Part Of Foot Research Articles

A Lightweight Multimodal Footprint Recognition Network Based on Progressive Multi-Granularity Feature Fusion

The main differences in images of footprints are the proportion of the parts of foot and the distribution of pressure, which can be considered as fine-grained image classification. Moreover, the deviation of human body weight and muscle strength increases the difficulty of identifying the left and right feet. While using a fine-grained image classification network to solve the footprint image classification problem is certainly a feasible approach, the number of parameters in a fine-grained image classification network is generally large, and therefore we would like to build a lightweight classification network that is suitable for several small footprint datasets. In this paper, a multimodal footprint recognition algorithm based on progressive multi-granularity feature fusion is proposed. First, the shallow dense connection network is used to extract features. The feature extraction ability of the model is improved with the help of channel splicing and feature multiplexing. Second, to learn footprint images of different granularities, the progressive training strategy and puzzle scrambler are applied to the model. Finally, factorized bilinear coding can aggregate local features to obtain more discriminative global representation features. Experiments show that our network achieves comparable classification accuracy to some fine-grained image classification models (PMG, MSEC) on the complete pressure footprint dataset, but the number of parameters in our network is greatly reduced. Meanwhile, our network also achieves good classification results on several other footprint datasets, which demonstrates the effectiveness of our network. At the same time, an ablation experiment was carried out to verify the effectiveness of the progressive strategy and the factorized bilinear coding.

A reverse transcription-multiplex PCR strategy devised for concomitant detection and differentiation of foot and mouth disease virus serotypes O, A and Asia 1 in India

Serotype identification occupies the central part of foot and mouth disease (FMD) diagnosis workflow and vaccination decision tree. In this study, a reverse transcription-multiplex PCR (RT-mPCR) strategy wherein three assays with unique combinations of serotype specific primers targeting the VP1 region was developed to differentiate FMD virus serotypes O, A and Asia 1 based on differential size of the PCR amplicons on agarose gel. Their diagnostic performance relative to the mPCR assay in use in India was evaluated on 169 clinical samples and 210 cell culture grown virus isolates. The relative diagnostic sensitivity was found to be 99.69%, 98.78% and 99.08% for primer combinations 1, 2 and 3, respectively. These assays proved their worth by detecting serotype in three FMD suspected specimens that went undiagnosed in the existing mPCR and also by identifying multiple serotypes in the same sample. Their detection limits varied from log10 2 to log10 4 viral RNA dilution and from 100 to 0.1 TCID50 virus depending on the serotype. The validated novel mPCR assays show promise to be included in the routine diagnostic tool-box to augment the efficiency of diagnosis of FMD virus serotypes that display extreme genetic diversity and a tendency of transboundary dispersal.

Effects of Footpad Slope, Movement Direction and Contact Part of Foot on Foot-Based Interactions

Feet cannot perform tasks as quickly and with as much dexterity as hands. However, due to the heavy workload placed on hands, there is potential for feet to replace or assist them . In order to use feet more effectively, this study aims to find ways to increase the speed and accuracy of directly touching a touchpad with the feet while in a seated position. The study investigates the effects of three factors: the slope of the touchpad, the direction of the foot movement, and the touch area of the foot used. Regarding the direction of the foot movement, the study found that the most effective direction for both accuracy and speed was at a 30° angle to the right when the front of the right foot was set at 0°. The 0° and 60° angles showed similar efficiencies, but were lower than the 30° angle. The study also found that using the big toe as the touch area resulted in the best speed, accuracy, and subjective satisfaction. The index toe was the second-best option, while using the ball of the foot was the least accurate and slowest option. Lastly, using an slope angle of 15° for the touchpad was found to increase work efficiency compared to using a 7° slope angle. These findings can serve as guidelines for designing foot interfaces.

The study of the impacts of ‘Running’ on the contact area of soles and maximal strength among elite middle distance runners

It is possible that running training for many years in athletics affects athletes' running patterns and sole structure. The main aim of this study is to examine the effect of maximal force applied to the floor area and contact area of the athletes with related to mid-distance training for athletics. 18 male athletes who represent Turkey on the International area and another 25 male volunteers who form the control group from the participants of the study. The sole pressure measurement of the participants was performed through the use of EMED-SF (Novel H, Munich, Germany) plantar pressure analysis system (pedobarographic analysis). In the study, significant differences were found in heel medial, heel lateral, foot middle, 2nd, 3rd and 4th metatars heads and left foot 3rd, 4th, 5th finger in the contact area values of the right and left foot averages. Besides, significant differences were found in heel medial, middle part of feet, 2nd and 3rd metatars heads and 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th fingers in maximal force values. Athletes have pressed on sole of the feet more as a result of long-term training and as a consequence this pressure caused a change of the soles contact area and maximal strength. Also it can be said that they have used forefront part of soles more actively during running and walking.
 
 Keywords: runner foot sole, contact area, middle distance, pedobarographic.

Deep Peroneal Nerve: Orientation and Branching at the Ankle and Proximal Part of the Foot

Objective: This study investigated the frequency and types of 1) orientation of the deep peroneal nerve (DPN) and its branches relative to the dorsalis pedis artery (DPA) and the extensor hallucis longus tendon (EHLT) and 2) branching site and pattern of DPN at the distal area of leg and the proximal zone of the foot.Materials and Methods: One-hundred and sixty specimens from the lower extremities of 80 formalin-embalmed cadavers were investigated for anatomical position, orientation and the branching pattern of DPN by manual dissection, starting from the anterior side of lower extremity just proximal to ankle joint down to the area distal to inferior extensor retinaculum.Results: The most prevalent medial-to-lateral orientation of structures in the area anterior to ankle joints was the EHLT/DPA/DPN. Comparing DPA with the branching of DPN in the areas inside anterior tarsal tunnel (ATT) and distal to ATT, the most common type was an orientation of DPA that was lateral to both the DPN main trunk and its medial terminal branch. Regarding branching sites and patterns of DPN in the intermalleolar and ATT areas, nearly half of the studied specimens had DPN bifurcation at the intermalleolar level and more than half of the bifurcations were inside the ATT.Conclusion: This study establishes novel data regarding type variation and prevalence of DPN in areas of ankle and proximal part of foot in the Thai population which could be helpful in clinical practice.

Rotation Distortion Syndrome of Ankle Joint and Knee in Car Drivers and Passengers

The most common feet pathologies of children are valgus and valgus planus deformities, which are congenital or connected with neurological dysfunctions (Minimal Brain Dysfunction). In adults, and mostly in women, we observe: 1. Köhler’s disease among girls wearing improper shoes. 2. Insufficiency and pain of the front part of feet connected with limited toes flexion, 3. Valgus deformity of the big toes (hallux valgus), 4. “Ankle Joint Pain Syndrome” (AJPS)-sometimes also “Knee Joint Pain Syndrome” (KJPS)-described by us only in USA, India and Czech Republic. In presented article, we describe this special type of foot insufficiency- “instability of ankle or knee, or both joints”-on left leg in drivers and right leg in passengers in countries with right-hand traffic. More frequent it concerns the foot and article focus on this problem.

Comparison of protein synthesis inhibiting antibiotics versus cell wall inhibitor antibiotics for treatment of diabetic foot.

Diabetic foot infection is a form of soft tissue infection which rapidly involves the tissues of foot. It can affect all parts of foot but pressure areas of foot are commonly involved. Early diagnosis and treatment with proper antibiotic with or without surgical intervention are vital because of high morbidity. Objectives: To compare efficacy of protein synthesis-inhibiting antibiotics (clindamycin) versus cell wall inhibitor (imipenum) for treatment of diabetic foot infections as empirical therapy in term of clearance of infection and wound healing. Study Design: Randomized Clinical Trial. Setting: Surgical department POF Hospital. Period: January 2013 to January 2017. Material & Methods: Total of 94 patients of diabetic foot infection were included in the study through non-probability consecutive sampling. Divided into two groups each have 47 patients. In group A patients were given intravenous (i/v) imipenum while in group B intravenous (i/v) clindamycin was given. Pre and post treatment culture from wound was taken and healing observed in form of granulation tissue. Results: Group A patients (imipenum group) wound healing occurred in only 9 ( 19.1%) patients and in group B (clindamycin group) treatment was effective in 34 (72.3%) patients( P 0.001) Clearance of infection occurred in 31.91 %(15) in group A and 80.85%(38) in group B(P=0.001). Conclusion: Protein synthesis inhibitor antibiotics have shown increased efficacy for control of infection and healing as compared to cell wall inhibitor antibiotics.

Результаты математического моделирования напряженно-деформированного состояния заднего отдела стопы при внутрикостном остеосинтезе пяточной кости

Результаты математического моделирования напряженно-деформированного состояния заднего отдела стопы при внутрикостном остеосинтезе пяточной кости

Pain and Complications following Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate (BMAC) Harvested from the Iliac Crest in Foot and Ankle Surgery

Category:bone graft in foot and ankle surgeryIntroduction/Purpose:Autologous bone is recognized as the gold standard for bone grafting in orthopedics with the iliac crest being the common harvest site. In an attempt to minimize morbidity associated with structural bone graft harvest from the iliac crest and still maintain the proposed benefit of collecting and transplanting live cells and growth factors, Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate (BMAC) obtained from the iliac crest has become increasingly popular. However, any harvest procedure can potentially induce pain and introduce complications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and complications of BMAC from the anterior iliac crest for use in various foot and ankle fusion procedures.Methods:A retrospective chart review was performed on all patients that underwent BMAC harvest from the iliac crest at the time of their foot or ankle surgical procedure by one of four fellowship trained surgeons between 2014 and 2017 with a minimum of six-month follow-up. Patients were evaluated for complications, pain, and functional limitation secondary to the BMAC harvest. The final outcome follow-up for the cohort was conducted using a specifically designed telephone questionnaire to assess patient satisfaction. A total of 55 patients were included, with a median age of 58 years (range 31 to 81 years) and 69% were female.Results:Out of the 55 patients, 52 patients (94.5%) reported reported good to excellent results and were satisfied with the procedure at the time the questionnaire was conducted. Only 3 patients reported persistent complications and some element of dissatisfaction with the procedure after 6 months (the minimum follow up), 1 patient reported persistent numbness at the harvest site, and 2 reported some persistent pain at the harvest site lasting up to 6 months. Some patients reported transient complications that eventually resolved with no implication on their satisfaction of the procedure at the time of the telephone questionnaire.Four patients reported hematoma that was treated conservatively and eventually resolved spontaneously. Four patients reported transient numbness at the harvest site with eventual resolution.Immediately post-operatively, 50% of patients reported some element of post-operative pain. However, at the time of the final follow-up (at least 6 months), only 2 patients reported persistent pain at the harvest site lasting up to 6 months, but it was not considered activity-limiting pain.Conclusion:BMAC harvest is a safe procedure with a high rate of patient satisfaction and minimal morbidity with mostly self- limiting complications. This is the first study to evaluate the safety of BMAC as a part of foot and ankle surgical procedures.

Mucous cell distribution and mucus production during early growth periods of the giant African snail (Achatina fulica)

The giant African snail (Achatina fulica) secretes mucus for crawling and protection from moisture loss and pathogenic infections. The snail mucus has been popularly used as a bioactive reagent in medical and cosmeceutical products. This study observed the distribution of pedal mucous cells of A. fulica and the snail growth effect (1–3 mth) on pedal mucus production and the types of mucous cells. Foot tissues were processed using a paraffin technique and stained with Masson’s trichrome, periodic acid Schiff, and periodic acid Schiff-Alcian Blue at pH 2.5. Visualization under a light microscope showed that the pedal mucus of A. fulica was mainly produced from two types of mucous glands: 1) tubular mucous gland cells located on the dorsal part of foot that produced acid mucopolysaccharide mucus; and 2) round mucous gland cells located on the ventral part of foot that produced acid and neutral mucopolysaccharide mucus. A positive correlation between the acid mucin level and snail age was only observed on the dorsal area. The level of neutral mucin from both sides was highest after 2 mth. The average length of the mucous cells on the dorsal surface significantly increased during growth. This study revealed the change and distribution of the mucous cells in early A. fulica development to inform further applications in snail bioactive compounds.

Panorama of natural fibers applied in Brazilian footwear: materials and market

Footwear material is of great importance mainly considering the user’s health. There are many components in contact with upper and mainly lower part of foot, being the sole essential part to weight distribution, muscle activity and vertebral column. This study aimed to verify how the natural fibers are applied at Brazilian market footwear, demonstrating the types of raw materials utilized, textile constructions and other variables. As well as comparing the information at natural fibers applications data from economics sources and material employment at the footwear international market. The methodology was based in literature research and interviews with Brazilian companies. The employment of natural fibers in footwear corresponds to a small part in comparison of synthetic fibers. Cellulosic fibers have been researched to reinforce rubbers and they are applied to sole as snow footwear. In addition, these fibers are being researched as biodegradable materials, showing innovations for instance, the use of leather waste, coconut fiber and latex, multilayers fabrics and finishing process adding bactericide properties to cotton. Brazilian footwear industry is finding solutions to reduce production costs in order to compete in the international market. One of the strategies is the gradual replacement of leather by fabrics, synthetic polymers and rubbers. The interviews identified the employment of cotton, raffia and jute fabrics especially in footwear summer collections. Thus, the increasing of researches about recycling footwear components and the development of biodegradable materials points a sustainability trend in this sector.

Local thermal discomfort in low temperature environments

Human local parts have different thermal responses to low temperature environment. The objective of this paper is to find out the most sensitive parts which are extremely discomforting in low temperature environments. Based on previous experimental data, the relationship among skin temperature, air temperature, and clothing insulation was fitted, and the neutral skin temperatures were obtained. The local skin temperatures at different parts of the human body were compared with neutral skin temperatures in different air temperatures and clothes. The results showed that the local parts of foot, hand, upper arm, and calf deviated far from the neutral condition and were selected as the principal parts to be warmed. The findings are significant to improve human local thermal discomfort.

Корекційна остеотомія бічної кісточки гомілки при її хибно консолідованих переломах

Мета. Проаналізувати результати застосування модифікованої методики корекційної остеотомії бічної кісточки гомілки при її хибно консолідованих переломах без виражених деструктивно-дистрофічних змін травмованого гомілковостопного суглоба.
 Матеріали і методи. Дослідження проведено щодо 37 пацієнтів, з них чоловіків - 16, жінок - 21, середній вік яких становив (38 ± 7) років. З моменту травми минуло від 6 до 15 міс, у середньому - (7,8 ± 1,9) міс. Під час рентгенологічного обстеження у пацієнтів виявлено післятравматичний остеоартроз гомілковостопного суглоба І-ІІ стадії за Келгреном - Лоуренсом.
 Корекційна остеотомія включала поперечну остеотомію бічної кісточки гомілки на рівні суглобової щілини гомілковостопного суглоба, що уможливило виконати трьохплощинну корекцію положення кісточки та відновити співвідношення в гомілковостопному суглобі.
 Функціональні результати оцінювали за шкалою AOFAS (American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Score) для гомілковостопного суглоба та заднього відділу стопи до та після хірургічного лікування. Ступінь прогресування остеоартрозу визначали за результатами рентгенографії в навантаженні згідно з класифікацією Келгрена - Лоуренса. Середній термін спостереження з аналізом результатів становив (1,9 ± 0,6) року.
 Результати. Оцінка функціональних результатів за шкалою AOFAS у межах терміну спостереження зросла з (58,7 ± 2,4) до (86,2 ± 1,8) бала. Під час рентгенологічного обстеження у всіх пацієнтів спостерігали відновлення осі гомілковостопного суглоба, але у 8 (21%) пацієнтів виявили ІІІ стадію остеоартрозу, що свідчило про його прогресування.
 Висновки. Модифікована методика корекційної остеотомії бічної кісточки гомілки при її хибно консолідованих переломах дає змогу відновити конгруентність та біомеханічну вісь подкодженого суглоба, значно покращити його функціональну здатність та уповільнити прогресування післятравматичного остеоартрозу.

O126 Relation between nervus tibialis conduction velocity values, somatosensory evoked potentials parameters values and spatial perception threshold in patients with subclinical diabetic polyneuropathy

Objectives to determine relation between neurophysiological parameters and spatial perception threshold (SPT) in patients with subclinical diabetic polyneuropathy (SDPN). Methods We analysed 56 diabetics (36 males), average age 49.9 years (49.9 ± 11.8) without clinical symptoms or signs of DPN, but with prior registered mild reduced NT SCV values. With surface electrodes we determined NT MCV and SCV values (in m/s), NT SEP parameters (N22, N27, N37 and P40 latency-in ms and amplitude- in uV). SPT values (score as number 1–8) were determined with Tactile Circuferential Discriminator (TCD) on dorsal part of foot’s big toe skin. The control group (CG) consisted of 46 healthy persons corresponding ages. For statistical analysis we used Student’s t-test and Pearson correlation study. Results The mean NT SCV value was 37.7 m/s (37.7 ± 4.3), significant smaller ( p p p > 0.05). Conclusions In patients with SDPN determination of SPT is useful for early diagnosis of neuropathy, but it has smaller sensitivity than NT SCV assessment. The SPT and NT SCV values are not in correlation with central NT SEP abnormalities.

Evaluation of occurrence of sesamoid bones in the lower extremity radiographs

The purpose of this study was to examine the plain AP radiograph of foot and lateral radiograph of knee in order to determine the prevalence and size of sesamoid bone in different part of foot and on the posterior aspect of the knee joint. A cross-sectional study was performed in Department of Radiology and Imaging, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital from July to September 2014. A total of 206 radiographs of foot (55) and knee (155) were collected. 121 (58.7%) were female and 85 (41.3%) were male. The most common site of sesamoid bone in foot was in the first metatarsal joint (96.4%) whereas the sesamoid bone in knee joint, fabella was found in 12.3% of total cases. The prevalence is more common in female than in male. The length and breadth of the sesamoid bones were measured and then area of bones was calculated. The size of medial and lateral sesamoid bone in the first MTP Joint was measured 0.6225 cm2 and 0.8261 cm2 respectively. The mean size of sesamoid bone of knee, fabella was 0.2818 cm2.

Association between preoperative pain intensity of MTP joint callosities of the lesser toes and fore-mid-hindfoot deformities in rheumatoid arthritis cases

Objectives: To determine whether preoperative pain intensity in callosities of the lesser toe metatarsopharangeal (MTP) joint was associated with the grade of fore-mid-hindfoot deformities, because rheumatoid arthritis (RA) foot deformity includes the whole part of foot, and curiously differences between cases in the pain intensity of MTP joint callosities are often observed.Methods: We evaluated 24 feet that had undergone forefoot surgery [August, 2014 – December, 2015] for painful lesser toe MTP joint deformity (callosities) in RA cases. A preoperative self-administered foot evaluation questionnaire (SAFE-Q) and pressure distribution information for foot function were also investigated. X-rays of the whole lower extremities and foot at weight-bearing were used to check fore-mid-hindfoot deformities.Results: Group M (mild) [n = 9] included patients with the pain visual analog scale (VAS) less than 40 mm, while group S (severe) [n = 15] included patients whose VAS was over 40 mm. Group M showed stronger hindfoot valgus and pronated (abducted) deformity, and group M showed higher pressure on the first MTP joint compared with group S.Conclusions: These observations reconfirm that hindfoot valgus deformity and/or pronated (abducted) foot deformity affects the forefoot loading distribution, subsequently the pain of callosities in lesser toe MTP joints could be decreased.

3차원 스캔 데이터에 의한 초등학생의 발 성장에 관한 연구

This study was about to investigate the characteristics of elementary school students' feet growth, comparing and analyzed the measured values and the index values of 3D scan data. As the results from analyzing the measured values, the all measurement items excluding 'Toe 5 angle' showed some significant differences among the age classes, knowing that the elementary school students' feet were continually grown. Although, the items of length, thickness, width, height and circumference indicate some rapid growth of feet at 11 years old, but it appears slowing growth of 'Foot width' after the age of 11 years old. The angle item didn't show any sequential differences according to ages. As the results from analyzing the index values, the children in higher grades have longer 'Toe 5', thicker ankles, wider and thicker the superior part of feet than the children in lower grades. For the superior and the middle part of feet were lowly raised, their Arch height was low and thick. The inferior part of feet showed narrow width and higher height. Giving that the Medial ball width was wide and the Toe 1 angle is high for the children in higher grades, it is expected that the Metatarsophalangeal I might be more projected than that of children in lower grades. Likewise, knowing that the male students' feet shape was bigger than female students' feet from the result that the male students' index values were higher.

Preparing pre-service primary school teachers to assess fundamental motor skills: two skills and two approaches

Background: Pre-service teacher education (PSTE) programmes for generalist primary school teachers have limited time allocated to Physical Education, Health and Personal Development. In practice, teachers in schools are required to assess motor skills despite the fact that their training provides minimal preparation. This necessitates creative approaches by tertiary educators in Australia to prepare teachers to effectively teach the fundamental motor skills (FMS), which also includes the need for assessment.Purpose: To evaluate PSTE students' experiences of assessing peers across a range of FMS in a practical group environment. The performance of each FMS was assessed in real time and simultaneously video recorded for later re-assessment. The PSTE students were provided with student-centred pedagogical experiences designed to expose the effect of assessing movement in ‘real’ time and comparing this to the same performances with ‘video’ time.Participants and setting: Across a 2-week module of an 11-week semester, second year Bachelor of Education (Primary) students (N = 44) were provided with both a lecture and an aligned workshop to progress students' skills of FMS movement analysis. Students were allocated to groups comprising four individuals, who were required to perform a series of FMS performance and assessment tasks at each of the seven testing stations.Data collection: At each station, each individual performed three trials for the run, strike, catch, throw, dodge, vertical jump and stationary kick, and results recorded using assessment sheets from the Get Skilled: Get Active (2000) resource. Peers were assessed in real time and in addition each performance was simultaneously video recorded for later assessment. Of the seven skills, the run and the overarm throw were selected for reporting in this paper.Data analysis: The data from 44 pre-service teachers' codings, i.e. 1320 for the run and 1584 for the overarm throw were analysed for trends in levels of agreement and disagreement for each skill component. Levels of significant differences were explored using a z-test. Self-evaluative comments on the value of the learning experience were subjected to the Leximancer text analytic software for commonly occurring concepts and themes.Findings: The components of the run demonstrating the highest level of disagreement between real and video analysis were component 3: arms bend at elbows and move in opposition to legs and component 4: contacting ground with front part of foot. For the overarm throw, both components 3: throwing arm nearly straightened behind the body, and component 5, marked sequential hip to shoulder rotation during the throw, had the highest level of disagreement. The components noted here as having the highest level of disagreement were also significant at the p < 0.05 level, when statistically analysed, using z-scores.Conclusions: These students reported a high level of satisfaction regarding the value of this peer assessment learning-pedagogy as an awareness raising exercise and as a potential tool to assist them to learn to analyse movement. PSTE educators may find value in the approach described in this paper for inclusion in their programme.

Prevalence of childhood and adolescent soccer-related overuse injuries.

To investigate the prevalence of osteochondrosis in children and adolescent soccer players. A questionnaire was distributed to players of all 113 junior soccer teams participating in a regional summer championship in August 2012 inquiring about pain in the body during or after training or a match. Physical examination of the lumbar spine or legs was recommended to players who complained of pain on the questionnaire, and for those who had positive findings on the physical examination, radiographic or ultrasonic examination at our hospital was recommended. Questionnaires were collected from 1162 players of 97 teams, and 547 players (47.1%) complained of pain in the lumbar spine or legs. Physical examination was performed on 494 players, 394 of whom were referred for physical examination (79.8%). Of these 494 players, 20 (4.0%) had positive lumbar spine findings, 26 (5.3%) had hip findings, 198 (40.1%) had knee findings, 117 (23.7%) had ankle findings, 226 (45.7%) had heel findings, and 90 had findings in other parts of foot (18.2%). Radiographic or ultrasonic examination was performed in 106 (26.9%) players at our hospital and 80 (75.5%) players were diagnosed with osteochondrosis. Sever's disease was diagnosed in 49 players, Osgood-Schlatter disease in 13, bipartite patella was in 12, Sinding-Larsen-Johansson disease in 10, osteochondritis dissecans of the distal femur in 1, and spondylolysis in 3. The majority of players who had experienced pain and were found to have osteochondrosis had severe injuries such as osteochondritis dissecans or lumbar spondylolysis. We suggest many of the players involved in this study receive further radiographic or ultrasonic examination.

Prevalence and Mophometry of Os Peroneum amongst Central Indians.

Os Peroneum is round or oval shaped sesamoid within the substance of the Peroneus longus tendon as it plays on the Cuboid bone. Thirty six embalmed cadavers were dissected bilaterally. Lateral part of foot and sole was dissected to expose Peroneus longus tendon and Os Peroneum. Measurements of Os Peroneum and articular surfaces of cuboid (calcaneum) were taken by the Digital Vernier Caliper. Histological and Radiological Examinations of Os Peroneum were also done. A flattened oval enlargement i.e. Os Peroneum was found in all the tendons examined. The deep surface of Os Peroneum (i.e. articular surface) was concave, smooth and shiny; sometimes divided into two parts. There was a well defined convex articular facet on the Cuboid at the proximal end of the peroneal sulcus, which sometimes extended proximally on to the Calcaneum forming a synovial joint. Average length of Os Peroneum was found to be 13.35 mm (Right - 13.35 mm, Left - 13.35 mm). Average breadth of Os Peroneum was 8.96 mm (Right - 8.87 mm, Left - 9.05 mm). Average thickness of Os Peroneum was 4.11 mm (Right - 4.13 mm, Left - 4.10 mm). Incidence of double articular facets on cuboid and Calcaneum was more on the right side (25.80%) than the left (16.20%). Findings suggest that Os Peroneum is present at the site of angulations of Peroneus Longus tendon with attendant change in direction and the exposure to various stresses and strains leading to its thickening and formation of Os Peroneum.