Passage Of Water Research Articles

Deep-Water Dynamics along the 2012–2020 Observations on the Continental Margin of the Southern Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea)

This work presents the results of long-term deep-water observations carried out in the southwestern Adriatic margin. Hydrodynamics and thermohaline measurements were carried out in the last 100 m of the water column using two long-term moorings placed at two different locations along the western sector of the Adriatic continental margin (open slope vs. submarine canyon). The observations, carried out over a period of almost 10 years, made it possible to define the intra- and interannual deep-water dynamics, which are mainly influenced by the passage of cold, dense water. The hydrodynamic field is influenced by seasonal behavior and varies from year to year, with no clear temporal trend or periodicity. Thermohaline properties follow hydrodynamics but also show a climatological trend toward higher temperatures and salinity. The combination and variability of preconditioning factors explains the interannual variability in dense water passage at the mooring sites triggering the formation of dense water in the northern Adriatic. The impulsive nature of the dense water flow, which is difficult to capture with sporadic oceanographic surveys, and its linkage with the large-scale atmospheric circulation make continuous monitoring essential to answer open questions about cascading processes and deep-water dynamics under a global change scenario.

An Experimental Study on optimizing Wastewater Filtration through Conventional and Capped Rapid Sand Filter

Abstract: Rapid sand filtration is a widely adopted technique for purifying water in various applications, ranging from municipal water treatment plants to industrial processes. This abstract provides an overview of the rapid sand filter, highlighting its key principles, advantages, and applications. The rapid sand filter is a gravity-driven filtration system that utilizes a bed of sand as the primary filtration medium. Water flows through the sand bed under gravity or low-pressure conditions, undergoing physical andbiological processes that remove suspended solids,pathogens, and other impurities. The sand bed acts as a physical barrier, trapping and retaining particles while allowing the passage of clean water. This abstract discusses the key factors influencing the efficiency of rapid sand filters, including sand grain size, uniformity, and depth. The control of filtration rate, backwashing frequency, and the use of coagulants or flocculants are also addressed, as they significantly impact the filter's performance. Proper maintenance and monitoring are crucial to ensure optimal filter operation and prevent clogging or biofilm formation. Rapid sand filtration offers several advantages, such as simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and ease of operation. It is capable of achieving high removal efficiencies for suspended solids, turbidity, and certain pathogens, making itsuitable for a wide range of water treatment applications

Geological and geotechnical assessment of natural sands in Ilorin, Nigeria

The quality of the aggregates used inplastering mortar contributes to the properties of the mortar. This study evaluated the suitability of two grades of sand – sharp sand collected along active/old river courses and plastering sand collected from borrow pits – as plastering materials. X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence analysis were used to study their mineralogy and major, minor and trace element components. Grain-size distribution analysis, natural moisture content, specific gravity, Atterberg limits, matric suction and permeability tests were also carried out on the sand samples. In both sands, the silica content was more than 80%. The plastering sand had a higher natural moisture content than the sharp sand. The fineness modulus ranged from 1.31 to 1.83 and 0.53 to 1.01, respectively, for the sharp sand and the plastering sand. The permeability coefficients and matric suction of the sharp sand were larger than those of the plastering sand. This implies that sharp sand will allow easier water passage through its pore spaces, therefore tending to exist in a dryer state than plastering sand. The tested sharp sand may be suitable for plastering because the test results were within the acceptable limits for good plastering materials according to national and international standards.

AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW SCHEMES OF HORIZONTAL DIRECT-FLOW HYDRAULIC TURBINES

The impact of the rapid development of renewable energy sources and the reduction of electricity production by traditional generating capacities on the change in the development trend in world energy is analyzed. This led to a sharp change in the priorities of the national energy policy of Ukraine with an increase in the capacities of renewable energy sources, which in 2035 should be 25 billion kWh of generating capacity against 2,8 billion kWh in 2018. It is shown that such trends require the growth of balancing highly maneuverable capacities in hydropower to regulate load schedules and ensure stability and reliable operation of combined power systems. Under such trends, Ukraine is transitioning to a new innovative model of the operation of the electric power industry in the conditions of the gradual creation of a full-fledged energy market and the planned integration of the energy system of Ukraine with the European energy system (ENNSO-E). It is claimed that the problem of covering peak loads becomes acute in the modern conditions of power system operation. This makes it necessary to pay more attention to the operation of maneuverable hydropower equipment in order to optimize the distribution of loads to consumers. It is proposed to solve these problems comprehensively, both by developing new blade systems and water passages of traditional type hydroturbines, and by improving the working process due to innovative constructive solutions for the layout of hydropower equipment for new hydropower facilities. Potetenko O. V. (Professor of the Department of Hydraulic Machines named after G. F. Proskura, NTU "KhPI") founded a scientific direction in which for 10 years the tasks of introducing high-speed bladed hydraulic turbines at high heads in the development of new design schemes in hydropower were developed and researched. Dozens of patents for inventions and utility models are the results of this. Further development of innovative schemes of horizontal capsule hydraulic units, which is related to the features of the working process, is aimed to achieve high average operating efficiency while simultaneously expanding operation and reliability areas of the proposed design schemes.

Fates of selected pharmaceuticals in a large recirculated mesocosm with a pond and bank filtration

Pharmaceuticals such as carbamazepine (CBZ), sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and diclofenac (DCF) are detected at a high frequency in the aquatic environment. The fates of these compounds in bank filtration (BF), a nature-based water treatment system, have been extensively studied, mainly in batch and laboratory column studies. This study, for the first time, investigated the fates of CBZ, SMX and DCF in a large recirculated mesocosm with a pond and subsequent BF. Changes in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the pond and bank filtrate were also observed. The averaged spiking concentration of CBZ, SMX and DCF was 1 μg/L at the pond influent and the hydraulic retention time of surface water in the pond was 15 days to reach at the bank. The infiltrated surface water travelled through two parallel subsurface layers and a combined effluent (from both layers) was collected (35 m from the bank) and recirculated as an influent of the pond. The redox conditions in both layers were significantly different (p < 0.05) and correlated with temperature (R2 = 0.91, p < 0.05). The results revealed that CBZ was persistent in the surface water and groundwater passage, SMX was persistent in surface water and removed entirely through BF within 50 days of operation. DCF was completely removed after infiltration and groundwater passage (within 2 m). The DOC in the surface water showed insignificant variations between the influent and the bank. A significant reduction of DOC was observed within the first 5 m after infiltration, and the reduction was associated with the removal of biopolymers. This work shows that the selected organic micropollutants in surface water were not affected by sunlight intensity, water chemistry and water depth. In addition, recirculation mesocosm BF confirms the potential environmental risk and predictive concentrations of organic micropollutants in the aquatic environment.

Covalent organic frameworks modified with TA embedded in the membrane to improve the separation of heavy metals in the FO

The Schiff base network-1 (SNW-1) was synthesized by the Schiff-base reaction method and then modified using tannic acid (TA). To make a thin film nanocomposite (TFC) membrane by using the nonsolvent-induced phase inversion (NIPs) method, it was embedded in the matrix of the forward osmosis (FO) polyethersulfone (PES) membrane and used to check the performance of the desalination and removal of heavy metals. SNW-1 and covalent organic framework modified tannic acid (STA) nanoparticles were characterized using FTIR, XRD, FESEM, TEM, BET, and TGA analyses. The results indicated the successful synthesis and modification nanoparticles. The effect of SNW-1 and STA nanoparticles on the surface properties of membranes were investigated using contact angle, porosity, pore size, ATR-FTIR, SEM, and AFM analyses. The results showed an extraordinary increase in hydrophilicity, softening of the membrane surface, and an enhancement in finger-like pores for water passage. Due to the presence of the hyperbranched polymer like TA next to SNW-1, in addition to creating a synergistic effect in increasing hydrophilicity and porosity, caused the removal of impurities. The results showed an increase in the permeability and rejection of the membranes modified with STA compared to the pure membrane and the modified membrane with SNW-1. Also, the TFC-STA membrane showed lower coefficient of salt permeability (B) to coefficient of water permeability (A) of RO setup (B/A), and lower salt permeation (Js) to water permeation (Jw) of FO setup (Js/Jw) coefficients than the modified TFC@SNW-1 membranes.

Biofilm formation in Gram-positives as an answer to combined salt and metal stress.

Biofilm formation can lead to tolerance against stressors like antibiotics, toxic metals, salts, and other environmental contaminants. Halo- and metal-tolerant bacilli and actinomycete strains isolated from a former uranium mining and milling site in Germany were shown to form biofilm in response to salt and metal treatment; specifically, Cs and Sr exposition led to biofilm formation. Since the strains were obtained from soil samples, a more structured environment was tested using expanded clay to provide porous structures resembling the natural environment. There, accumulation of Cs could be shown for Bacillus sp. SB53B, and high Sr accumulation ranging from 75% to 90% was seen with all isolates tested. We could, therefore, show that biofilms in a structured environment like soil will contribute to the water purification obtained by the passage of water through the critical zone of soil, providing an ecosystem benefit that can hardly be overestimated.

Claudin Barriers on the Brink: How Conflicting Tissue and Cellular Priorities Drive IBD Pathogenesis.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are characterized by acute or chronic recurring inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, often with increasing severity over time. Life-long morbidities and diminishing quality of life for IBD patients compel a search for a better understanding of the molecular contributors to disease progression. One unifying feature of IBDs is the failure of the gut to form an effective barrier, a core role for intercellular complexes called tight junctions. In this review, the claudin family of tight junction proteins are discussed as they are a fundamental component of intestinal barriers. Importantly, claudin expression and/or protein localization is altered in IBD, leading to the supposition that intestinal barrier dysfunction exacerbates immune hyperactivity and disease. Claudins are a large family of transmembrane structural proteins that constrain the passage of ions, water, or substances between cells. However, growing evidence suggests non-canonical claudin functions during mucosal homeostasis and healing after injury. Therefore, whether claudins participate in adaptive or pathological IBD responses remains an open question. By reviewing current studies, the possibility is assessed that with claudins, a jack-of-all-trades is master of none. Potentially, a robust claudin barrier and wound restitution involve conflicting biophysical phenomena, exposing barrier vulnerabilities and a tissue-wide frailty during healing in IBD.

Microstructure optimization of bioderived polyester nanofilms for antibiotic desalination via nanofiltration

The successful implementation of thin-film composite membranes (TFCM) for challenging solute-solute separations in the pharmaceutical industry requires a fine control over the microstructure (size, distribution, and connectivity of the free-volume elements) and thickness of the selective layer. For example, desalinating antibiotic streams requires highly interconnected free-volume elements of the right size to block antibiotics but allow the passage of salt ions and water. Here, we introduce stevioside, a plant-derived contorted glycoside, as a promising aqueous phase monomer for optimizing the microstructure of TFCM made via interfacial polymerization. The low diffusion rate and moderate reactivity of stevioside, together with its nonplanar and distorted conformation, produced thin selective layers with an ideal microporosity for antibiotic desalination. For example, an optimized 18-nm membrane exhibited an unprecedented combination of high water permeance (81.2 liter m-2 hour-1 bar-1), antibiotic desalination efficiency (NaCl/tetracycline separation factor of 11.4), antifouling performance, and chlorine resistance.

ANALIZA ZMIAN PARAMETRÓW HYDRAULICZNYCH W RZECE NIZINNEJ PRZY ZASTOSOWANIU MODELOWANIA NUMERYCZNEGO

Aim of the study: River channels are dynamic structures in which fluvial processes leading to equilibrium state between energy of flowing water and the stability of the bed material. The changes of river morphology is difficult to capture using the monitoring tools, however, physical or numerical modeling can be used instead to reflect these natural processes. Objective of the study is to analyze the variability of hydraulic parameters and their impact on morphological changes using numerical modeling of a regulated section of the Nida River. Material and methods: On the basis of field measurements, numerical model of the river was built. In this section, the channel has been strengthened, which enables the process of its restoration. Numerical modeling was carried out for a range of flows from low to an overbank one. Bankfull discharge was determined using the Riley method. Calculations based of modeled parameters made it possible to analyze their impact on the bed dynamics. Results and conclusions: The numerical modeling resutls (average velocity, shear stresses, and water depth) was used to calculate shear velocity, Reynolds Number, Grain Reynolds Number and settling velocity. The lack of clear trends of changes in individual parameters with increasing flows proves the existence of irregular connections between flowing water and riverbed. Changing discharge in the river affects not only the intensity of fluvial processes, but also their location. The bottom morphology created during low flows is completely changed at the passage of high water, as indicated by measurements and simulations of the examined section of the Nida River.

Before and After the Clean Water Act: How Science, Law, and Public Aspirations Drove Seven Decades of Progress in Maine Water Quality

In the 1950s, Maine established a water quality classification system creating the conceptual scaffolding of a tiered system of management. Passage of the federal Clean Water Act in 1972 drove dramatic advances in science, technology, and policy leading to systematic improvement for the next five decades. Today’s tiered classification system provides a range of management goals from natural to various allowable uses. The state assigns uses and standards for each classification, incorporating physical, chemical, and biological indicators. This system has brought steady improvement in water quality, ecological condition, and overall value for human use. Visible evidence of improvement and adoption of these management alternatives have inspired a re-imagining of how Maine’s waters can benefit clean water-based businesses, recreation, and amenity development.

Wrapping-Trapping versus Extraction Mechanism of Bactericidal Activity of MoS2 Nanosheets against Staphylococcus aureus Bacterial Membrane.

The promising broad-spectrum antibacterial activity of two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (2D MoS2) has been widely recognized in the past decade. However, a comprehensive understanding of how the antibacterial pathways opted by the MoS2 nanosheets varies with change in lipid compositions of different bacterial strains is imperative to harness their full antibacterial potential and remains unexplored thus far. Herein, we present an atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) study to investigate the distinct modes of antibacterial action of MoS2 nanosheets against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) under varying conditions. We observed that the freely dispersed nanosheets readily adhered to the bacterial membrane outer surface and opted for an unconventional surface directed "wrapping-trapping" mechanism at physiological temperature (i.e., 310 K). The adsorbed nanosheets mildly influenced the membrane structure by originating a compact packing of the lipid molecules present in its direct contact. Interestingly, these surface adsorbed nanosheets exhibited extensive phospholipid extraction to their surface, thereby inducing transmembrane water passage analogous to the cellular leakage, even at a slight increment of 20 K in the temperature. The strong van der Waals interactions between lipid fatty acyl tails and MoS2 basal planes were primarily responsible for this destructive phospholipid extraction. In addition, the MoS2 nanosheets bound to an imaginary substrate, controlling their vertical alignment, demonstrated a "nano-knives" action by spontaneously piercing inside the membrane core through their sharp corner, subsequently causing localized lipid ordering in their vicinity. The larger nanosheet produced a more profound deteriorating impact in all of the observed mechanisms. Keeping the existing knowledge about the bactericidal activity of 2D MoS2 in view, our study concludes that their antibacterial activity is strongly governed by the lipid composition of the bacterial membrane and can be intensified either by controlling the nanosheet vertical alignment or by moderately warming up the systems.

Experimental research on influence of marble powder, silica fume and polypropylene fiber on the porous concrete

Roads are the most important part of today’s system of development of the city in Terms of Infrastructure. This change can only be done when the places are connected properly and finely. Nowadays rigid pavement are in used for the roads for loads of Light Weight vehicles. This experimental article deals with the production of porous concrete for pervious pavements design. Using Porous Concrete in the place of rigid pavement in order to increase the runoff coefficient of the place can be beneficial because porous concrete makes passage for water through its voids.When the pervious concrete is designed with the conventional method referring IS 10262 it has been found that higher grade design concrete such as M40 grade exhibits lesser strength up to 28Mpa when the fines are replaced with Marble Powder, Silica Fumes and polypropylene fiber as discussed in subsequent paragraph. It is evident that due to replacement of fine sand by marble powder, compressive strength of the concrete is reduced but at the same time hard concrete exhibits high porosity which is the objective of the study.

Sediment resuspension and transport processes during dense water cascading events along the continental margin of the southern Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea)

The near-bottom nepheloid layer in the western margin of the Southern Adriatic Sea was monitored for 8-years by measurements acquired at two mooring sites. The two moorings, equipped with CTD probes and ADCPs, are located in the Bari Canyon and in an open slope sector along the Southern Adriatic Margin. These regions are of interest because affected by episodic dense shelf water cascading events whose dynamic has direct implications on deepwater morpho-dynamic, biogeochemical cycles and trophic networks. In this work, the sedimentation flux and its interdecadal dynamic is analysed examining in detail the sedimentary processes triggered by dense water flow through the analysis of the echo records of ADCPs.The integration of hydrodynamic, turbidity and particle grain-size data provided estimates of the sediment flux, separating phases when the flow actively erodes the seabed from phases when particles are transported to the mooring location through density flows.The frequency and velocity of dense-water cascading currents vary in time and space reflecting the capacity of sediment transport. Data analysis demonstrated that the hydrodynamic event that mostly accounts for sediment transfer to the deep basin is represented by current pulses induced by the passage of dense waters. The average annual sediment flux has been quantified and the Bari canyon shows transport more than five time larger than in the open slope sector, confirming that the canyon is the dominant pathway of sediment transfer to the deep basin. In contrast, in the open slope, albeit a minor lateral sediment advection, is impacted by currents that are able to trigger intense resuspension of seabed sediments, which can contribute over 80% of the total solid load.This study allows unravelling the role of cascading in the sediment resuspension and transport processes and is essential to support deciphering the sedimentary records in the study area. The long temporal extent of the dataset used for quantification provides a reliable contribution to the Quaternary sediment budget determination.

Impact of lead on the body and its epidemiological aspects

Lead is a cumulative, anthropogenic metal. Its content in the blood affects all organ systems, especially the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is necessary to identify the toxic effects of lead in a short period of time due to the high risk of long-term irreversible consequences. Nowadays (Currently), lead air pollution is mainly caused by buildings under construction, building materials and paints. The consequences of lead pollution of tap water are mainly associated with the passage of water through welded copper pipes. Groundwater, which is used by the population of Western Georgia, is also dangerous. The role of herbicides and pesticides should also be considered, they also contain lead. The source of lead is various explosives - pyrotechnics. In case of the fetus and newborn, the source of lead is&nbsp; mother's body and breast milk.

Synergistic effect of tung oil and heat treatment on surface characteristics and dimensional stability of wood

Wood is a sustainable biomass material with undesirable intrinsic properties of hygroscopicity and dimensional instability, which restrict its broader application. Tung oil, as a natural plant oil, has shown some promise for improving wood properties. Here, a synergistic method combined with tung oil impregnation and heat treatment was used to modify wood. The results showed that both heat treatment and tung oil impregnation were helpful in decreasing the moisture absorption, water uptake, and volume swelling coefficient of wood. Moreover, the impregnated tung oil occupied the water passages and significantly reduced the porosity and permeability of wood, providing a better hydrophobic surface and thus preventing water absorption and further improving dimensional stability. Therefore, joint modification of wood by tung oil and heat treatment provides an effective and eco-friendly method that has great prospects for the future.

Evaluate the efficiency of treatment by using electromagnetic field in reducing bacterial contamination in wells water

This study was conducted on nine wells water within Kirkuk city for the period 1st July 2015 until 13th June 2016 to assess the electromagnetic field's effectiveness in groundwater purification, where the study focused on the design apparatus with different electromagnetic fields accomplished by exposing the water to electromagnetic fields while the water is passing through the device. Electromagnetic water treatment process consists of two phases , the first by using different electromagnetic fields 1.4,1.7,1.9 Tesla with the stability of the water passage time 20 minutes through electromagnetic field and the second phase is consists of fixed electromagnetic field intensity 1.9 Tesla with change water retention time 5, 10, 20 minutes during the electromagnetic field. Study showed the effect of electromagnetic treatment on bacterial pollution indicators (total number of aerobic bacteria and total coliform bacteria) the number of bacteria colonies decreased at a rate of 90% at a field intensity 1.9 Tesla and to 93% at a retention time 20 minutes, as the coliform bacteria decreased at a rate of 94% when field intensity 1.9 Tesla ,and [98thvd retention time 20 minutes

The effect of electromagnetic field technique on wells water hardness reducing

This study was conducted on nine wells water within Kirkuk city for the period 1st July 2015 until 13th June 2016 to assess the electromagnetic field's effectiveness in groundwater purification, where the study focused on the design apparatus with different electromagnetic fields accomplished by exposing the water to electromagnetic fields while the water is passing through the device. Electromagnetic water treatment process consists of two phases, the first by using different electromagnetic fields 1.4,1.7,1.9 Tesla with the stability of the water passage time 20 minutes through electromagnetic field and the second phase is consists of fixed electromagnetic field intensity 1.9 Tesla with change water retention time 5, 10, 20 minutes during the electromagnetic field . Study showed the effect of electromagnetic treatment on wells water hardness. The total hardness decreases at a rate of 18% when the field intensity 1.4 Tesla and 31% when the field intensity1.7Tesla , while the total hardness value decrease at a rate of 48% when the field intensity 1.9. The total hardness decreased at a rate of 15% when retention time 5 minutes and to 30% when retention time 10 minutes , while the total hardness decreased at a rate of 57% when retention time 20 minutes

Antibacterial pathway of MoS2 nanosheets against Escherichia coli membrane via phospholipid extraction and localized phase transition.

The rapid emergence of antimicrobial resistance among pathogens have stimulated the quest for new generation antibacterials with minimal resistance inducing capabilities such as nanomaterials. Two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), a transition metal chalcogenide, has recently been recognized to exhibit excellent broad-spectrum bactericidal efficiency. However, a detailed assessment of the molecular level interactions responsible for their antibacterial action is imperative to modulate their efficacy. Through an atomistic molecular dynamics study, the present study delineates the interactions happening at the nano-bio interface responsible for their antibacterial action against Escherichia coli (E. coli) membrane [Soft Matter, 2022, 18,7159-7170]. The study conveys a two-step pathway of MoS2 nanosheet interactions with the bacterial membrane; (i) spontaneous phospholipid extraction by the nanosheet via van der Waals interactions with lipid acyl tails followed by (ii) complete ingestion of the nanosheet in the bilayer hydrophobic core through a synergic effect of MoS2-lipid interactions and lipid-lipid self-interactions. The phospholipid extraction to the MoS2 surface originates cavity formation in the extracellular leaflet which in turn creates a water passage across the membrane, signifying the possibility of cytoplasmic leakage in realistic membranes. Further, on complete insertion in the bilayer, the nanosheet induces the formation of densely packed lipid layers in its vicinity and causes localized phase transition in the membrane. These structural deteriorations in the bacterial membrane can be escalated by increasing the size of the nanosheet as well as by increasing the nanosheet concentrations. Thus, the study outlines both phospholipid extraction as well as localized alterations in membrane morphology responsible for the antibacterial activity of MoS2 nanosheets against E. coli bacterial membrane.

Preparation of High Flux Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride Composite Ultrafiltration Membranes with Ternary Amphiphilic Copolymers as Anchor Pore-Forming Agents and Enhanced Anti-Fouling Behavior

N-Phenylmaleimide-styrene-maleic anhydride (NSM) copolymer, an inexpensive and commercial heat-resistant agent, was used as an additive in this work to tune the properties of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) composite ultrafiltration membranes. The NSM chains did not agglomerate in the casting solution, but increased the thermal instability, leading to faster phase separation and changing the cracked pores to rounded pores on the membrane surface. Moreover, the cross-section appeared with sub-layered finger-like macropores and micropores, which facilitated the rapid passage of water through the membrane. Notably, NSM copolymers were anchored to the membrane surface and the cyclic groups (maleic anhydride and maleamide) were not hydrolyzed during the phase separation as demonstrated by ATR-FTIR and XPS analysis. This may affect the membrane separation behavior. The results indicated that the pure water permeability of NSM-tuned membranes increasing by 350% that of pristine membrane. The rejection of all NSM-tuned membranes was higher than 90% for humic acid (HA) and 85% for sodium alginate (SA), which still outperformed the pristine membrane. With a NSM content of 5 or 10 wt % for two foulants (20 mg/L SA and 100 mg/L HA), the FRR of the NSM-tuned membrane exceeded 90.0% and the reversible flux decline ratio reached 50%, exhibiting better anti-fouling performance. Extended Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek theoretical model was utilized to evaluate and analyze the fouling mechanisms of the NSM-tuned membrane. Therefore, NSM can not only play a role of pore-forming but also significantly enhance the separation behavior of the CPVC membrane, providing a reference for future environmentally friendly membrane manufacturing processes.