Empirical Part Research Articles

THE PRACTICE OF BROADCASTING THE DIGITAL EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ANDRAGOGICAL SUPPORT OF TEACHERS

Background. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to significantly increase the percentage of the introduction of digital technologies in the educational process.
 Purpose. The authors of the article aim to form a model for the implementation of the process of andragogical support of teachers, developed in the context of the digitalization of modern society and aimed at mastering the elements of the digital educational environment by teachers, taking into account new tools and services.
 Materials and methods. The achievement of the goals set in the work was carried out on the basis of general scientific research methods within the framework of comparative, theoretical analysis of scientific literature and normative documents on the methodological foundations of the organization of the processes of andragogical support of teachers within the digital educational environment. In the empirical part of the study, the authors visualized the process of organizing additional education for teachers on the basis of the Orenburg State Pedagogical University through the method of practical modeling.
 Results. The analysis of scientific literature and normative documents in the field of andragogical support of a teacher allowed the authors to identify and characterize three key components of digitalization of the teacher support process in modern society. The assessment of the content component of these components and the practical experience of broadcasting the digital educational environment in the context of the implementation of andragogical support of teachers allowed the authors to develop a model for organizing additional teacher education. Using the example of this model, the possibilities of using the advantages of digital technologies in the additional education of a teacher are shown.
 Practical implications. The results obtained can be applied in the system of additional education of teachers.

The Human Factor in the Security of Information Resources of Marketing Departments at Universities in Poland, Ukraine and the Czech Republic

The aim of the article is to present the results of research into how the degree of threat to the security of information resources resulting from human factors is perceived by employees of marketing departments at universities in Poland, Ukraine and the Czech Republic. The theoretical part of the article lists and describes the most common factors, mentioned in the relevant literature on the subject, stemming from the behaviour, characteristics and competences of employees and affect the security of information management. The empirical part presents the results of research conducted in Poland, Ukraine and the Czech Republic between November 2021 and June 2023 inclusive.

Green Entrepreneurship: Knowledge and Perception of Students and Professionals from Poland and Slovakia

The purpose of this paper is to review the understanding of the term “green entrepreneurship” in contemporary management sciences and its interpretation by people who are or soon will be professionally active. Investigating the phenomenon from a historical perspective will allow an evolutionary approach to the category to indicate contemporary challenges. Apart from a review of the literature on the subject, the interpretations of the term by the target group are recognized in the environmental, social, and governance (ESG) context. The research methods used in the article include a critical analysis of the literature on the subject and field research presented in the empirical part. Primary research was carried out in two countries: Poland and Slovakia, among students and professionals working, as well as those professionally active in the private and public sectors. The study aimed to generally identify the knowledge of the concept of “green entrepreneurship”. Based on the results, the responses were delimited and those indicated by less than 5% of the respondents were considered irrelevant. Based on the remaining answers, a new survey questionnaire was created, which was used to conduct the second stage of the research. To simplify the research tool, it was assumed that the questions would be binary (“yes” or “no” answers), and the resulting survey would consist of 22 phrases (marked with alphanumeric symbols) and a form. The respondents’ answers from the second stage of the study allowed us to identify characteristic groups of variables with which the respondents associated the term “green entrepreneurship” and the groups of respondents who indicated an understanding of green entrepreneurship in a specific aspect. It also allowed for the identification the determinants of these indications, as well as similarities and differences between Poles and Slovaks in this respect. For this purpose, the classification and regression tree method (C&RT) was used. For the purposes of this study, JASP 0.18.1 software was used to create the tree. The results show that perceptions and knowledge of green entrepreneurship differ in both surveyed countries.

OPINIONS OF EUROPEAN MANAGERS ON THE CHALLENGES OF TEAM MANAGEMENT IN MULTICULTURAL WORK ENVIRONMENTS

In contemporary companies, the knowledge and experience of both employees and managers significantly influence decision-making, operational effectiveness, and strategy implementation, especially in conditions of the continuously increasing role played by international cooperation. Multiculturalism is not only a common feature of companies which operate in the global market but also increasingly a key factor when it comes to people management. Although cultural diversity can bring many positive effects, it can also be a source of a range of problems. Thus it is so important for managers of culturally diverse teams to understand the essence of multiculturalism, to be able to manage cultural diversity skilfully, and to endorse values and adhere to principles which are highly relevant in multicultural work environments. The study presented in the article (individual in-depth interviews) was conducted among managers from six European countries. The main aim of the study was to identify challenges posed by multicultural work environments based on the opinions of managers who work with multicultural teams. The theoretical part of the article explains the concept of multiculturalism and presents multiculturalism in the context of management in contemporary work environments. The empirical part discusses the results of the interviews and the resulting conclusions. Undoubtedly, multiculturalism poses numerous challenges to managers in the area of people management, and the results of the study have confirmed that managers face considerable challenges in multicultural work environments (especially in the areas regarding managers’ factual knowledge on and preparation for the management of teams, the level of their cultural intelligence, communication, and employee motivation).

Analysis Of The Elasticity Of Demand For Bread

Measures of demand elasticity indicate the direction and intensity of the reaction of the quantity of demand for a good or service due to a change in the determinants of demand. Among them, the price elasticity of demand stands out because it measures the reaction of customers to price changes. Price elasticity is therefore important for management in making pricing decisions because it answers the question of how raising or lowering prices will affect sales revenue and, consequently, the company's financial results. In this paper, the elasticity of demand for selected types of bread from the company Bobis d.o.o. was empirically tested. The listed company is the leader in the production of bread, fresh pastries, confectionery products, and cakes (NKD 2007 10.71) in County of Split-Dalmatia, and, at the same time, one of the top ten entrepreneurs in the same industry at the national level. For the analysis, data on sales volumes and associated prices of bread in forty-four branches within County of Split-Dalmatia in 2022 were used. In the empirical part of the paper, the coefficients of price and income elasticity of demand for selected types of bread were estimated. By comparing the calculated coefficients of price elasticity of demand for selected types of bread before and after the introduction of the pricing campaign, the results point to the conclusion that the demand for bread is price elastic. The range of the calculated coefficients of price elasticity of demand is significantly higher when the campaign is introduced, in other words, the introduction of the pricing campaign reduced the sensitivity of customers to price changes in the short term, i.e. after the end of the pricing campaign sales increase despite the return of prices to the levels that preceded the campaign. Finally, the calculation of the coefficients of income elasticity of demand implies that, for all selected types, bread is considered to be a normal good.

Acquisition as a mode for servitisation: servitisation integration and consequences

PurposeWhile existing literature extensively explores manufacturing firms expanding into services, little is known about the modes of servitisation, the means by which they carry it out. This paper concentrates on acquisitions as a mode of servitisation. Post-acquisition integration is when the potential of an acquisition is realised. The paper therefore aims to categorise types of integrations following the acquisition of servitised firms and discusses their consequences for servitisation.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical part of the paper is based on two case studies, each involving the acquisition of servitised firms. Both acquirers changed their integration approach over time.FindingsThe paper conceptualises three types of integrations: rhetorical, insulated and transformative integrations, indicating whether and how the acquirer becomes servitised following the integration. These highlight the analysis of integration based on business models and customer orientation in relation to servitisation.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to research on servitisation by emphasising acquisitions as a mode of servitisation and conceptualising three integration types related to business models and customer orientations. Furthermore, the paper highlights how an acquirer's servitisation leads to new offerings targeting new customers, as opposed to strengthening existing relationships.

Heroism through the prism of reflections on the country and its future: assessments by generations

The phenomenon of heroism is multifaceted, and it can be viewed as representations of collective memory or through the lens of attitudes towards the country and its future. The theoretical foundation of this research is based, on the one hand, on a philosophical analysis of the semantic meanings of the concepts «hero» and «heroism», including variations in different cultures, and it defines the constants of the national semantics of heroism. On the other hand, it relies on the sociological theory of N. K. Mikhailovsky and the theory of social action, particularly the affective (borderline) theory. It also draws on the developments in creative and relational theories (M. Emirbayer, A. Mische), and relational sociology by P. Donati. The empirical part of the study involves the analysis of data from quota-based online surveys with a random sample, conducted by a group of sociologists and philosophers from the Institute of Sociology of the FCTAS RAS, Tyumen State University, and Vernadsky Crimean Federal University at the beginning of 2023. The survey included 1350 respondents from eight federal districts of the Russian Federation. The research results showed that heroes and heroism remain predominantly associated with the Soviet past, when the names, faces, and destinies of heroes were known from childhood, and the entire era was considered heroic. Heroism was ideologically supported and socially constructed during that time. In the present, heroes are usually depersonalised and associated with a group, such as the military or professionals. Post-Soviet generations had difficulty naming a hero on their own, as for a long time there was no social demand for this type of personality and behaviour. Regarding contemporary Russia, half of the respondents expressed positive feelings of pride, hope, and love, while some felt concern, disappointment, and shame. Furthermore, the clustering of responses indicated that feelings towards Russia are variable and not exclusively dichotomous. Respondents could simultaneously express love, disappointment, and hope. As for the future, respondents were much clearer about their own personal future (70% or more) than about the future of the country. The Soviet generation was more optimistic about the country’s future compared to the post-Soviet generations. This, among other signs, may suggest that post-Soviet generations found themselves in a situation where there was not only no demand for heroic personalities but also the state did not articulate a clear vision of the country’s future. Therefore, they have formed their own view of their personal future, which is seen more clearly and independently of the state’s goalsetting, while heroes and heroism are primarily associated with the Soviet past.

FinTechs Contribution to Sustainable Development

Theoretical background: The FinTechs phenomenon is worth discussing as its multidimensional character causes difficulties not only with defining it but also with assessing the impact of its development on the economy and society. The impact of FinTechs on sustainable development is a relatively new field of research. Thus, the paper presents exploratory research aiming to analyse the current areas of FinTechs activity, the state of their development in Europe, and the state of the art in European research on their impact on sustainable development goals (SDGs) achievement. The study applied both inductive and deductive research methods, together with comparative analysis. Purpose of the article: The paper aims to analyse the European FinTechs landscape in the context of their impact on sustainability reflected by SDGs and prepare the framework for further research in this field. Research methods: The theoretical analysis conducted in the paper for defining FinTechs was based on an in-depth literature review, including scientific papers, documents and reports. In this section, the inductive method and comparative analysis were mostly applied. The empirical part of the paper includes the analysis of quantitative data published by the European Commission and Eurostat. This analysis is primarily based on comparative analysis. The framework for further research in this field is based on a systemic literature review (SLR). In this section, the PRISMA methodology was applied. Main findings: There is no doubt that FinTechs have already influenced the financial systems worldwide. In Europe, their disruptive development motivated the traditional market players to adapt their offerings, strategies and business models. They were perceived as market disruptors at the beginning of their operational activity. Today, the vast majority of authors notice their huge potential as sustainability enablers. The systemic literature review proved the worldwide systematically increasing scientific interest in surveying the FinTechs and their contribution to SDGs achievement. This trend has not yet been observed in Europe. Only a few papers directly refer to the relationship between FinTechs and SDGs achievement in European countries. The results have shed light on existing academic literature embracing both FinTech and SDGs issues in Europe, explored emerging trends in current research, and identified the main areas for further investigation.

Digital Pedagogy: Challenges and Readiness for Learning in Digital Environment

Introduction. The article outlines the development trends of digital pedagogy and learning conditions in the new educational environment. The urgency of the study is justified through changes in technology and methods of providing education, as well as implications in the education sector with digital technologies and digital landscape. All of this helps improve the efficiency of educational activity and its outcome. However, it also requires digital literacy from its users. The novelty lies in identification of digital pedagogy problems and assessment of students' readiness for the implementation of digital tools in learning.Purpose. In our study, we will consider capabilities, challenges, and risks of education in a digital environment in an integrated way.Materials and Methods. We used theoretical methods for the analysis of digitalization state in the Russian and foreign education systems, and current requirements for digital skills of educational process participants. In the empirical part, the questionnaire method regarding teachers’ and students’ readiness level for the digital shift and ability to fully operate with digital educational environment was taken on the broad matter.Results. Various strategies and practices, models, and pedagogical innovations in the didactics development area were analyzed. We have revealed strengths and weaknesses, positive and problematic moments, organizational and didactic issues of learning in the digital landscape. Theoretical and methodological foundations of didactics under the conditions of digital transformation were structured. We analyzed the responses of teachers and students and draw a conclusion about their readiness for the digital shift in education.Discussion. The main factors that impact effective leaning in the digital landscape are stressed. It is proposed that digital pedagogy, as a new direction in science, is bound to answer plenty of questions regarding the digital shift. We have to enrich traditional methodology capabilities with a new content, modern tools and methods of teaching using digital technologies, as well as information and communications means, leaving the best to its side.

Ferramonti, not Palestine: The Failed Aliyah bet of the “Benghazi Group,” 1939–1943

Abstract This article focuses on the journey of “the Benghazi group,” three hundred European Jewish refugees fleeing Nazism, who, for several months in 1940, were stranded in Benghazi, then part of the Italian colonial empire. They organized and attempted to sail from Italy to Palestine in an Aliyah bet voyage, but were eventually forcibly returned to Italy and interned in the Ferramonti camp in the south of the country. Even though the British liberated Ferramonti in 1943, in 1941 and 1942 many Jews had already been transferred to internment locations further north. When Germany occupied Italy in fall 1943, many members of the Benghazi group thus fell victim to the Holocaust. This article examines the possibilities and limitations for self-help and agency among Jewish refugees in Fascist Italy. It describes their experiences in the context of Fascist Italy’s antisemitic policies and the history of Aliyah bet operations, which did not treat Jews in Italy as a high priority for rescue. At the core of this article lies the story of an encounter between central European Jews and the North African Jews of Benghazi. Having spent their last remaining financial means on the journey to Palestine, the members of the Benghazi group became dependent on the extraordinary hospitality of the Libyan Jews, making Benghazi a temporary sanctuary for European Jewish refugees.

Mentalities, classes and the four lines of conflict in the social-ecological transformation

AbstractIn this article, we argue that current societal struggles about whether and how eco-social policy and politics should be implemented to tackle the interlinked challenges of climate change and inequality are an expression of the main societal conflict of our times: the social-ecological transformation conflict. We identify four lines of conflict in the social-ecological transformation and explore how they are related to classes and mentalities. In the theoretical part, we conceptualize classes in social space and mentalities through a Bourdieusian relational approach. We also discuss the location of the four lines of conflict in social space. In the empirical part, we analyze survey data from Germany. Firstly, we find eight mentalities among respondents reflecting their views on various eco-social topics. Secondly, we construct the social space with socio-economic variables for the economic and cultural capital of the respondents. Thirdly, we plot the mentalities in the social space. The results show that the cultural middle class is in favor of eco-social policy, while the upper class and the economic middle class prefer green growth and ecological modernization. The lower-class fractions are skeptical of any transformation because they distrust institutions and cannot bear the transformation costs.

A comparative analysis of students’ attitudćes towards responsibility for sustainable development

This paper presents a part of the theoretical and empirical research related to the topic of lifelong learning in the context of sustainable development. In order to contribute to the acceptance of the global concept of sustainability and its implementation in practice, in the theoretical part we define the term sustainable development, and we emphasize the importance of Agendas and legal acts, the importance of lifelong learning and education about sustainable development, the role of environmental education and the need for the creation of new curricula. In the empirical part, we present the research related to the examination and determination of students' attitudes towards the bearers of responsibility for sustainable development in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Attitudes are examined and determined based on five answers offered in the survey questionnaire. The research included two faculties of the University of Bihać – Islamic Pedagogical Faculty (IPF) and Biotechnical Faculty (BTF). The research convenience sample consisted of 90 student respondents from all years of study (I-IV). In order to conduct the analysis, the methods of surveying, comparison and statistical processing of data by means of a χ2 chi-square test were used. Based on the examination and determination of all answers given by the IPF and BTF student respondents related to the bearers of responsibility for sustainable development, the research results showed that the respondents have a unique view that the responsibility for sustainable development in our country is borne by each individual. Keywords: sustainable development, examination, determination, responsibility

Teaching artificial intelligence in secondary school: from development to practice

Problem statement . Currently, various global and national institutions promote mainstreaming artificial intelligence (AI) technology into training programs for school students. The effectiveness of introducing artificial intelligence into school curricula depends on four factors: 1) defining methodological foundations for creating educational content; 2) selecting and structuring appropriate learning content; 3) adapting the content to the needs of different age groups; 4) integrating the content into school programs. The current study provides theoretical foundations for generating learning content for AI lessons aimed at secondary school students and determines possible ways of integrating that content into school programs. Methodology. The empirical part of the study involved 225 secondary school students aged 11-14 (forms 5 to 9) as well as 125 teachers from comprehensive schools located in Moscow and the Moscow region. Analysis, synthesis, testing and sampling average methods were used. Results. The authors conducted a pilot testing of the developed educational materials, measured students’ AI-related skill and knowledge and processed the obtained data using the method of selective averages. The theoretical research conducted showed the leadership of artificial intelligence training in primary schools, mechanisms for developing learning outcomes in the field of artificial intelligence for primary school students, the opportunity to reveal the possibility of forming the content of artificial intelligence training based on various approaches. The goals and results of teaching the basics of artificial intelligence within the framework of basic school were determined. The content of training was formulated. Conclusion. The research is characterized by scientific and practical novelty, as it helps determine methodological grounds for teaching AI to secondary school students and proposes a detailed unit plan for an AI training course in secondary school.

Clarification and Application of the Category Profit on Alienation

This article presents profit on alienation (POA) as one of the sources of profit in capitalist economies. In addition to identifying and situating POA among other profit flows, we have attempted to operationalize it in the real estate and finance sectors. In the empirical part of the article, we estimate POA in those sectors in Turkey for the period 2010–2019. The extent of estimated profits based on POA in those sectors is not insignificant. These findings confirm our position that utilizing POA in exploring capitalist dynamics would be a fruitful endeavor. JEL Classification: B3, B51, H27, G51

Whiteness is not enough: South Africa and the 1922 responsible government referendum in Southern Rhodesia

Abstract In the 1922 referendum White Southern Rhodesian voters rejected the Union of South Africa in favour of becoming a self-governing part of the British empire. This article will examine White Southern Rhodesian perceptions of South Africa during the referendum, considering historiographic ideas, particularly the ‘British world’, using contemporary newspapers and letters. The argument of this article is that White Southern Rhodesians saw themselves as distinct from White South Africans and that this is emblematic of the complicated nature of the ‘British world’ idea. The ‘British world’ is a useful idea, but it is hindered by the ambiguity of its parameters.

Life Chances Differentiation in Lithuania: Subjective Attitudes of 18–35 Years Old Youth


 
 
 The article examines the subjective attitudes towards life chances of the Lithuanian youth (aged 18–35). Following the concept of life chances introduced by M. Weber (1920) (cited by Grusky 2001), the theoretical aspects of life chances are analysed. The empirical part of the paper is to survey the research results on the life chances of young people in Lithuania in 2023. Based on the analysis of scientific literature and survey research data, we can state that the subjective attitudes of young people to life chances vary depending on age, gender, employment, and parents’ socio-economic status when the respondent is 14–15 years old. The survey research revealed that young people, who are currently not working or studying, or who identify themselves and their family with the lowest social class, most unfavourably evaluate their life chances. The scientific research is funded by the Lithuanian Science Council researchers group’s Project ‘Socio-economic Factors of Youth Life Chances Differentiation in Lithuania’ (Reg. No. S-MIP-22-42, contract date 18.03.2022).
 
 

Testing omitted variables in VARs

A procedure is outlined aiming at testing the bias due to omitted variables in vector autoregressions. The procedure consists first of filtering a vector of omitted variables and then testing the bias. The test does not rely on the availability of the omitted variables, and is based on a comparison between maximum-likelihood with Kalman filter vector autoregression and linear vector autoregression estimates. The empirical part considers two illustrative examples: a univariate regression analysis, based on the rational expectation-augmented Phillips curve; and a VAR with output, inflation and interest rates where a “price puzzle” arises.

Pedagogical education as an area to form teacher inclusive dispositions

Introduction. In recent decades, pedagogical education as a special branch of vocational education has been called upon to solve a qualitatively new task related to satisfying the personnel demand for an intensively expanding inclusive educational practice.Aim. The present research aims to reveal the essential characteristics of the teacher inclusive dispositions formation in the context of her/his professional and personal formation in the process of university education in the system of pedagogical education.Methodology and research methods The research was based on a competency-based approach to the university training of an inclusive school teacher as a professional teacher of a new type within the framework of inclusive educational philosophy. In its empirical part, it was built on the basis of quantitative methodology with the use of correlation design.The final sample of the respondents consisted of 1122 master’s and senior bachelor’s degree students from 33 cities of Russia, mastering different educational programmes in pedagogy. On the basis of informed consent, the students filled out online forms (Yandex Form), which included a set of 4 authored and adapted questionnaires and tests.The empirical data obtained were processed by frequency, comparative and multivariate analysis, using the median test, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. The analysis of the structure of professional dispositions and the internal consistency of the constructed scales was carried out using the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and confirmatory factor analysis. For statistical calculations, the program IBM SPSS Statistics ver.23 and the AMOS module were employed.Results. The structure of relations between the components of inclusive dispositions and the indicators of the teacher professional dispositions is revealed. It is established that inclusive dispositions cannot be considered outside the context of the common teacher professional dispositions, being their integral component, which determines the significance of inclusive dispositions as a resource of professional and personal formation of a teacher.The asynchrony of the formation of inclusive dispositions of future teachers in the process of their university training is revealed, which is found in the status of future school psychologists and teachers of physical culture and life safety more preferable in contrast to future subject teachers.The authors revealed the heterogeneity of inclusive dispositions of future teachers in their correlation with different nosological groups of children with disabilities as potential subjects of school inclusion, which is manifested in the reduction of these dispositions in relation to children with behavioural disorders in comparison with similar dispositions concerning children with sensory, motor and communicative disorders.The conclusion is made that the framework of traditionally organised university training of pre-service teachers has an insufficient effectiveness to solve the problem of inclusive disposition formation among future teachers.Scientific novelty. The research findings are considered theoretically significant as they promote an understanding of the underlying patterns of the formation of inclusive readiness of the teacher, taking into account its dispositional predictors.Practical significance. The empirical materials obtained can be used as a basis for the modernisation of pedagogical education in terms of improving the personality-oriented university training for future teachers’ ability to work in the conditions of inclusion.

Zuhause in der Weltsprache der modernen Poesie

Paul Celan is probably the internationally best-known poet writing in German since World War 2. Coming from the former Romanian province of Bukovina, which had previously been part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, he was originally regarded with scepticism by German literary critics who attributed the novelty of his work to his exotic Eastern European Jewish origins. This paper argues that after years of fascist isolation the critics initially failed to recognise that Celan’s work, far from being strangely exotic, actually represents mainstream modernity and should be seen in the context of a “World language of modern poetry” as defined by Hans Magnus Enzensberger with his anthology of international poetry Museum der modernen Poesie published in 1960. The anthology, to which Celan contributed with translations of Osip Mandel’štam, proved a landmark in the work of reconnecting West Germany with the international literary scene. The paper emphasises the importance of dialogue in Celan’s work and of his links to the tradition of international modernism.

Cultural, philosophical and legal aspects of volunteering in Kyrgyzstan: Current challenges

The relevance of the study of volunteer activity in Kyrgyz society is due to the epistemological need for a comprehensive understanding of this sphere of human activity at the current stage of development of Kyrgyzstan. This is due to the insufficient conceptualisation of this issue in the country's scientific space. This study uses two main theoretical and methodological approaches: axiological and praxeological. The survey method was chosen for the empirical part of the study. The total number of participants in the study was 284. The purpose of the study is to analyse the motivation and features of volunteering in Kyrgyzstan, taking into account historical contexts, current conditions, legal framework, and potential areas of development. Volunteers in Kyrgyzstan actively support educational and cultural projects, focusing on the development of society in these areas. Social projects are less of a priority. The main motivations for volunteers are social responsibility and personal interests, while traditional and religious factors are less important. The professionalisation and standardisation of volunteering is becoming increasingly prominent, given the rational motivations. The main challenges for volunteers and volunteer organisations in the country are lack of funding and resources, difficulties in organising projects, and limited access to professional training for volunteers. Social and legal aid, education, youth support, healthcare and medical care remain priority areas for volunteering in the current environment. Most respondents expressed optimism about the future of volunteering in Kyrgyzstan. They are confident that it will continue to develop and play a more important role in society. Improved funding, stronger cooperation with government agencies by introducing a legal framework for volunteer activities, development of the infrastructure and global cooperation are seen as key factors for effective organisation of volunteer activities and addressing social and legal challenges in the future. The study contains valuable information for government institutions related to volunteering and will be useful for the development of high-quality state policy in this area