants, antifungal, and antimicrobial compounds due to their high polyphenol content. Polyphenols can be quantified by the Folin-Ciocalteu (F-C) reaction. Food matrices, solvent polarity, and several different reacting conditions are critical for the optimum extraction and quantification of polyphenols. Chromatographic identification and quantitation are satisfactory with access to a vast number of reference standards considering the availability of abundant phenolic compounds in crude extracts. The purpose of this study was to evaluate alternatives and specific F-C reacting conditions aiming at determining the highest total phenolic content (TPC) in three Colombian Passifloras. Among optimum reacting conditions, reduced reaction time and diluted alkali conditions yielded desirable positive results highlighting lower working time and minimum reagent waste production. For higher extraction yield, acetone 70% was the best solvent to capture more phenolics from the seedless pulp of these Colombian passion fruits.

Interaction between Cowpea Aphid-Borne Mosaic Virus Isolates and Its Effect on Passion Fruit Woodiness Disease on Passiflora edulis Sims and Passiflora ligularis Juss

In East Africa, passion fruit woodiness disease is caused by potyviruses, among which are Cowpea Aphid-Borne Mosaic Virus (CABMV) and Uganda Passiflora Virus (UPV). Previous studies suggest that synergistic interaction of viruses causes mild or severe outcomes of the disease. However, mixed infections of these viruses have not been documented. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the interaction between two CABMV isolates causing passion fruit woodiness disease in Kenya. Healthy plants were mechanically inoculated at six-leaf stage. Four treatments were used: CABMV isolate 1, CABMV isolate 2, mixture of the two isolates, and noninoculated control. The test plants were maintained in a screen house, and data on symptom severity and rate of disease development were recorded. ELISA test was conducted to confirm virus presence and distribution. The results indicate that the CABMV isolates used are systemic. There were various differences in disease progression, which was faster in the sweet passion variety than in the purple variety. However, the latter had a higher disease severity. Coinfected plants expressed severe symptoms compared to the singly infected ones, indicating synergistic interaction between the viral isolates. This implies that coinfection has adverse impact resulting in higher economic losses.

Sostenibilidad social de un sistema productivo familiar con granadilla (Passiflora Ligularis Juss.) en la provincia de Oxapampa, Pasco-Perú

La granadilla (Passiflora ligularis Juss.) es originaria de los Andes tropicales entre Perú, Ecuador, Colombia y Bolivia. Es una planta trepadora, cultivada en laderas bajo el sistema de emparrado y muchas veces es cultivada en asociación con café y/o árboles maderables. El fruto tiene creciente demanda en los mercados nacionales e internacionales, es de agradable sabor y valor nutricional. El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de evaluar la sostenibilidad social de un sistema productivo de granadilla en tres distritos de la provincia de Oxapampa (Pasco, Perú). Para la evaluación de la sostenibilidad social se usaron el método de MESMIS (Masera et al., 1999), y el Análisis Multicriterio (Sarandón, 2002). El primero para determinar los atributos sociales de la sostenibilidad (adaptabilidad, equidad y autogestión) y el Análisis Multicriterio para determinar el nivel del Indicador de Sostenibilidad Social (ISS) a través de 21 sub-indicadores sociales agrupados en cinco indicadores. Se encontró que el cultivo de granadilla genera impacto social, contribuye a la seguridad alimentaria y a la reducción de índices de pobreza en el área rural. Se mejora la satisfacción de las necesidades básicas de los agricultores en un contexto de agricultura familiar, se promueve la mano de obra familiar, se revaloriza la mano de obra de la mujer y se promueve la permanencia de los jóvenes en el campo. La adaptabilidad es un atributo positivo y fortaleza del sistema, mientras que la equidad y la autogestión fueron atributos negativos. El Indicador de Sostenibilidad Social fue de 6.6, valor que califica al sistema productivo de granadilla como “potencialmente sostenible”.

Cellular target of isoquercetin from Passiflora ligularis Juss for glucose uptake in rat soleus muscle

Quercetin 3-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside (isoquercetin) is one of the most frequent metabolites of the Passiflora ligularis Juss. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the aqueous extract and ethanol fraction from P. ligularis Juss leaves on glycaemia and the mechanism of action of isoquercetin on glucose uptake. In the glucose tolerance test, the aqueous extract and ethanol fraction from P. ligularis Juss (125 mg/kg to 500 mg/kg o. g.) reduced glycaemia and increased the hepatic and muscular glycogen content. Phytochemical analysis evidenced the dominant presence of isoquercetin in the extract and fraction from leaves of P. ligularis Juss. Isoquercetin mediates the stimulatory effect on glucose uptake independent of insulin receptor activation but, involve PI3K, MAPK, MEK/ERK pathways and de novo protein synthesis to GLUT-4 translocation. Overall findings revealed that isoquercetin and aqueous extract and ethanol fraction of P. ligularis Juss leaves might be a promising functional food or medicine for the treatment or prevention of diabetes.

Bromatological characterization of a fermented yoghurt-type milk drink from whey with aloe vera crystals (Aloe barbadensis Miller) and granadilla (Passiflora ligularis Juss)

ABSTRACT The aim of this research was to characterize a fermented yogurt-type milk drink that was elaborated from whey with the addition of aloe vera crystals and granadilla (Passiflora ligularis Juss). Four formulations for characterization were obtained: F1 (control), F2 (5% aloe vera and 15% granadilla), F3 (10% aloe vera and 10% granadilla) and F4 (15% aloe vera and 5% granadilla). Next, a sensory evaluation through a hedonic test was conducted to choose the formulation with the highest acceptance. After the best formulation was chosen, a bromatological and syneresis characterization was performed. The F4 sample had the best results in the sensory evaluation. Compared to the F1 sample, statistically significant differences (p<0.05) in all parameters except in total carbohydrates was observed for the bromatological analysis. In the percentage of syneresis, at the end of the 15 days, F4 presented a lower value in this parameter with respect to the control sample. It could be determined that the higher percentage of aloe vera and the lower percentage of granadilla had a big influence on the parameters evaluated, where it presented the best results compared to the other samples evaluated.

Chemical characteristic of sweet passion fruit (Passiflora lingularis Juss) seeds from Indonesia based on maturity levels

Sweet passion fruit (Passiflora ligularis Juss) cv. Gumanti is superior varieties of sweet passion fruit that is widely cultivated in Solok Regency of West Sumatra Province, Indonesia. This fruit can consume directly as fresh fruit and can be processed into juice that gave a by-product such as the seeds. The purpose of this research is to analyse the chemical properties of sweet passion of cv. Gumanti seed based on maturity level so that the nutritional content is known. Chemical analyses were performed such as proximate analysis, total phenol and antioxidant activity. Proximate analysis showed that the seeds of passion fruit are rich in carbohydrates+fibre (61.04%, 58.40% and 60.39% and crude fat (21.03%, 20.36% and 20.83%, respectively for maturity level I, II, and III), didn’t give significant difference based on maturity level (P>0.05). Furthermore, the result showed strong antioxidant activity (IC50: 50-100 ppm), where there was a significant based on maturity level (P < 0.05). Total phenol analysis showed a linear relationship with antioxidant activity. Thus, the seeds of sweet passion fruit also have potential as a raw in the food industries, chemical, and pharmacy such as the seeds of acid passion fruit that have been reported by previous researchers.

Indicadores bióticos del cambio climático: casos granadilla y café

La agricultura es un sector clave en el país; involucra al 73% de la PEA rural, genera divisas por un valor de U.S. $ 1,800 millones; es altamente vulnerable al cambio climático. La escasez de agua afecta gravemente la agricultura, por la dependencia hídrica de los nevados y los humedales. El trabajo se efectuó en la Amazonía alta del Cusco en La Convención, se evalúo dos cultivos típicos con consecuencias en la economía campesina; se trata de la Granadilla (Passiflora ligularis juss) y el cafeto (Coffea arabica) que en los últimos tres decenios han sufrido consecuencias del cambio climático en las microcuencas de los ríos Saqsara y Yanatile en el distrito de Santa Teresa; los efectos son el ataque de plagas y enfermedades, el bajo rendimiento, en razón a ello hoy estos cultivares se desarrollan a los 2,300 m.s.n.m., lo que antes se cosechaban a los 1,500 m. de altitud.

Granadilla seed extract as antimicrobial and bioactive compounds source: mathematical modelling of extraction conditions

Extracts of Passiflora ligularis Juss. (granadilla) residues (peel, seed and mixed peel, seed) were initially evaluated for antimicrobial potential against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Enter...