Vehicle Parts Research Articles

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND CHARACTERISTICS OF NORMAL NONLINEAR RESONANT OSCILLATIONS OF THE SYSTEM ” SPRUNG AND UNSPRUNG PARTS OF WHEELED VEHICLES”

The authors have discussed the method applicable for the system of sprung-unsprung parts of the vehicle, carrying out vertical oscillations under nonlinear elastic force interactions, which allow evaluating the influence of the elastic characteristics of tires, the suspension system, and road irregularities on the determining parameters of the oscilla-tions of the sprung-unsprung parts. What’s obtained: a) the analytical dependence of natural oscillation frequencies on the system amplitudes and parameters; b) the relationship between the levels of amplitude of the sprung and unsprung parts oscillations, at which an internal resonance occurs; c) the condition for occurrence of the resonance in case of the motor vehicle movement along the road, which is described by the ordered system of inequalities; d) the ratios that set the main parameters of vibrations of the sprung and unsprung parts in case of the resonant and non-resonant vibrations. It is shown that a larger value of the oscillation amplitude of the sprung part corresponds to a larger value of the natural frequency in a suspension system with a progressive law of changes in the elasticity of shock absorbers, and the opposite is true when a regressive law; speaking of shock absorbers and elastic tires with their progressive or regressive power characteristics, a larger value of the oscillation amplitude of the unsprung part corresponds to a larger value of the oscil-lation amplitude of the sprung part, when an internal resonance is possible; for regressive power characteristics of tires and progressive power characteristics of shock absorbers – vice versa; the resonance value of the oscillation amplitude of the unsprung part is higher for the lower speeds of movement with regressive power characteristics of the tires and, on the contrary, – for the progressive power characteristics of tires; the amplitude of the transition through the resonance of the unsprung part takes a larger value for elastic tires with a smaller value of their static deformation and a slower transition to resonance. Keywords: sprung and unsprung parts of the wheeled vehicle, natural frequencies of oscillations, resonant oscillations, internal resonance of the unsprung and sprung parts of the wheeled vehicle.

Revolutionizing Land-Based Vehicle Parts Management: Basis for a Unified Digital Platform for Auto Parts Information Systems

The study provides the basis for a much-needed digital platform one that is consumer-friendly by examining current practices, pain points, and stakeholder requirements. This marketplace aims to aggregate the information of all of the autoparts dealers, suppliers, distributors, and manufacturers centrally for collaboration. Our goal is to reduce TCO and time associated with data access/wait times for real-time insights around inventory management, supply chain visibility, and actionable insights. This study is designed to save the face of the land and rarity-based car parts management at the end, foster efficiency in the automotive industry while taking on sustainability. To be a highly effective, secure and scalable "Autohub System" the design is implemented using several strategies and tactics in database domain.In order to reduce redundancy, this entails using a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) such as MySQL and implementing strategies such table definition, relationship building, and normalization. Indexing helps enhance efficiency while looking for information and to model the autoparts ecosystem we use Entity-Relationship Diagrams (ERD). For stronger security against attacks and availability of data some methods used are concurrency control, adequate back-up and recovery procedures, and encryption of data. Performance tuning and considering scalability are other topics as they focus on the efficiency of work and further increase in the company’s possibilities, whereas data auditing gives them accountability. Altogether these strategies can accurately set the database to cater for the goals that the autoparts management system has to accomplish. It’s the exact same concept with the Autohub System which revolutionizes the conventional autoparts management sector by producing IoT and predictive maintenance, making operations smoother while eliminating waste. It is beneficial for many businesses as they experience reduced costs, less downtime, and an overall increase in productivity. This is true because the indicated system enhances earth-friendly causes since the automotive industry it fosters is more competitive because of worldwide cooperation. The newly introduced system, the Autohub System, has posed a major change in the ways businesses within the autoparts management industry operate today. This is achieved through offering real-time information, supplier control and a clear and user-friendly front-end in order to ensure that it facilitates the tends, procurement and cooperation. Through sustained supplier dynamics, buy order optimization, and analytical proficiency, decision making becomes enhanced tremendously. The long-term feasibility is guaranteed by the very fact of the opportunity to expand on it and adapt to new needs. This technology takes autoparts management to a new level because it has an overall positive impact on the functions of decreasing downtime, improving supplier interaction, and improving the supply chain. Summing up, The Model T exemplifies the milestone in progress toward sustainability and efficiency that shapes the future of the automobile industry.

Analyzing Sales Challenges with Root Cause Analysis to Enhance Business Process

Aims: The purpose of this study is to analyze sales problems of a company using root cause analysis to support business process improvement. Study Design: This study is qualitative approach and uses Root Cause Analysis to analyse the data. Place and Duration of Study: To maintain company confidentiality, this research uses the name of XYZ instead of the actual name. The object of this research is XYZ Company that company engaged in the wholesale trade of car parts and accessories, retail trade of vehicle parts and accessories, between August 2023 and December 2023. Methodology: This study used mixed method approach (qualitative and quantitative).The informants in this study were divided into internal and external sources. Informants from internal sources come from Directors, Commissioners, Area Sales Managers, Finance Administration and Tax Managers, HRGA Managers, and Branch Managers. The external informants of this study are external informants are Senior Trainer Performance Excellence, Founder & Trainer Expert Club Indonesia. The data also collected from results of the meeting minutes at the time of the Sales Gathering, and minutes of branch sales performance evaluation meetings. Results: The results of this study indicates the most dominant cause of the problems are customer database not update, Apps Upgrade and Notifications, Address and location do not match, and Force Majeure conditions (flooding business premises). The solutions are standardization, automation and/or mechanization, and improve sales person capability. Conclusion: Increasing sales is the main thing that top management wants to achieve for all teams under it, to support business process improvement; has been proven by changes in results or ongoing improvement processes using root cause analysis in an effort to resolve problems that occur and continuous improvement or improvement.

Improving the accuracy of milling engravings of dies of large-sized forgings of heavy-duty vehicle parts

The methodic of experiments and construction of a model for control of the geometric accuracy indicators of forgings of massive parts of complex shapes is considered based on an experimental study of the wear of spherical end mills when processing of samples from dies material. The resulting models were used to adjust the tool path. Keywords:milling, die, geometric accuracy, modeling, spherical end mill, wear Safarov-dt@mail.ru, Kpfu.ktomp@yandex.ru

Improved Accuracy of Vehicle Part Detection and Damage Classification using YOLO Algorithm

Improved Accuracy of Vehicle Part Detection and Damage Classification using YOLO Algorithm

Mechanical behavior of glass fiber-reinforced hollow glass particles filled epoxy composites under thermal loading

The use of hollow glass particle-filled fiber-reinforced composites for aircraft applications requires proper understanding of their behavior under in-service temperature conditions in order to exploit their usage in the exterior parts of aircraft and other space vehicles. In this study, the glass fiber reinforced composites containing 0–30 vol% of glass microspheres were subjected to testing for monotonic tensile and flexural loading from room temperature to the test temperature (40°C – 120°C). The evolution of microscopic damage under different temperatures was elucidated by digital image correlation (DIC) strain fields. The strain fields revealed a transition from homogeneous to non-homogeneous pattern as the temperature increases due to softening of the matrix. As the glass microsphere contents in the matrix increased, the tensile and flexural properties of the composites decreased, and their reduction was highest for the specimen containing a 30 vol% microsphere by volume. The tensile properties are slightly decreased by increasing the temperature. The tensile specimens tested at room temperature exhibited limited delamination and fiber pullout, while extensive delamination and fiber splitting occurred in the specimens tested at 120°C. The flexural results of the glass fiber reinforced composite specimens exposed at 120°C demonstrated a considerable decrease in flexural strength compared with room temperature for 0 vol%, 10 vol%, 20 vol% and 30 vol% glass microsphere volume fraction. Finally, the Weibull parametric investigation was performed to model the degradation of modulus for various GMS contents with temperature variations.

Optimization of energy flow in thermal management of electric vehicles based on real vehicle testing and digital twin simulation

The thermal system is one of the most critical parts of electric vehicles since its performance directly affects the vehicle's energy consumption and emissions. The current digital twin technology in the auto industry lacks a thermodynamic model focusing on energy consumption, and the control strategy lacks an adversary model, which does not allow for an in-depth discussion of energy consumption without sufficient use of data. This paper aims to study the optimization of the thermal system coupled energy flow in electric vehicles with digital twin technologies. The vehicle thermal management digital twin technology discussed in this paper establishes the digital twin model of the vehicle thermodynamic system that focuses on energy consumption. Meanwhile, vehicle energy flow experiments are carried out to analyze the energy consumption of key components under typical high energy consumption conditions. Accordingly, this research optimizes the control logic to optimize energy consumption and enhance vehicle ranges without changing the hardware architecture. The results show that after the optimization of the control strategy, the electricity consumption under high-temperature, low-temperature, and dehumidification conditions is reduced by 890 W, 456 W, and 1594.9 W, respectively. The vehicle driving mileages are increased by 12.51 km, 6.16 km, and 22.42 km, respectively.

A Holistic Approach to Cybersecurity Integration in Autonomous Vehicles

The breakthrough of the self-driving car technology is a double-edged sword that gives us incredible opportunities and at the same time, it is the source of huge cybersecurity challenges. This paper champions the creation of a complete legal system and worldwide standards, like the ISO 26262, to regulate different parts of the autonomous vehicle (AV) operations, such as safety testing, liability, data privacy, and cybersecurity. By highlighting the significance of cybersecurity from the very start, the stakeholders and the automakers have to incorporate the practices like secure programming, routine updates, intrusion detection systems and encryption methods which will be the effective shield against the unauthorized access and data breaches. People should be informed and educated about the cybersecurity risks of AVs so that they can take the steps to protect themselves. Nevertheless, the integration of AVs with the Internet of Things (IoT) and other devices makes the cybersecurity landscape even more complicated, which means that there is a constant need for research and development to deal with problems like adversarial attacks. Presently, the deep learning-driven AV systems do not have the explainability which complicates the safety-critical applications, hence the need to increase the resilience training and deepen the deep learning models against attacks. The paper goes through all the literature on AV cybersecurity which stresses the need for functional safety standards and cybersecurity engineering guidelines. Collaboration between the governments, the industry, and the researchers is a must to set the legal foundations and the technical details for the AV cybersecurity across all levels of automation. Finally, solid cybersecurity is the key to the success of the autonomous vehicle revolution, hence the road to transformative safety, efficiency, and sustainability is paved. INDEX TERMS: Autonomous vehicles, Cybersecurity, ISO 26262, Encryption methods, ISO 21434, EU regulations, Security and Privacy.

Micro- and Nano-Pollutants from Tires and Car Brakes Generated in the Winter Season in the Poznan City Urban Environment

This research, focusing on the environmental impact of tire and brake disc pad wear, constitutes a significant area of transport-related studies. These two key vehicle components are not only the most frequently worn but also generate micro- and nano-pollutants (i.e., rubber, metal oxides) that potentially harm the environment. Over half of the globally produced natural and synthetic rubbers, which amounted to about 30 million tons in 2022, are used for tire production. This work focuses on the study of roadside snow, sand, and standing water deposits from various locations in the urban agglomeration (Poznań, Poland) during the winter season, determining their qualitative composition and the quantitative content of pollutants originating from tire abrasion. In addition, the method of washing nano- and micro-rubber particles and their full characteristics was also presented. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic studies, optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), particle size studies using a dynamic light scattering (DLS) particle analyzer, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were conducted for a detailed characterization of the pollutants in the environment. The conducted particle separation methods allowed for the extraction of a fraction mainly containing gum residues with particle sizes less than 2 µm. The results of these tests make it possible to estimate the level of contamination with rubber and metal residues during the abrasion of tires, pads, and brake discs while driving, which is crucial for understanding the impact of vehicle part exploitation on the environment.

Finite Element Analysis and Weight Optimization of Knuckle joint for different Materials by using CAE Tools

The current study involved the analysis of a knuckle joint using finite elements. A mechanical joint with two intersecting cylindrical rods whose axes are in the same plane is called a knuckle joint. Knuckle joint should be designed and manufactured in such a way that it can sustain more load without failure. The objective of the present study is to study knuckle joints made of different materials like aluminum, stainless steel, structural steel, magnesium, and gray cast iron using CAE tools. The CAD model of knuckle joint is made in CATIA V5 R20. The finite element analysis of this CAD model using ANSYS 15 has been carried out to investigate maximum stress and deformation. The CAE results compared with the analytical results using conventional approach. The CAE results have been found close to the analytical results, thus validating the model. The knuckle joint of aluminum is found to have highest factor of safety (1.641) at 50 KN load and is the most the most suitable material for knuckle joint. Weight of vehicle plays an important role in overall performance and fuel efficiency of vehicle. Knuckle joint is a part of vehicle. Hence weight optimization of knuckle joint made of aluminum has been performed using ANSYS 15 and it is observed that weight of knuckle joint made of aluminum can be reduced by 5.08% for 50 KN loading condition. Key Words: Knuckle joint, Finite element analysis, Mechanical joint, Load-bearing capacity, Material selection, CAE tools, Deformation analysis etc.

Thermal characteristics of resistive heating composite panels for the interior parts of railway vehicles

The pandemic of highly infectious diseases like COVID-19 has highlighted the vulnerabilities of public transportation. In particular, railways are more vulnerable due to their dense environment, and the heating system used in winter is a major factor in increasing the transmission and risk of the virus. To improve the existing heating system, a study was conducted to develop a resistive heating composite capable of radiant heating. In this study, the applicability of heating elements, heating performance, and internal thermal deformation factors of laminated panels and sandwich panels used as rail vehicle components were analyzed in detail to consider the actual application of this technology in the railway industry. The experimental results confirmed that both types of panels effectively heated above the target temperature (120℃) in the heating element layer, demonstrating uniform heating characteristics. Additionally, sandwich panel is more affected by thermal deformation compared to the laminate panel. These experimental results are expected to serve as essential foundational data for the effective utilization, safety, and reliability considerations of resistive heating composite materials in real industrial environments.

Finite Element Analysis and weight Optimization of Knuckle joint for different materials by using CAE Tools

The current study involved the analysis of a knuckle joint using finite elements. A mechanical joint with two intersecting cylindrical rods whose axes are in the same plane is called a knuckle joint. Knuckle joint should be designed and manufactured in such a way that it can sustain more load without failure. The objective of the present study is to study knuckle joints made of different materials like aluminum, stainless steel, structural steel, magnesium, and gray cast iron using CAE tools. The CAD model of knuckle joint is made in CATIA V5 R20. The finite element analysis of this CAD model using ANSYS 15 has been carried out to investigate maximum stress and deformation. The CAE results compared with the analytical results using conventional approach. The CAE results have been found close to the analytical results, thus validating the model. The knuckle joint of aluminum is found to have highest factor of safety (1.641) at 50 KN load and is the most the most suitable material for knuckle joint. Weight of vehicle plays an important role in overall performance and fuel efficiency of vehicle. Knuckle joint is a part of vehicle. Hence weight optimization of knuckle joint made of aluminum has been performed using ANSYS 15 and it is observed that weight of knuckle joint made of aluminum can be reduced by 5.08% for 50 KN loading condition. Key Words: Knuckle joint, Finite element analysis, Mechanical joint, Load-bearing capacity, Material selection, CAE tools, Deformation analysis etc.

A mathematical model of the copper plating process in restoration of road transport equipment parts

Introduction. The use of restored parts of motor vehicles makes it possible to reduce the financial costs of repairing equipment. The cost of the restored parts should not exceed 50% of the cost of the new part. Increasing the productivity (deposition rate) of an electrolytic copper coating during the restoration of parts of motor vehicles requires taking into account the technological and economic aspects of the restoration process. The study of the factors (deposition conditions) that most affect the deposition process of the copper coating, the analysis of the experimental results and its statistical processing made it possible to optimize the technology of restoration of copper parts to create the most appropriate deposition modes with maximum productivity, thus reducing the cost of restoration of parts of motor vehicles. The purpose of the research is to develop a mathematical model of the effect of deposition conditions (electrolyte temperature, cathode current density) and electrolyte composition (concentration of copper sulfate and sulfuric acid) on the performance of the deposition process of copper coating, for further development of the most productive technology for restoring collectors of electric motors of motor vehicles.Materials and methods. The studies on equipment that allows obtaining the necessary data with the required accuracy were carried out. Mathematical processing using modern statistical data processing tools that excluded possible errors, providing to obtain the dependence of factors with the necessary accuracy was carried out.Results. In the course of studies of copper sulfate electrolytes to obtain an electrolytic copper coating, with the further development of technology for the restoration of automotive parts, it became necessary to determine the effect of deposition conditions – “factors” (cathode current density, electrolyte temperature, copper sulfate concentration, sulfuric acid concentration) on the deposition rate – “response”. It was found that the factor “cathode current density” and the combination of factors “cathode current density” and “sulfuric acid concentration” are the most significant. The deposition conditions in order to obtain the most productive technology for restoring collectors of electric motors of motor vehicles by depositing a copper coating have been optimized. According to the obtained model, the optimal values of the deposition conditions for obtaining the maximum deposition rate are the electrolyte temperature of 35...40 ° C, the cathode current density of more than 5 A/Dm2, the concentration of copper sulfate 200...250 g/l, the concentration of sulfuric acid 40...70 g/l.

What Drives Property Insurance Demand in Croatia?

Abstract Property insurance is an important part of risk management, insurance coverage and vehicle of catastrophic losses financing. In developed countries, property insurance plays an important role in the structure of non-life premium, while in developing markets, such as Croatian, property insurance penetration is rather low. Unfortunately, the recent earthquakes in Zagreb (Croatia) and the surrounding area in 2020 have once again highlighted a large protection gap, resulting in a dominant role of government in financing catastrophic losses. The aim of this paper is to discuss and investigate the factors that determinate property insurance demand in Croatia. Using the VAR (Vector AutoRegression) methodology extended via spillover index approach, we analyse a comprehensive data set ranging from the economic, financial, social to insurance indicators. The conclusions of this research point that some of the expected drivers of insurance demand such as mortgage loans, consumer confidence and loss experience, are not important in Croatia, and that property insurance is dominantly driven by economic development.

APPLICATION OF TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION ON A 3D-PRINTED SHELF BRACKET

In this study, the topology optimization approach was adopted to reduce the material used in manufacturing. Specifically, the mass optimization technique was deemed suitable. Mass optimization eliminates the parts that don't affect a bracket’s overall strength while under load, resulting in weight reduction and material savings. Two shelf brackets were designed to test this theory and were subjected to mass optimization. A static structural analysis of this optimized model was carried out to confirm the optimization findings. These designs were then manufactured using the 3D-printing process. The yield points were next determined by performing a uniaxial tensile test on the shelf brackets. The outcome of the tests was subsequently compared with the simulation results, and a cost analysis model was created as an output. Ultimately, a reduction of 70% in mass was achieved with acceptable structural strength. In related optimization studies, the connecting part of an unmanned aerial vehicle's landing gear has been optimized resulting in fuel savings. The theory that topology optimization may be used to make both light and stiff parts at the same time has been proven by the results of this research as well as other studies that have been done on the same topic.

Analisis Kinerja Bisnis Jasa Carbon Dan Painting Carbon Plus Di Kota Palembang

Carbon Plus is an automotive business specializing in Carbon Kevlar products, which are made from carbon kevlar fibers and can be used as coatings for vehicle parts, both for cars and motorcycles, as well as other components. The business offers three services: carbon skinning, carbon repairing, and painting. Located at Sakura I Street, Palembang, Carbon Plus plans to promote its services through Instagram and ads on social media.. The performance analysis of the Carbon Kevlar business is conducted by considering financial, operational, market, risk, innovation, and sustainability aspects to evaluate the efficiency, profitability, and social and environmental impact of Carbon Kevlar production and marketing activities. The main focus is on increasing revenue, production efficiency, market dominance, risk management, product innovation, and corporate social responsibility.

Fractional-Order PIλDμ Control to Enhance the Driving Smoothness of Active Vehicle Suspension in Electric Vehicles

The suspension system is a crucial part of an electric vehicle, which directly affects its handling performance, driving comfort, and driving safety. The dynamics of the 8-DoF full-vehicle suspension with seat active control are established based on rigid-body dynamics, and the time-domain stochastic excitation model of four tires is constructed by the filtered white noise method. The suspension dynamics model and road surface model are constructed on the Matlab/Simulink simulation software platform, and the simulation study of the dynamic characteristics of active suspension based on the fractional-order PIλDμ control strategy is carried out. The three performance indicators of acceleration, suspension dynamic deflection, and tire dynamic displacement are selected to construct the fitness function of the genetic algorithm, and the structural parameters of the fractional-order PIλDμ controller are optimized using the genetic algorithm. The control effect of the optimized fractional-order PIλDμ controller based on the genetic algorithm is analyzed by comparing the integer-order PID control suspension and passive suspension. The simulation results show that for optimized fractional-order PID control suspension, compared with passive suspension, the average optimization of the root mean square (RMS) of acceleration under random road conditions reaches over 25%, the average optimization of suspension dynamic deflection exceeds 30%, and the average optimization of tire dynamic displacement is 5%. However, compared to the integer-order PID control suspension, the average optimization of the root mean square (RMS) of acceleration under random road conditions decreased by 5%, the average optimization of suspension dynamic deflection increased by 3%, and the average optimization of tire dynamic displacement increased by 2%.

Trajectory Tracking Control Design for 4WS Vehicle Based on Particle Swarm Optimization and Phase Plane Analysis

With the rapid development of today’s society, the traffic environment has become more and more complex. As an essential part of intelligent vehicles, trajectory tracking has attracted significant attention for its stability and safety. It is prone to poor accuracy and instability in extreme working conditions like high speed. In this paper, a trajectory tracking control strategy to ensure lateral stability at a high speed and low attachment limit conditions is proposed for distributed drive vehicles. The model predictive controller (MPC) was used to control the front wheel angle, and the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was designed to optimize the MPC control parameters adaptively. The sliding mode controller controls the rear wheel angle, and the vehicle instability degree is judged by analyzing the β − β˙ phase plane. The controllers of different instability degrees are designed herein. Finally, a torque divider is designed to consider the actuation anti-slip. The designed controller is verified by Carsim and MATLAB-Simulink co-simulation. The results show that the trajectory tracking controller designed in this paper effectively improves the tracking accuracy under the premise of ensuring stability.

Assessment of Wear Resistance of Galvanic Coatings of Restored Parts

The article deals with the analysis of the wear resistance characteristics of composite galvanic coatings using molybdenum disulfide as a solid lubricant on restored parts of the transport vehicles and tractors on a friction path of 500 m. The experiments demonstrated that the wear products of the sample adhere to the counterbody; the size of the wear track of the sample ranges from 328.4 to 386.5 μm; the depth of the wear groove on the surface of the sample is up to 5 µm; friction coefficient of the sample surface – 0.243-1.002; the wear factor of a counterbody made of Stainless Steel AISI 420 having the value of microhardness of 8 GPa and the coating of microhardness of 4.518 GPa is 0.019 and 1.676, respectively. The conducted studies showed that the developed technology for restoring and strengthening worn parts makes it possible to ensure the necessary tribological properties of coatings and a long service life of the restored parts.

Implement Standard UDS Diagnostics over can for Automotive Actuator ECU

Electronic control units (ECUs) are an integral part of modern vehicles, controlling everything from safety procedures and system diagnostics to engine optimization. These ECUs need to work flawlessly to keep the vehicle reliable and efficient. The aim of this project is to use Controller Area Network (CAN) and Unified Diagnostic Services (UDS) communication systems to diagnose ECUs in vehicles (specifically those that control the engine). The main goal of this project is to create a comprehensive diagnostic system specifically designed for vehicle ECUs with the aim of improving engine diagnostics and improving vehicle maintenance procedures. The project combines UDS and CAN, two communication methods widely used in the automotive industry, to achieve these goals and provide effective communication between diagnostic tools and ECUs.