Passenger Baggage Research Articles

EKSPOR DAN IMPOR BARANG SERTA PERPAJAKAN BAGI PELAKU USAHA UMKM

The object of this community service activity is the Micro-Small Business, Banana Chips Karya Mandiri. The purpose of this community service activity is to provide a basic understanding and foster awareness of business people, especially the object of the Banana Karya Karya Mandiri, in fulfilling tax obligations and providing information related to the export or import of goods that can be carried out in connection with the business being run. These community service activities are divided into two main sub-categories namely taxation and export / import of goods. For sub-taxation activities carried out in the form of an explanation related to tax obligations that must be carried out by the SME business include registration as a taxpayer, calculation of the amount of tax owed (as currently regulated in PP 23), depositing the tax owed to the state treasury and reporting annual tax return, provides an overview of the role of taxes generated from the SME business in the realization of state revenue from the taxation sector year on year, as well as the importance of taxes for the country's development. As for the sub-export / import of goods, the activities carried out are the socialization of Import and / or Export of Personal Goods and Goods for Business Entities, passenger luggage and shipments from and abroad, as well as material on hajj luggage. The results of this service are providing knowledge / education about taxation for MSMEs as well as providing knowledge / education regarding the provisions on the import and / or export of personal goods and goods for business entities as well as the provisions for hajj and umrah luggage.

Why stop after 20 minutes? Breaks and target prevalence in a 60-minute X-ray baggage screening task

Current EU regulation restricts continuously reviewing X-ray images of passenger baggage to 20-min duration as a precautionary measure to prevent performance decrements in airport security officers (screeners). However, this 20-min limit is not based on clear empirical evidence on how well screeners can sustain their performance over time. Our study tested screeners in a 60-min simulated X-ray cabin baggage screening task. One group took 10-min breaks after 20 min of screening; the other group worked without breaks. We found no decrease in performance over 60 min in either group. Breaks did not affect performance, but they did reduce the amount of subjective distress. By varying target prevalence, we found that da with a slope of about 0.6 is a more valid measure of detection performance than d'. Target prevalence caused a criterion shift. Our results provide a basis for conducting field studies of prolonged screening durations, and open the discussion on whether more flexible break policies and work schedules should be considered.

Organizational and tactical features of the questioning during the investigation of thefts of baggage of passengers committed at the airport

Organizational and tactical features of the questioning during the investigation of thefts of baggage of passengers committed at the airport

Factors Affecting the Adoption and Usage of Luggage Tracking System by Public Transporters Based on TAM Model

Technology has revolutionized communication, and how services can be delivered to the intended end-users. Many areas such as supply chain, logistics, health, aviation, and education have been greatly influenced. Despite all the technological advancements, public transportation in Zambia, which is dominated by bus operators, still faces challenges in computerizing and automating their business processes, to improve service delivery. The problem of misplaced and missing luggage is among the problems the operators are currently facing. The first objective was to identify the challenges faced by bus operators in managing passenger luggage and factors that affect the adoption of technology. A population of bus operators and passengers was identified, of which a sample was conveniently drawn from the intercity bus terminus. Technology Adoption Model (TAM) was used in this research to guide the development of questionnaires, interviews and observations, in order to understand the business processes and operations. Results from the study show a link between the use of technology in managing passengers’ language, ease of use and usefulness of the technology. Furthermore, the results show that 28% of the sample population misplaced or lost luggage during a journey. Most participants in the research expressed willingness to use a system that can allow for real-time monitoring of luggage, with a few expressing security concerns of a system that is connected to the internet. The study recommends the development of luggage tracking system based on RFID, GPS and GSM technologies with a GUI to aid bus operators in managing passenger luggage, which will improve accountability and reduce lost customer luggage incidences.

TANGGUNGJAWAB MASKAPAI PENERBANGAN LION AIR TERHADAP HILANGNYA BAGASI TERCATAT DALAM PERPSKETIF UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 1 TAHUN 2009 TENTANG PENERBANGAN JO PERMENHUB NOMOR 77 TAHUN 2011 (STUDI KASUS PUTUSAN NOMOR 6/PDT.G.S/ 2018/PN.DPS)

Enjoying trips using the air transport fleet is one of the modes of transportation that is quite in demand because of the short travel time. However, problems sometimes arise because passenger luggage is lost or damaged during the trip resulting in passenger losses. As happened in the case of a Lion Air passenger suit for loss of baggage containing passenger luggage. The judge in his decision stipulated compensation that according to the victim was not commensurate with the total value of the loss so that the problem arose as to how the responsibilities of Lion Air flights as a carrier for the loss of belongings of passengers in baggage were recorded according to Law Number 1 of 2009 concerning flights? How to settle compensation for checked baggage lost during flight in Indonesia? This research uses normative legal research. Based on the results of the study, Lion air is responsible for the loss of luggage belonging to passengers in the checked baggage based on the provisions of Permenhub No.77 of 2011 Article 5 paragraph (1) letter a and based on the judge's decision that grants some of the plaintiff's demands that adopt a limited liability model (presumption of liability) and provide sanctions requiring compensation with a number determined by Permenhub No. 77. Settlement used in this case the plaintiff uses litigation settlement and in this case the settlement of compensation still refers to the judge's decision.

DIMENSION AND SUBJECTIVITY OF THE MATHEMATICAL SIMULATION ASSESSMENTS FOR THE FORECAST OF THE AVIATION SAFETY LEVEL

It is established that International organizations are constantly tightening requirements and demand to improve the technical and technological support of processes of control for safety (AB) when the passenger service and baggage handling. However, the level of technical equipment of the airports, but there are new methods and means of implementing acts of unlawful interference which jeopardize the safe operation of civil aviation. The article presents an overview of mathematical modeling during the formalization of the subject area related to security in civil aviation. and refined the concept of aviation safety. The mathematical models to evaluate the level of safety of the airport, namely: the mathematical model of the risks of ABA and the mathematical model of the vulnerability of ABA, based on qualimetric the models and use the analogy of the concepts of quality and vulnerability as well as a mathematical model for integrated air transport security. It is established that the prediction of individual performance and safety in General, correctly be based on the work of highly skilled experts and the processing of their subjective evaluations, because most real events are characterized by some uncertainty, so each observation in the time series (factor) to assign a fuzzy variable with a certain membership function. Solving a scientific task of developing a mathematical model of interaction of airport services in emergency situations in Aeroporto the system defined by the system look for all calculations analyzed a mathematical simulation that provides high-quality analysis of a control system of the security control in the passenger service and baggage handling.

Risk of African swine fever virus introduction into the United States through smuggling of pork in air passenger luggage

African swine fever causes substantial economic losses in the swine industry in affected countries. Traditionally confined to Africa with only occasional incursions into other regions, ASF began spreading into Caucasian countries and Eastern Europe in 2007, followed by Western Europe and Asia in 2018. Such a dramatic change in the global epidemiology of ASF has resulted in concerns that the disease may continue to spread into disease-free regions such as the US. In this study, we estimated the risk of introduction of ASF virus into the US through smuggling of pork in air passenger luggage. Results suggest that the mean risk of ASFV introduction into the US via this route has increased by 183.33% from the risk estimated before the disease had spread into Western Europe or Asia. Most of the risk (67.68%) was associated with flights originating from China and Hong Kong, followed by the Russian Federation (26.92%). Five US airports accounted for >90% of the risk. Results here will help to inform decisions related to the design of ASF virus surveillance strategies in the US.

Research on Air Passenger Baggage Tracking Based on Consortium Chain

Air passenger baggage transportation has such a long time and space span that it is difficult to track. Aiming at baggage transportation process of air passenger check-in with baggage, blockchain technology was combined with baggage handling system to study whole process tracking and real-time monitoring methods. Consortium chain architecture model applied to baggage tracking system is constructed. Baggage tracking mode based on the model and connection method of data space and physical space are designed. Change of baggage in physical space can be sensed on blockchain data space. Simulation experiment verifies traceability and safety of the method, which can improve normal rate of baggage transportation.

Air transport of lithium batteries

Lithium batteries turned out to be a true discovery of the 20th century. They are used in almost all models of mobile phones, tablets, handheld computers and cameras. There are many electronic devices equipped with internal energy sources such as a battery or accumulator in the air trans-port of cargo (cargo), hand luggage and registered luggage. Few travelers are aware, however, that these elements often pose a huge threat. Paper discussed the transport of lithium batteries in airplanes. The presentation and analysis of regulations regarding the transport of lithium batteries in hand luggage, checked baggage and cargo transportation were focused on. The first part presented the characteristics of lithium batteries. Regulations regarding the transport of lithium batteries by air transport are presented in the second part. The statistics of aviation events with the participation of lithium batteries were presented. The rules for the transport of lithium batteries in passenger and cargo luggage are also discussed.

Expertise, Automation and Trust in X-Ray Screening of Cabin Baggage.

X-ray screening of passenger baggage is a key component in aviation security. The current study investigated how experts and novices performed in an X-ray baggage screening task while being assisted by an adaptable diagnostic aid. Furthermore, it examined how both groups operated and trusted this automated system. 30 experts (certified screeners) and 31 novices (students) had to indicate whether a target item (either a knife or a gun) was present in a series of X-ray images of cabin baggage. Half of the participants could choose between three different support levels of the diagnostic aid (DA): (1) no support, (2) a cue indicating the presence of a potential target without locating it, or (3) a cue indicating the presence of a potential target by surrounding it with a red frame. As expected, experts achieved higher detection performance (d’), were more self-confident and felt more competent in achieving the task than novices. Furthermore, experts experienced less time pressure and fatigue. Although both groups used the DA in a comparable way (in terms of support level used and frequency of level switches), results showed a performance increase for novices working with the DA compared to novices without support. This benefit of DA was not observed for experts. Interestingly, despite no difference in perceived trust ratings, experts were more compliant (i.e., following DA recommendations when it indicated the presence of a target) and reliant (i.e., following DA recommendations when it indicated the absence of a target) than novices. Altogether, the results of the present study suggested that novices benefited more from a DA than experts. Furthermore, compliance and reliance on DA seemed to depend on expertise with the task. Since experts should be better at assessing the reliability of the DA than novices, they may have used the DA as ‘back-up’ to confirm their decisions based on expertise (confirmatory function), while novices may have used it as a guide to base their decisions on (support function). Finally, trust towards a DA was associated with the degree to which participants found the DA useful.

Detection measures for visual inspection of X-ray images of passenger baggage

In visual inspection tasks, such as airport security and medical screening, researchers often use the detection measures d' or A' to analyze detection performance independent of response tendency. However, recent studies that manipulated the frequency of targets (target prevalence) indicate that da with a slope parameter of 0.6 is more valid for such tasks than d' or A'. We investigated the validity of detection measures (d', A', and da) using two experiments. In the first experiment, 31 security officers completed a simulated X-ray baggage inspection task while response tendency was manipulated directly through instruction. The participants knew half of the prohibited items used in the study from training, whereas the other half were novel, thereby establishing two levels of task difficulty. The results demonstrated that for both levels, d' and A' decreased when the criterion became more liberal, whereas da with a slope parameter of 0.6 remained constant. Eye-tracking data indicated that manipulating response tendency affected the decision component of the inspection task rather than search errors. In the second experiment, 124 security officers completed another simulated X-ray baggage inspection task. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves based on confidence ratings provided further support for da, and the estimated slope parameter was 0.5. Consistent with previous findings, our results imply that d' and A' are not valid measures of detection performance in X-ray image inspection. We recommend always calculating da with a slope parameter of 0.5 in addition to d' to avoid potentially wrong conclusions if ROC curves are not available.

The need for concept of efficiency evaluation of security control at airports

<p>There are many demands placed on centralized security checkpoints of passenger and cabin luggage. Among the most important rank requirements for high passenger satisfaction, assurance of high security check effectiveness and operational efficiency. These three base requirements, however, do not support each other and in some ways they even conflict. Other aspects influencing operational security control are ever increasing volumes of handled passengers and the efforts to reduce flight ticket prices. Operational efficiency evaluation and targeted control are supported by the possibility to assure specific basic requirements. These include assuring required amount of security control staff, on the right place and at the right time. In sequence, a concept of security control efficiency evaluation is needed for operational, tactical and strategic planning.</p>

Development of an aircraft load planning system for distribution of passenger baggage

Airplane has been widely used as transportation compared to ship or car due to the short time journey. This phenomenon contributes to high demand or airline network for many places around the world and resulted in more competition for the airline industry due to changes in economy and increase in number of airlines. Besides, the increase in price of fuel can also be a major burden to the airline to maintain or gain profit. In order to overcome the fuel and cost problem, few measures can be taken including implementing effective aircraft loading system to optimize fuel weight and manage centre of gravity (CG), an aerodynamically clean aircraft, flight planning based on good data and optimal use of systems for example bleed, flaps and gear. For this study, load planning system for a Boeing 737-800 aircraft is considered to obtain a good position of CG for better fuel consumption. A load planning system was designed and developed using LabVIEW 2016 which can easily be integrated with sensors to produce a complete system. This system capable of receiving baggage weight as input and arranging the baggage to ensure the CG location is within the stipulated range. The efficiency of this system was validated by testing an aircraft model inside a wind tunnel and observing the performance of the aircraft when loads were arrange randomly and also based on the proposed arrangement by the system. As a result from the testing, by arranging the loads using the system that has been developed, a better flight performance in term of lift to drag ratio can be obtained which was 10.2 compared to randomly arranging the loads which was 7.9. Thus, by having a good load planning can reduce the fuel consumption and also improve the flight performance.

Pest categorisation of Tecia solanivora.

The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Tecia solanivora (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) the Guatemalan potato tuber moth, for the EU. T. solanivora is a well‐defined species which feeds exclusively on Solanum tuberosum. It was first described from Costa Rica in 1973 and has spread through Central America and into northern South America via trade of seed potatoes. It has also spread to Mexico and the Canary Islands and most recently to mainland Spain where it is under official control in Galicia and Asturias. Potatoes in the field and storage can be attacked. Some authors regard T. solanivora as the most important insect pest of potatoes globally. T. solanivora is currently regulated by Council Directive 2000/29/EC, listed in Annex II/AI as Scrobipalpopsis solanivora. Larvae feed and develop within potato tubers; infested tubers therefore provide a pathway for pest introduction and spread, as does the soil accompanying potato tubers if it is infested with eggs or pupae. As evidenced by the ongoing outbreaks in Spain, the EU has suitable conditions for the development and potential establishment of T. solanivora. The pest could spread within the EU via movement of infested tubers; adults can fly and disperse locally. Larval feeding destroys tubers in the field and in storage. In the warmer southern EU, where the development would be fastest, yield losses would be expected in potatoes. Measures are available to inhibit entry via traded commodities (e.g. prohibition on the introduction of S. tuberosum). T. solanivora satisfies all of the criteria assessed by EFSA to satisfy the definition of a Union quarantine pest. It does not satisfy EU regulated non‐quarantine pest (RNQP) status because it is under official control. There are uncertainties over the effectiveness of preventing illegal imports via passenger baggage and the magnitude of potential impacts in the cool EU climate.

Towards dissociation of passengers and baggage

Abstract Dissociation of passenger travel and baggage delivery is being considered as one of the radical innovations in future air transport. This paper elaborates on this idea to identify potential benefits as well as implementation challenges. It is argued that complete end-to-end dissociation involving also the air segment is critically dependent on dissociation provided first in the ground segment. The end-to-end dissociation is likely to lead to full outsourcing of baggage services outside airports to the 3rd party providers while treating baggage as cargo at airports. Even though large scale dissociation may be challenging or less beneficial, the situation appears very different at smaller scales. In order to obtain initial assessment of baggage volumes expected in the ground segment in a large metropolitan area, arrival and departure flight data from 4 major London airports were used to infer the baggage flows between these airports and the Greater London area. Our analysis estimates that the required baggage transport and processing capacity is as large as 100’s of bags per hour per a baggage distribution center in the city. This capacity can be reduced by at least 30% provided that the baggage flow variations are suppressed by exploiting temporary storage facilities.

Application of Queuing Process in the Optimization of Baggage Handling System of Murtala Muhammed International Airport

Baggage handling systems (BHS) take up a significant portion of an airport's overall operation. As an entryway BHS is an essential component as it facilitates a smooth transition for baggage flowing from the check-in area to the departure gates (loading points) by reconstituting a dynamic baggage flow into a stable flow on a conveyor system. The main purpose of this paper is to review different baggage models and their usage in the BHS line shared by multiple airlines. This is particularly relevant in the Nigerian context, as imbalances have been observed in the BHS designed for Murtala Mohammed international Airport. These imbalances lead to a lower customer satisfaction rates for most airline as well as a reduction in the level of service provided by the airport during peak hours. In this study, we shall consider several work of different researchers on the baggage handling systems using different models to solve the entryway BHS. We shall also consider the most appropriate operation of BHS in Nigerian Airport which will improve efficiency and reduce waiting time of passenger baggage. The results indicate that this suggested algorithm reduces the imbalances for the airlines sharing the BHS collection conveyor, while maintaining overall BHS performance at an acceptable level. The relationships between the variables used in the algorithm and overall performance are discussed further.

Follow that fish: Uncovering the hidden blue economy in coral reef fisheries.

Despite their importance for human well-being, nearshore fisheries are often data poor, undervalued, and underappreciated in policy and development programs. We assess the value chain for nearshore Hawaiian coral reef fisheries, mapping post-catch distribution and disposition, and quantifying associated monetary, food security, and cultural values. We estimate that the total annual value of the nearshore fishery in Hawaiʻi is $10.3-$16.4 million, composed of non-commercial ($7.2-$12.9 million) and commercial ($2.97 million licensed + $148,500-$445,500 unlicensed) catch. Hawaii’s nearshore fisheries provide >7 million meals annually, with most (>5 million) from the non-commercial sector. Over a third (36%) of meals were planktivores, 26% piscivores, 21% primary consumers, and 18% secondary consumers. Only 62% of licensed commercial catch is accounted for in purchase reports, leaving 38% of landings unreported in sales. Value chains are complex, with major buyers for the commercial fishery including grocery stores (66%), retailers (19%), wholesalers (14%), and restaurants (<1%), who also trade and sell amongst themselves. The bulk of total nearshore catch (72–74%) follows a short value chain, with non-commercial fishers keeping catch for household consumption or community sharing. A small amount (~37,000kg) of reef fish—the equivalent of 1.8% of local catch—is imported annually into Hawaiʻi, 23,000kg of which arrives as passenger luggage on commercial flights from Micronesia. Evidence of exports to the US mainland exists, but is unquantifiable given existing data. Hawaiian nearshore fisheries support fundamental cultural values including subsistence, activity, traditional knowledge, and social cohesion. These small-scale coral reef fisheries provide large-scale benefits to the economy, food security, and cultural practices of Hawaiʻi, underscoring the need for sustainable management. This research highlights the value of information on the value chain for small-scale production systems, making the hidden economy of these fisheries visible and illuminating a range of conservation interventions applicable to Hawaiʻi and beyond.

Reprint of ‘Evaluation of Scattered Radiation Emitted From X-ray Security Scanners on Occupational Dose to Airport Personnel’

Based on security issues and regulations airports are provided with luggage cargo scanners. These scanners utilize ionizing radiation that in principle present health risks toward humans. The study aims to investigate the amount of backscatter produced by passenger luggage and cargo toward airport personnel who are located at different distances from the scanners. To approach our investigation a Thermo Electron Radeye-G probe was used to quantify the backscattered radiation measured in terms of dose-rate emitted from airport scanners, Measurements were taken at the entrance and exit positions of the X-ray tunnel at three different distances (0, 50, and 100cm) for two different scanners; both scanners include shielding curtains that reduce scattered radiation. Correlation was demonstrated using the Pearson coefficient test. Measurements confirmed an inverse relationship between dose rate and distance. An estimated occupational accumulative dose of 0.88mSv/y, and 2.04mSv/y were obtained for personnel working in inspection of carry-on, and cargo, respectively. Findings confirm that the projected dose of security and engineering staff are being well within dose limits.

Evaluation of scattered radiation emitted from X-ray security scanners on occupational dose to airport personnel

Based on security issues and regulations airports are provided with luggage cargo scanners. These scanners utilize ionizing radiation that in principle present health risks toward humans. The study aims to investigate the amount of backscatter produced by passenger luggage and cargo toward airport personnel who are located at different distances from the scanners. To approach our investigation a Thermo Electron Radeye-G probe was used to quantify the backscattered radiation measured in terms of dose-rate emitted from airport scanners, Measurements were taken at the entrance and exit positions of the X-ray tunnel at three different distances (0, 50, and 100cm) for two different scanners; both scanners include shielding curtains that reduce scattered radiation. Correlation was demonstrated using the Pearson coefficient test. Measurements confirmed an inverse relationship between dose rate and distance. An estimated occupational accumulative dose of 0.88mSv/y, and 2.04mSv/y were obtained for personnel working in inspection of carry-on, and cargo, respectively. Findings confirm that the projected dose of security and engineering staff are being well within dose limits.

Recent progress on X-ray security inspection technologies

Emerging terrorist attacks seriously impacted the global security situation which brings unprecedented challenges to public transportation. Effectual anti-terrorist ways to protect personal safety and assets security become an important global demand. Consequently, to improve security inspection capabilities with state-of-art technology has long been a serious issue and hot research topic. Recent years, with the rapid development of X-ray detection technology, utilizing X-rays to inspect hidden explosives and contrabands in cargo, luggage, vehicle and on human body become both effective and efficient. Based on different X-ray interaction behaviors with matter, a variety of inspection techniques have been researched and developed which show great potentials for security applications. This paper provides a general review on different X-ray inspection techniques such as X-ray transmission imaging, backscatter imaging, phase-contrast imaging, spectral imaging, CT reconstruction, X-ray diffraction and so on. Basic physical mechanisms, research progresses and application features are investigated. And outlooks to new technologies and applications are given. X-ray transmission imaging detects the attenuation of X-ray flux while penetrating objects. The transmission image has a strong discrimination for high-density materials with strong X-ray absorption, such as guns, knives, grenades, detonators and other high atomic number items. Dual-energy X-ray imaging is an important complement that provides preliminary material classification capability. The technology has been widely used for sea freight cargo and passenger luggage inspection. X-ray back-scatter imaging detects X-rays that reflects from the scanned objects (e.g., vehicle, container and human body). It is good for imaging low density (or low atomic number) materials. The source and detectors of the scanning device are usually designed on one side of the target object, and a rotating wheel with pencil beam collimators is the key to scan in a point-by-point method. Computed tomography (CT) inspection system generates volumetric image of scanned item. It provides high resolution 3D inner structures nondestructively and without overlap. Due to the rapid development in CT reconstruction theory, various applications for security inspection have emerged. Hot research and development topics include material classification method, dual-energy and multi-energy CT imaging, non-spiral trajectory CT scan, artifacts correction and scan speed improvement. X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique has been widely used to identify minerals and other crystalline materials. It also shows good ability for detecting drug, explosives and hazardous liquids in security examination. Photo-counting detectors are utilized to measure scatter flux on different photon energy levels to form diffraction spectrum. Currently research on XRD for security application is focused on improving signal-to-noise ratio, reducing scanning time, material recognition method and system design. Phase-contrast imaging (PCI) calculates X-ray phase-shift when traversing the item. For low atomic number materials the cross section of the phase-shift can achieve up to 103 times larger than the one of attenuation. Thus it gains much better image contrast for fruits, clothes, drugs, liquids and other low atomic number items. Grating-based imaging has been regarded as the most promising PCI method because it is a first approach that requires only conventional X-ray source rather than synchrotron or micro-focus X-ray sources. Preliminary research work can be found on the security application potentials of grating-based PCI systems and methods.