Passenger Port Research Articles

Modernization of the Infrastructure of Marine Passenger Port Based on Synthesis of the Structure and Forecasting Development

Passenger seaports are new starting-points of urban development. They form a new independent industry, become new incentives for improving urban infrastructure and increase the tourist attractiveness of the city itself and the region. In view of changes in passenger service processes, changes in route ferry and cruise networks, due to COVID-19, the heads of ports and terminals set new strategic tasks to determine the directions for infrastructure modernization and forecast development. The regions of the Adriatic and Baltic Seas were chosen as the experimental base. To find new answers, it is necessary to solve the problem of synthesizing the structure of a sea passenger port, taking into account all processes and services, the influence of the external environment, building a system of target functions and limiting conditions. Thus, the necessity of forming informed decisions on modernization based on the construction of new mathematical models is substantiated. A new function has been introduced that describes the influence of the external environment. Particular attention is given to the study of the mutual influence of the city and the sea passenger port in order to determine the need to improve transport accessibility and change the near-port transport space. The presented models of structure synthesis and target functions, models including functions of the influence of the external environment on the system “city infrastructure-sea passenger port-ferry company” allow at a qualitatively new level to solve the problem of forecasting development and form a system making decisions to improve the position of the passenger terminal in the sea region. The developed models and synthesis problem formation are applicable to sea passenger ports and terminals in other regions of the seas. The models are applicable both at the stage of creating a new marine terminal and during the study and subsequent modernization of the infrastructure. The presented new models allow the port manager to give answers to the questions of strategic development of sea passenger ports in sea regions.

Effects of marine traffic on sediment erosion and accumulation in ports: a new model-based methodology

Abstract. The action of propeller-induced jets on the seabed of ports can cause erosion and the deposition of sediment around the port basin, potentially significantly impacting the bottom topography over the medium and long term. If such dynamics are constantly repeated for long periods, a drastic reduction in ships' clearance can result through accretion, or the stability and duration of structures can be threatened through erosion. These sediment-related processes present port management authorities with problems, both in terms of navigational safety and the optimization of management and maintenance activities of the port's bottom and infrastructure. In this study, which is based on integrated numerical modeling, we examine the hydrodynamics and the related bottom sediment erosion and accumulation patterns induced by the action of vessel propellers in the passenger port of Genoa, Italy. The proposed new methodology offers a state-of-the-art science-based tool that can be used to optimize and efficiently plan port management and seabed maintenance.

INFRASTRUCTURE CHANGES OF THE SEA PASSENGER PORT BASED ON A DIGITAL TRANSPORT MODEL

Marine passenger ports and terminals are key transport facilities that influence the development and positioning of a region, city or country. The port infrastructure should provide the world requirements in service of cruise and ferry ships, and ensure the efficiency and convenience in service of passengers and associated cargo flow. This circumstance determines the necessity of infrastructure modernization, and hardware and software renewal. At the same time, the existing equipment in ports and terminals is gradually becoming outdated, hence the necessity of modernization on the basis of development of a decision-making system. This decision-making system should no longer be based on analytical models, but on new digital transport models of sea passenger ports and terminals. These digital models must take into account both passenger handling processes and external processes for handling cruise and ferry ships. The model should have high computational power and take into account the influence of the external environment. These models should answer development forecasting questions and provide an accurate decision-making system for the validity of infrastructure changes. The Passenger Port of Saint Petersburg "Marine Façade” (St. Petersburg) was chosen as the subject of research. To construct a numerical model, port operation intensity, passenger, cruise and ferry vessel handling processes were investigated; port and terminal development strategies and the mutual influence of the "city-port" systems on each other were studied. As a result of the analysis, a new digital transport model of the sea passenger port was built, which has a high level of detail and accuracy of process implementation, high productivity and efficiency of analysis of various infrastructure changes in the port, allowing the inclusion of dynamic changes from the external environment. The numerical model has been fully implemented for this port, and new conclusions have been derived from it. The use of these new models allows justification of infrastructure upgrades and to study the position of the port in the region in relation to competitors' ports. The developed tool allows solving the problem of research on port processes at any level of planning and enables integration into the information systems already existing in ports and terminals.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ РАЗВИТИЕМ МОРСКОГО ПАССАЖИРСКОГО ПОРТА

The passenger sea port or terminal acts as a point of development and change of infrastructure, changes in the positioning of the city in the sea region. Development issues are especially relevant in terms of restoring passenger traffic after the restrictions are lifted due to Covid-19. Moreover, each sea passenger port has a set of unique parameters that differ from other ports in the sea region, due to the presence of many development models. The article shows that a project for the construction of a new or modernization of an existing passenger port should be based on a scientific analysis of the current and final states and the procedure for the transition between these states in the space of estimated parameters. The article shows that there are driving forces and constraints for every passenger sea port. Particular attention is paid to the issue of integration of the sea passenger port into the transport system of the megalopolis and the transition to the assessment of the efficiency of work through the interaction of the systems "sea passenger port-land transport infrastructure of the megalopolis". Methodological principles of designing the development of sea passenger ports are formulated based on the use of complex analysis and simulation modeling, taking into account the influence of the external environment. The conclusions are supported by examples of the development of sea passenger ports and terminals in St. Petersburg. Questions for further research are presented

Air pollutant emissions from Piraeus port: External costs and air quality levels

Navigation emissions are an important component of the national emission inventories as they represent a significant part of total NOx, SOx and particulate matter emissions as well as of GHG emissions (mainly CO2). Although emissions from ships at berth are an important source of atmospheric pollutants in dense urban agglomerations, worsening thus air quality conditions of port cities, there is still a significant lack of data and uncertainty in port emissions calculations. Moreover, according to the OECD, most shipping emissions in ports are expected to considerably increase up to 2050. In the last decade, Piraeus port activities have known a significant increase, especially regarding commercial ships. In this context, detailed emission calculations from Piraeus port activities were conducted, external costs were estimated and air pollutant dispersion was simulated through the use of appropriate atmospheric models. Total annual port emissions were compared to previous works. Since 2008, passenger port emissions have witnessed an increase mostly in NOx due to the increased number of ship calls, whereas SOx emissions have been decreasing significantly as a result of the significant decrease of S content in fuel used. The anticipated external costs due to health and other damages ship emissions impose, reach to 23.7Μ€. Finally, air pollutants’ concentration levels due to the operation of the port for the scenario with maximum emissions and meteorological conditions favouring pollutant accumulation were estimated.

Designing Port Passenger Terminal in the Meat Village as Ecotourism Area with Neo Vernacular Architecture Approach

This journal is essential for social, economic, and government in the Meat Village. It is about a potentially marine tourism destination, located in Meat Village, Tampahan District, Toba Samosir Regency, North Sumatra Province. As one of the tourism destinations, this village needs to be developed, especially water transportation, which is supported by Lake Toba's natural resources. But it has been replaced by land and air transportation. On the other hand, water transportation has its privilege, namely giving a sense of being united with nature and listening to the gentle sound of water, which cannot be felt if using land or air transportation. Therefore, it requires a passenger port to facilitate tourists in accessing this tourism village through water transportation. This port consists of a passenger terminal that accommodates passengers' departure and arrival. The method used in site selection is done through discussion of primary data, namely data sources that directly provide data to data collectors and secondary data, that is, data that does not directly provide data to researchers, through other people or analyzed documents and concluded. The result of the methodology used is, this passenger terminal needs the Neo Vernacular Architecture approach for the design. Because the village has aspects of the past, such as Batak Toba culture and mythology that need to be preserved and introduced to the present as long-term projections for the future. This is useful to make the building becomes part of the Meat Village community.

The Port of Split international marine traffic emissions inventory

The Port of Split is one of the busiest marine traffic regions in the Adriatic Sea and the third largest passenger port in the Mediterranean. A significant number of the ships is going in and out of the Port, creating a major impact to the environment in the area. That impact is created mostly by emissions from ships, which can be divided into greenhouse gases (predominantly Carbon dioxide – CO2) and the pollutants (Nitrogen oxides – NOX, Sulphur oxides – SOX, Particulate matter – PM and Volatile organic compounds – VOC). This paper is presenting emission inventory of international marine traffic in the Port of Split for the year 2017, which amounts to 19065.8 tons of CO2, 12 tons of SOX, 11.7 tons of PM, 14.6 tons of VOC and 338.7 tons of NOX. Emissions are presented in groups according to type of ships, thus enabling comparison of emissions coming from cargo and passenger traffic. Cruise ships activity in the Port of Split during 2018 is added to the paper to highlight the increase of the traffic and consequently emissions.

ANALISIS TINGKAT KEPUASAN PELANGGAN TERHADAP PELAYANAN PELABUHAN MUARA ANGKE

The port has an important role in serving activities in one of the archipelago countries, Indonesia. The availability of services contained in ports for users of port services must be considered by the government which is excepted to be able to try to meet the level of port service performance expected of the high level of satisfaction of users of port service in DKI Jakarta. The policy of the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government in the field of transportation, especially in the department of transportation, the Unit for Management of water and Port Transportation. The services contained in the port that can be directly felt by users of port services are those that are available at the passenger port. One of the passanger ports in DKI Jakarta that is expected to provide a high level of satisfaction is Muara Angke Passanger Port. This research technique uses survey methods for sampling data, analysis of the discussion using descriptive analysis, gap method by calculating the level of suitability and cartesius diagram. As a result, users of port services are still not maximal in providing services in ports such as there is no service to provide information on emergency health care facilities and there is no convenience service for health services aimed at anticipating healt emergencies, so that users of port service immediateky receive help first.

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An assessment of the maritime ferry market for the Baltic Sea region is carried out on the basis of a group of carrier companies and statistics for 2019. To assess the impact of sea passenger ports on each other, the pie charts are used. This research is carried out on the basis of the Princess Anastasia ferry ship and cruises using St. Petersburg port as a start and end point. Based on the research, it is established that there is a trend to increase the passenger traffic in this region and increase the size of cruise and ferry vessels. At the same time, it is found, that a trend of decreasing the cruise ships is observed, but their sizes are significantly increasing, which requires the modernization of passenger port infrastructure and investments in it. Based on the research, the assessment of constraints in the development of new route lines in the Baltic Sea region is given. To solve the route estimation problem, a mathematical model and an objective function that seeks to minimize possible costs are presented. Solving this problem requires observing a large number of boundary conditions, which in practice leads to a simplification of this objective function and finding only some boundary solutions. On the other hand, although this model has the accuracy of the process description, it does not allow taking into account the dynamics of passenger flows. To eliminate this circumstance, the maximum flow problem is stated and a new model for choosing a ferry transport network between different marine passenger ports is presented. The developed model takes into account the interests of passengers traveling on their own vehicles. It is established that the results of using the model can be used to build a methodological basis for the route ferry network for the selected region of the sea. The results of when building model should be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the systems «sea ferry line - passenger sea port - urban transport space near the terminal» and projected new ring ferry routes.

PERENCANAAN KEBUTUHAN ALAT BERAT PROYEK REKLAMASI PELABUHAN SORONG

One disadvantages of Sorong Port is not able to accommodate the incoming vessels, as the container port has been united with the passenger port. Therefore, the northern coast is to be reclaimed to provide more port area. To make this 50,000-m² reclamation project run smoothly, the use of heavy equipment must be appropriate in terms of type, size, quantity, and site situation. The purpose of thesis is to find out the type of heavy equipment needed, the number of equipment needs, and the cost of heavy equipment. The required secondary data of Sorong shop drawings, work specifications, material and work unit price of Sorong 2016 and heavy equipment specifications. The planning comprised embankment and reclamation works.The planning results of heavy equipment comprising 1 units of excavator on 39 work weeks, 1 units of excavator long boom on 5 work weeks, 70 units of dump truck on 39 work weeks, 1 units of motor grader on 13 work weeks, 1 units of wheel loader on 10 work weeks, and 1 units of vibrator roller on 11 work weeks; at a total cost of IDR 56,343,100,000.00 Keywords: reclamation, productivity, heavy equipment

Environmental cost and eco-efficiency from vessel emissions under diverse SOx regulatory frameworks: A special focus on passenger port hubs

Emissions related to economic activities including shipping and its contribution to the degradation of air quality, health and built environment in port-cities increasingly raise attention. Sustained market growth and shipping, also deriving into pollution concentration and an exposure increase over residents and visitors, stresses the need to identify and internalize environmental impacts. In order enhance abatement actions towards shipping sectors, this paper estimates for the first time the environmental cost and eco-efficiency performance indicators from vessel traffic in general and passenger sub-sectors in particular under diverse geographical and regulatory contexts. Emission assessment (NOx, SOx, PM2.5, CO and CO2) of EU (Las Palmas), non-EU but SECA (St. Petersburg) and non-EU non-SECA (Hong Kong) ports is based on the full bottom-up Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model (STEAM) and messages transmitted by the Automatic Identification System (AIS) over a twelve-month period. Environmental cost is obtained from a top-down approach and the latest seaport-related cost figures. At last, eco-efficiency performance indicators are presented as the ratio of product/service impacts (externality costs) its added value (port profiles). Results present a first approximation to the externality cost of shipping traffic by sea and in port. Conclusions support international and regional policy design within the selected harbours and ports under similar traffic conditions.

ПРОГНОЗИРОВАНИЕ ПРОЦЕССОВ МОРСКОГО ПАССАЖИРСКОГО ТЕРМИНАЛА В КЛАССЕ ПОЛИНОМИАЛЬНЫХ МОДЕЛЕЙ

Modern marine passenger terminals represent complex technical systems depending on the intensity of ship calls, passenger traffic, and influence of the environment and correct organization of internal processes. To achieve the sustainable development of the terminal it is necessary to take into account the multicriterion nature, which requires solving the task of identifying the processes, highlighting the key parameters and analyzing the status of the terminal. In the course of investigating the processes the primary issues become the discrete nature of the initial data, schedules of calls, time-tables. The process of steady operation of the terminal can be shown as a sequence of several operation modes taken in certain time moments, each being described by a certain set of port characteristics. Thus, the state of the system can be analyzed according to a set of selected parameters and the conditions for achieving the desired functioning can be evaluated. But, with this approach, it is rather problematic to solve the problem of forecasting, since the terminal infrastructure must cope with new challenges: increasing the size of the passenger liners and changing the route networks based on changing priorities of passengers. The number of local problems can be solved on the basis of models of queuing systems, but the greatest interest is to obtain the models in analytical form. To increase the efficiency of control over passenger flow and working processes on cruise ships and ferries there appears the need to create a complex of polynomial models. The object of the survey is a joint-stock company “Passenger Port of Saint Petersburg “Marine Facade”. Based on the states of the system characterized by the intensity of ship calls for the past periods, the tasks of constructing the analytical forecast function, of identifying the processes have been solved, as well as there has been defined the predicted number of ship calls to the port for the nearest navigation. The obtained results allow improving the quality of decision making on substantiating the modernization of the port infrastructure, solving the problem of forecasting the development of the terminal in order to meet the new challenges of the sea passenger transportation market.

Addressing the Passenger Transport and Accessibility Enablers for Sustainable Development

Sustainable Development (SD) is a fundamental objective in the European Union (EU) and transport is considered one of the key challenges necessary to achieve it. Although transport is mostly contested from the environmental dimension, an investigation of peer-reviewed literature along with EU policy documents suggests that the transport and accessibility (T&A) criteria of infrastructure, accessibility distance, and multimodality can positively contribute to SD. However, despite this synergetic relation between T&A and SD, a practical analysis of such enablers is unknown at the regional European level. Therefore, this study investigates the Mediterranean as a study area by analyzing 79 identified passenger ports as passenger transport land-sea interaction points. Based on open access data, port infrastructure and ship accessibility, hinterland accessibility, and multimodality are evaluated as the passenger T&A enablers for SD. Comparative geo-spatial analyses are also carried out among the passenger ports’ levels of enablers by using the data normalization method. These data driven comprehensive analytical results can bring added value to SD policy and planning initiatives in the Mediterranean. This study may also contribute to the development of relevant passenger port performance indicators for boosting port or regional competition and attractiveness towards SD.

SISTEM LOGISTIK PERTANIAN ANTAR PULAU DARI PELABUHAN MANADO

The purpose of this study was to identify the existing agricultural logistics system in Manado Harbor. This research was conducted at Manado Port as the starting point and end point. The research conducted from February to May 2017. This research used primary and secondary data. Primary data is collected with a list of questions that have been prepared for Head of Port Authority Unit of Manado City Transportation Department. Secondary data are obtained, among others, from the Office of Transportation and Marine Guard Unity. Sampling was conducted using Snowball Sampling Technique. The variables that will be measured in the research of this result are: What agricultural logistics goods are held in the Port, How to store goods in Manado Port warehouse, What transportation is used for shipping agricultural logistics, How to distribution of agricultural logistics goods, How to service delivery, What is the distance between islands (km). This research uses descriptive analysis that is to identify inter-island agricultural logistic system from Manado port and map agricultural logistic system in Manado Port. The results show that the existing logistics system in Manado Harbor has decreased not too drastically and the increase is very drastic in the year 2015. And passenger flow in the year 2011-2013 is still normal, but in 2014 and 2015 experienced a drastic increase due to passengers who soaring in that year. Logistics system in Port Manado also can be categorized pretty good because the data collection is good but still not specified agricultural goods are loaded, and for the equipment can be said to be good seen in terms of Port Manado which is still included in the category of Passenger Port, ships anchored in the Port of Manado is quite a lot and will be added over time, due to the soaring passengers between islands and goods brought. And in terms of facilities for passengers Manado Port has been very good, because the construction of infrastructure for passengers is being carried out at the time of research and development results are already visible at the time this study is completed.

Matematičko modeliranje i istraživanje protoka putnika u morskim putničkim lukama

Modern passenger terminals are characterized by dynamic processes variability, diverse options consideration, taking into account the criteria of safety, reliability analysis and the continuous research of passenger processing. For any modern marine passenger terminal it is necessary to use the tool to simulate passenger flows. In this way it is possible to obtain the analytical information and use it for decision-making when solving the problem of the amount of personnel required for passenger services.in line with the original ship arrival schedule, to solve problems of forecasting groups at the terminal. Of particular relevance is the choice of the mathematical transport model and the practical conditions for the implementation of the model in the real terminal operation. In this article the analysis technique of simulation-based terminal services, provides a mathematical model of passenger movement inside the terminal. Also, the conditions of implementation of the transportation model during the operation of marine passenger terminal are examined. The object of the research is the marine Passenger Port of St. Petersburg “Marine Facade”. The paper discusses advantages of using such systems and their introduction in the early stages of operation of the terminal. In addition, the conclusion about the effectiveness of such systems for the analysis of the correctness of internal space of the marine terminal. The study represents an example of analytical information used for the forecast of the terminal operations, the analysis of the workload and efficiency of the organization of the marine terminal.

Maritime Traffic on Approach to Port of Split and Assessment of Collision and Grounding Risk

The Port of Split is the largest Croatian passenger port and its access fairways, characterized by a very high likelihood of accidents, especially of collisions and groundings, the busiest in the Croatian part of the Adriatic. This paper analyzes the main access fairways to the Split City Port, as well as those leading to the Kaštela Bay and the North Port of Split. Small vessel maritime traffic is also analyzed, although it is neither continuous, nor follows any established main routes. The AIS vessel movement data served as the basic source of data for larger vessels, and arrival/departure reports of port authorities for other maritime traffic. Main access fairways, maritime traffic concentration and structure, as well as assessment of collision and grounding risk are defined in keeping with the obtained data.

The New Port Autority of the “Lower Thyrrenian”: An Opportunity for the Strait of Messina Metropolitan Area

The article starts from the “National Strategic Plan of the Harbours and Logistics”, approved by the Italian Government in July 2015, setting out the development strategies of the Italian port system and providing, among the other things, the redesign of the governance of the Italian port system. The old existing 24 Port authorities are replaced by 15 Authorities of port- system, in which different ports are combined in order to create an efficient port system able to compete and succeed in the overall system of commercial traffic in the Mediterranean Sea.Within this framework, the creation of a new Authority is provided, which incorporates the former Calabrian Port System with the old Port Authority of Messina. In this way we are going to create a large port system, centred on the area of the Messina Strait, comprising 10 ports, including the transhipment port of Gioia Tauro, which represents the core of the entire port system, and the port of Messina, the most important passenger port in Italy and one of the most important as regards the cruise sector. The article analyses the development perspectives that this system can offer with regard to two important aspects:the realization of the project -already imagined in the late’60s- for an Integrated Metropolitan Area of the Strait, including the two metropolitan cities of Messina and Reggio Calabria;the transformation of the port of Gioia Tauro, from an exclusively transhipment port into an Intermodal Logistics Pole, which will be the central strategic hub of a large logistics platform of the Strait Area, whose implementation should be a great opportunity for the development of the entire Mezzogiorno.

Health externalities of ship air pollution at port – Piraeus port case study

This paper is employing the well-known methodology of impact pathway approach to assess the external costs in human health from ship air pollution at port areas. The passenger port of Piraeus, Greece is the scenery of the study. Piraeus port is in the vicinity of the greater Athens metropolitan area where almost half of the country’s population lives. Hence, this port is the central hub of the Greek coastal passenger ship system which connects the islands of the Aegean Sea with land and is characterized by heavy ship traffic. The case study presented in this paper assesses the annual external cost in human health from air emissions produced by all passenger ships and cruise ships calling the port of Piraeus. Health cost from ships at port has been estimated at both local (Athens metropolitan area) and regional level (entire territory of Greece). Results show that higher costs occur at the local level. The dominant pollutants creating this cost are particulate matter (PM2.5, and PM10). Overall, the results indicate that the health impact of Piraeus’s passenger port emissions is not negligible; however the cost of PM10 is considerably lower than the corresponded cost deriving from the land based industries of the Athens regional area for which comparison has been available.

E-Services and Positioning of Passenger Ports in the Context of Cruise Tourism Promotion

The paper positions the passenger sea ports in the context of cruise tourism on the basis of e-services they offer. The e-services of eleven passenger ports are categorized and then quantitatively evaluated by binary and ranking approaches. In general, the port e-services might be categorized according to their functionality as navigational, ship and passenger-related ones, logistics, business, marketing, entertainment, security, safety, environmental, etc. These services can be bidirectional informational and/or transactional. In this paper, only those port e-services related directly to the passengers’ needs, within the frame of cruise tourism, are taken into consideration and categorized as core, or as value-added ones, and as informational and/or transactional ones. Then, each of them is assigned an appropriate binary value (0/1), depending on whether the considered passenger port offers the related e-service or not. These values are employed in the evaluation of the analyzed passenger port e-services offered, and as a base for their positioning. The appropriate weights coefficients, obtained by ranking (Saaty method), were used in the process of the considered port final positioning on the cruise tourism e-market. Some additional analyses and recommendations in the direction of further positioning and promotion of the port of Kotor (Montenegro), as rising cruise tourism port (destination), are given as well.

Passenger ports: services provision and their benefits

The paper discusses an under-researched segment of the port and maritime business: passenger ports and port services. A survey conducted in the 20 major European passenger ports leads to the identification and classification of the different services provided in passenger ports. Then the paper examines the public and private benefits produced by the provision of those services that are provided in all passenger ports. It does so via (a) literature review and brainstorming sessions with experts that result in a list of potential benefits produced and (b) application of a modified Analytical Hierarchical Approach (AHP) that acts as a useful methodological tool towards an understanding of the exact distribution of the private and public benefits. A dataset of replies to a questionnaire, which is developed along the lines of the AHP, provides empirical data as regards the produced public and private benefits in the case study of the Piraeus passenger port.