Party Decision Research Articles

Business Shakes Politics: Its Impact on Climate Policy

Irresponsible carbon emissions by businesses are the leading factor in climate change, which are threatening human civilisation. Global leaders did little to curb industrialists’ authoritarianism despite calls from all concerned. Many researchers believe that business has an important role behind policymakers’ inaction. In this context, the main objective of this research is to explore the impact of business on climate policy when they shake hands or embrace with politics. This qualitative study used content analysis to meet the objective using primary data from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’s Conference of Parties decisions, and so on and secondary literature from books, dissertations, journals, and others. This study demonstrates that businesses have vehemently opposed climate science since its inception. When the issue became political in the 1980s, animosity intensified as they feared climate regulations would harm their interests. So, initially, they attempted to negate climate science by portraying it as something unproven and promoting climate change as an opportunity for humanity. They additionally applied a variety of strategies like publishing books, periodicals, research articles, and newspaper articles, spreading media propaganda, and giving donations to mislead policymakers. As a result, climate policy formation and implementation are significantly delayed, and business interests are protected. This study implies that businesses will suffer if civilisation collapses due to the unwise use of fossil fuels. Therefore, all stakeholders must prioritise collective interests over individual ones. Otherwise, it will engulf everyone. Philosophy and Progress, Vol#73-74; No#1-2; Jan-Dec 2023 P 151-182

Mainstream partisans’ affective response to (non) cooperation with populist radical right parties

What is the role of elite-level inter-party strategies in promoting or reducing negative affective evaluations of citizens? This article explores this puzzle by focusing on the decision of mainstream parties to exclude or cooperate with populist radical right-wing parties (PRRPs) in Western European countries. The analysis is based on CSES cross-national data and the LISS Dutch panel data merged with the record on whether PRRPs are subject to a cordon sanitaire or (in)formally cooperate with mainstream parties in a government coalition. The findings suggest that political exclusion fuels loathing for PRRPs among mainstream party supporters, while cooperation reduces dislike of PRRPs both among supporters of PRRP coalition partners and left-wing voters. Distinguishing between informal and formal coalitions, the cross-national data shows that only formal cooperation has a significant effect. However, the longitudinal Dutch data shows a temporary decrease of dislike also during informal cooperation.

Protecting Home Loan Seekers in South Africa: Combating Unlawful Mortgage Lending Practices by Financial Institutions

All over the world, home loans and mortgages are part and parcel of the products and services being offered by the financial institutions-such as banks and homeowner mortgage institutions to their numerous customers. Prior, during and post home loan transactions, they owe their customers the duty to ensure full disclosure of all the terms and conditions in the mortgage agreements without withholding any information. This paper examines any act contrary to uberrimae fidei-utmost good faith in the transactions. Uberrimae fidei requires the highest standard of good faith on both the lender and borrower to disclose all material facts that could influence the decisions of the other party in seeking and granting home loans and mortgages. Failure might result in severe consequences by exploring both the civil and criminal responsibilities and liabilities of the party who acted mala fide-in bad faith. Against this backdrop, this paper examines the protection offered by the laws to ensure level playing field prior, during and after mortgage lending transactions.

Tradisi Pisuke Pada Perkawinan Adat Masyarakat Lombok Perspektif Hukum Islam

Lombok has a wedding tradition called pisuke. This study aims to find out or analyze how the pisuke tradition in traditional marriages of Lombok people in Ranggagata Village, Praya Barat Daya District, Central Lombok Regency, Islamic Law perspective. This research uses qualitative methods and qualitative descriptive design. Data collection was carried out using field observation techniques, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis techniques used include data collection, data presentation, and data verification. Analysis of research data, the results of the research are as follows: 1) Pisuke tradition processes, starting to involve village heads and local traditional leaders as representatives of both parties to discuss the number of pisuke that will be distributed by the male side for the female side, in determining the number of pisuke there are certain categories that support the high or low number of pisuke, namely the education level of women and the economic level of men but things This is not absolute as a reference because it goes back to the deliberative decision of both parties in determining the number of pisuke. 2) Pisuke is a custom or habit that is carried out for generations. Pisuke is one of the customs used for the settlement of Lombok customary nikhan, although pisuke is not contained in Islamic law but pisuke has become a tradition that is considered good to be applied among the community because it does not violate nash or syara If it is related to living, in this case pisuke has no relationship at all with living because there are several points that make it cannot be equated with living, That is the gift of pisuke which is sometimes given after the contract and before the contract

벌크해운시장에서 용선계약유형 선정에 영향을 미치는 요인에 관한 연구

Purpose: This study provides to charter companies, including shippers, implications for charter party decision-making by identifying factors that affect the selection of contract types in the dry bulk shipping market.
 Research design, data, and methodology: For empirical analysis, the dependent variable was set as a choice between time charter and voyage charter, and the independent variables were set as company and cargo characteristic factors, company internal environmental change factors, and company external environmental change factors. A hypothesis test was conducted using 111 questionnaires.
 Results: Variables such as cargo volume and ship size were found to have a significant impact on the choice of charter contract. Company characteristics, investment propensity, and risk management factors were significant as a company's internal environmental factors. All variables, including market outlook, volatility, and cost factors, were statistically significant as a company's external environmental factors.
 Conclusions: Investment decisions and the outlook for future shipping market conditions are important factors to consider in decision-making as to the type of charter contract. Therefore, it is important for shippers as charters to obtain quick and accurate information on the shipping market.

Soft Power Effect on Long-Term Buyer-Seller Relationship: A Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach and Evidence from the Turkish Smartphone Sector

Soft Power Effect on Long-Term Buyer-Seller Relationship: A Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach and Evidence from the Turkish Smartphone Sector

РОЗВИТОК ПЕДАГОГІЧНОЇ ОСВІТИ В УКРАЇНІ З СЕРЕДИНИ ХХ СТОЛІТТЯ У ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯХ ВІТЧИЗНЯНИХ НАУКОВЦІВ

The article analyzes the generally accepted periodizations of the development of the historical-pedagogical process of training pedagogical personnel in the period from the middle of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century in the researches of domestic scientists. The dynamics of the development of the theory and practice of education can be traced with the help of a number of periods presented in the history of pedagogy in a large number of variants. As evidenced by the study of scientific sources, in modern historical-pedagogical studies devoted to the development of various pedagogical phenomena, as a rule, certain stages are noted, mostly associated with political and socio-economic reforms in society. The leading criterion for the creation of the first of the generally accepted periodizations of the development of the historical- pedagogical process was the assessment of the development of pedagogy in the USSR through the prism of the peculiarities of the socio- political life of the Ukrainian people and the country. The beginning and end of one or another period in the traditional periodization coincide with the historical dates of turning points for the Ukrainian state. The main drawback of such periodization is the consideration of the historical-pedagogical process not as a specific phenomenon with purely psychological-pedagogical regularities, but as a process directly related to five-year plans, decisions of party congresses and resolutions. Because of that, the periodization of the development of the history of pedagogy as a science built on such foundations cannot be a far-reaching basis for the deployment of this kind of scientific research. In the last twenty years, the interpretation of the process of development of native pedagogy of the 20th century has been significantly revised, clarified and supplemented.Such a result became possible thanks to the serious and productive research work carried out by domestic scientists over the past decades. When substantiating the periodization, they took into account a number of criteria, namely: the dynamics of the development of pedagogical thought; nature of educational reforms; the role and place of teachers in society; the range of activities of the components of education, in particular the study and popularization of promising pedagogical experience, the preparation of teachers for innovations, their implementation in the conditions of educational reforms; use of innovations in education and training. In the process of scientific research, it was established that a number of factors had a decisive influence on the development of the professional status of a teacher in the history of domestic secondary educational institutions: socio-political conditions of life in the country; government policy in the field of secondary school and higher teacher education; measures to increase the prestige of the teaching profession and the teacher's authority in society; peculiarities of scientific and methodical work with teachers in educational institutions; the effectiveness of the teacher's professional training system and the improvement of his qualifications.

Policies regulating retail environment to reduce tobacco availability: A scoping review.

In 2005, the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) entered into force. This treaty was developed in response to the global tobacco epidemic, and it includes measures to reduce both demand for and supply of tobacco. The measures related to demand reduction include raising tax, providing cessation services, promoting smoke free public places, banning advertising, and raising awareness. However, there are a limited number of measures for supply reduction, and these mainly include fighting illicit trade, banning sales to minors and providing alternatives to tobacco workers and growers. Unlike regulation of many other goods and services that have been subjected to retail restrictions, there is a lack of resources about restricting tobacco availability through regulation of tobacco retail environment. Considering the potential of retail environment regulations in reducing tobacco supply and consequently reducing tobacco use, this scoping review aims to identify relevant measures. This review examines interventions, policies, and legislations to regulate tobacco retail environment to reduce tobacco availability. This was done by searching the WHO FCTC and its Conference of Parties decisions, a gray literature search including tobacco control databases, a scoping communication with the Focal Points of the 182 WHO FCTC Parties, and a databases search in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Global Health, and Web of Science. Themes of policies were identified to reduce tobacco availability by regulating retail environment: four WHO FCTC and twelve non-WHO FCTC policies. The WHO FCTC policies included requiring a license to sell tobacco, banning tobacco sale via vending machines, promoting economically alternative activities to individual sellers, and banning ways of sale that constitute a way of advertising, promotion, and sponsorships. The Non-WHO FCTC policies included banning tobacco home delivery, tray sale, tobacco retail outlets in or within a minimum distance from specific facilities, sale in specific retail outlets, and sale of tobacco or one or more of its products, in addition to restricting tobacco retail outlets per density of population and per geographic area, capping the tobacco amount allowed per purchase, limiting the number of hours or days in which tobacco can be sold, requiring a minimum distance between tobacco retailers, reducing tobacco products availability and proximity within a retail outlet, and restricting sale to government controlled outlets. Studies show the effects of regulation of the retail environment in influencing overall tobacco purchases, and there is evidence that having fewer retails reduces the level of impulse purchasing of cigarettes and tobacco goods. The measures covered by WHO FCTC are much more implemented than ones not covered by it. Although not all widely implemented, many themes of limiting tobacco availability by regulating tobacco retail environment are available. Further studies to explore such measures and the adoption of the effective ones under the WHO FCTC decisions, could possibly increase their implementation globally to reduce tobacco availability.

ИСТОРИЯ ПРАВОВОГО ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ НКВД СССР – РЕШЕНИЯ ВЫСШИХ ПАРТИЙНЫХ ОРГАНОВ КАК ИСТОЧНИК СОВЕТСКОГО ПРАВА

The purpose of the article is to identify the place and role in the legal support of the activities of the NKVD. Particular attention is paid to such a source of So-viet law as the decisions of the highest governing bod-ies of the ruling party. The study provides a description of the types of party decisions as sources of Soviet law. On the example of the legal support of the activities of state security agencies, a theoretical approach is sup-ported, within the framework of which it is proposed to introduce “party normative legal acts” into the number of sources of Soviet law. The author proves that even in the conditions of the decisive role of the party lead-ership in the formation of legislation regulating the activ-ities of the NKVD, party normative legal acts often directly contradicted the norms of the Constitution of 1936, the general principles of law. As a result, the author comes to the conclusion that joint party-government decisions in the form of joint resolutions of the Politburo of the AUCP(b) and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR were the main acts that formed the regulatory framework for the functioning of state security agencies.

The party-on-the-Net: the digital face of partisan organization and activism

ABSTRACT In this article we theorize a new organizational face of political parties that we term the ‘party-on-the-net’, defined as a set of digital partisan activist roles enabled by the affordances of digital technologies. We first explain the conceptual advantages of understanding parties’ media hybridization as an organizational face rather than as a specific party subtype. Then, we provide a taxonomy of digital partisan roles comprising the party-on-the-net and its links with traditional party bureaucracies and functions. We define and discuss ten roles on the basis of two general organizational variables, namely functional alignment with party structures and influence over core party decisions. Finally, after illustrating each of these roles through examples across different geographical regions, we consider how our framework can help scholars to develop hypotheses for further empirical scrutiny. We focus on the relative prevalence of the party-on-the-net within subtypes of digital parties, its relation to other organizational faces, and its development under different institutional scope conditions.

Ruling On or Out the Implicit: Methodological Suggestions for the Measurement of the Effect of Implicit Social Cognition on the Work of International Courts and Third Party Decision Making Bodies and Implications for Legal Reforms

Ruling On or Out the Implicit: Methodological Suggestions for the Measurement of the Effect of Implicit Social Cognition on the Work of International Courts and Third Party Decision Making Bodies and Implications for Legal Reforms

Cultural Spaces as Political Spaces: The Musical Field of the German Democratic Republic

This article examines the relationship between music and politics in the German Democratic Republic (GDR), departing from the crucial role the State played there in organizing, and controlling all fields of cultural production. Much of the literature on the subject either depicts the interaction between the State and artists as unidirectional or represents their relationship as highly conflictual due to contrasting understandings of culture and its functions. In both cases, this tendency to dichotomize makes it hard to explain, for instance, how music genres that had arisen in Western countries could flourish in the GDR despite the official understanding of ‘socialist music’ propagated by the Socialist Unity Party (SED). Conversely, by adopting a field perspective, this article aims to highlight how musicians, the State, and Party representatives competed to shape the symbolic space of the GDR musical field. Hence, instead of understanding Party and State decisions as merely applications of ideological principles, a field perspective enables us to consider them as resulting from strategies, depending on both the objective position occupied in the musical field and its spatial-material dimension, and as aimed at maintaining their own power within it. The political elite succeeded, then, in actualizing its strategy of legitimating emerging music genres which were potentially disrupting until it was able to provide musicians with physical cultural spaces for developing their careers and, at the same time, expressing criticisms. On the other hand, from the 1950s, localized music scenes were created which proposed an alternative understanding of music to the official one without, however, refusing the core principles which structured the GDR musical field. After the end of the 1970s, though, new music scenes were formed which positioned themselves outside the institutionalized music spaces and places, refusing in this way the rules of the GDR musical field and questioning its very existence.

How does clarity of alternatives affect the electoral fortune of corrupt politicians?

This article lays out a theoretical framework for understanding the effects of the clarity of alternatives on corruption voting. Traditional approximations to the question of why corrupt politicians win elections focus on the limited availability of information and voter biases toward in-group candidates. I argue that while citizens are ready to punish corruption, the electoral toll for a corrupt candidate is reduced in settings of unclear electoral choices. I find support for this theoretical framework by examining the accountability enhancing consequences of the clarity of alternatives in Latin America. The results indicate that politicians running for office in settings of weak clarity of alternatives sustain less electoral damage than those running in settings of strong clarity of alternatives. The implication is that party decisions that increase voter uncertainty about the menu of choices contribute to the electoral fortune of corrupt politicians.

Risk, institutions, and policy in decisions to join a start-up party: evidence from the 2017 snap election in Japan

AbstractResearch has shown that Japan's parallel electoral system altered the incentives that parties and their members face when competing for lower-house seats, leading to, among other things, more policy-oriented and less personalistic elections. What is less well known is how these altered incentives affect the decisions of incumbents to stay with their current party organizations or exit and join another political party. We address this question by using data from the 2017 snap election in Japan, specifically, the exit decisions of Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) incumbents. Typically exit decisions involve considerations of electoral support, policy, or increased office benefits. Our results indicate that policy considerations were a primary factor in DPJ members' exit decisions but also that exiting legislators considered the risks associated with these decisions, which was molded by available party alternatives, each's electoral strength, and a unique feature of Japan's electoral rules, the fact that it reduced the electoral risk for some but not all incumbents who contemplated switching parties.

КАМПАНИЯ ПО "ЧИСТКЕ" ПАРТИИ И ГОСАППАРАТА В САТИРИЧЕСКОМ ЖУРНАЛЕ "КРОКОДИЛ" (1929–1930 ГГ.)

The article discusses the campaign to “purge” the party and state apparatus, which was planned in 1928 and carried out in 1929. That campaign was personally directed by Stalin, general secretary of the Central Committee of the VKP(b). The article studies the mechanism of adapting party decisions on “purges” with respect to propaganda in the satirical magazine Crocodile, which was published in huge circulations. Party decisions on paper are one thing; their implementation in images and symbols of Soviet daily life understandable to a mass audience is another. The campaign had one goal – to intimidate society and create conditions for the transition to a more mass repression, while abandoning the new economic policy. The fundamental differences between the purge of the party apparatus and the purge of the state apparatus are explored.

COALITION CHOICE AND ELITE PERSONALISATION IN PARTAI AMANAT NASIONAL (NATIONAL MANDATE PARTY) FACTIONALISM 2020

This paper seeks to analyze the causes of factionalism within PAN in 2020. The findings show that a combination of two factors caused factionalism. First, the policy regarding coalition choice after the 2019 presidential election and elite personalization within the party. We interviewed several DPP PAN (PAN's Central Executive Board) officials and collected documents from the media, previous research, and the party's internal document to obtain the data. PAN's coalition choice was divided into three key factors. First, pragmatism to maximize power (office-seeking) instrumentally by influencing the government's policy. Second, the ideological factor related to party elites' effort to return PAN to a centrist party based on the 2019 election results evaluation where PAN's proximity to Islamic conservatives failed to boost votes. Third, there is regime intervention through legal criminalization threats to several PAN cadres. The personalization of Amien Rais exacerbated this coalition choice in PAN. Amien's influence can bring PAN tendency to be Jokowi's opposition even though it is not a formal party decision. PAN's coalition choice policy led to divisions due to Amien Rais' camp support to the Mulfachri Harahap candidacy in Congress.

Democracy without Contestation: The Victory of the Empty Box in the Local Election of Makassar City, South Sulawesi Indonesia in 2018


 
 
 
 This study aims to explore how the political dynamics in the local election of Makassar City in 2018. In particular, this study reconnoitered the causes of the victory of empty box and analyze the role of political parties and incumbents in the candidacy process and election. Qualitative research methods were used in this research. Documentation was carried out to obtain data related to actor networks in the local election, vote acquisition, election regulations and as well as political party support in the local election, which is obtained from books, journals and news in the mass media. In addition, FGD was carried out from stakeholders inviting academics, students and NGO activists to obtain data and interpretations of the collected data. Qualitative descriptive analysis was carried out by interpreting the collected data, verifying and generalizing the data to conclude this research. This research revealed that the empty box in the local election of Makassar City is actually not an empty box, nonetheless it is the representation of the incumbent who was disqualified from the local elections. Most of the political parties supported the sole candidate formally. It was found that there was a difference between party policy at the local level and party policies at the national level. Further, the party decision making was found to be centralized.
 
 
 

The Position of Women Legislators as a Form of Inclusive Citizenship in the Political Agenda for Gender Equality

The study aims to conduct a qualitative analysis of the position of women legislators as a form of inclusive citizenship on the political agenda for gender equality. The case study approach was conducted to identify the position of women in the legislature as representatives of women in fighting for the Political Agenda. Data collection is carried out through interviews, observations, and documentation from women legislators in the Jakarta Regional Representative Council. This study showed that the representation of women legislators was motivated by formal representation to meet women's quotas. This condition illustrates that to fulfill the quota of 30% of women again used as a tool so that male legislator candidates can follow the election. There is no clear selection process and only fixated on party decisions.

Voters’ Motivation for Selecting the Party Leader: The Case of the Italian Democratic Party

Political parties suffer from a lasting, consolidated and, probably, irreversible crisis. However, they have begun a laborious process of adaptation which, among other things, has led to the spread of some new organizational practices. In general terms, looking at the party on the ground, we have seen a significant spread of inclusive procedures in party decision-making, which, in other words, has meant a strengthening of intra-party democracy. In particular, the inclusion of party members and, sometimes, sympathizers concerns not only the formulation of a policy position, but also the selection of party candidates and leadership. This article focuses on the inclusive process of leadership selection of the Italian Democratic Party (DP) occurred in 2013, 2017 and 2019. Since its inception, the Democratic Party has introduced the figure of the supporter, i.e. a voter not formally enrolled in the party but authorized to participate in a number of internal decision-making processes, including the selection of the party leader. Using the survey data from the research group Candidate and Leader Selection (CLS), the article explores the relationship between selectors and the primaries, looking particularly to the motivations behind the choice of vote. The analysis is based on over 8,000 interviews conducted through the exit poll technique and collected from 2013 to 2019. The article shows that voters self-positioning on the left-right axis and their strategic orientation are, in all three cases of primaries, the most relevant variables for explaining the selectors’ motivations.

ЗАРОЖДЕНИЕ И ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ КАДРОВОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ В ОТНОШЕНИИ УПРАВЛЕНЦЕВ В СССР В 1920-Е ГГ.

During the formation of the new mechanism of power and management, the selection and registration of personnel was one of the most important problems of the young state. After all, the possession of the power in the state by the party depended on who held managerial positions. Therefore, in the 1920s. in the USSR, the task of personnel policy was to create a new professional layer of managers ready to replace old specialists. Thus, the article examined the emerging mechanisms of the Soviet personnel policy in relation to managers: accounting and distribution of personnel, party education as a method of training managers, the requirements for responsible workers. The materials for the article were archival sources of the State Archives of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, including: legal acts, instructions, statistics. As a result of the study, it was possible to trace how the nomenclature management system was formed, which served the entire Soviet period. This system provided party control over all areas of the state. At the same time, the educational and business characteristics of the appointed managers did not play a major role in their selection, especially at the initial stage of the formation of the state. The decisive qualities of the new layer of the party-administrative elite when they were appointed to the office were ideological reliability and unquestioning obedience to party decisions.