Partnership Patterns Research Articles

Income Levels and Factors That Influence the Unsustainability of Cassava (Manihot Utilissima) Partnership in Lampung Province, Indonesia

Lampung Province is the largest cassava center in Indonesia. The cassava partnership pattern developed in Lampung as an effort by companies and farmers to increase production and obtain optimal benefits for each party. Unfortunately, many partnerships failed and eventually ended in the middle. This study aims to analyze the income of partner cassava farmers and non-partner cassava farmers and the factors leading to cease of the cassava partnership in Lampung Province, Indonesia. This study was conducted using a survey method in the central locations of cassava production and tapioca agroindustry centers in Lampung Province from July to September 2018. The number of sample farmers was 126 cassava farmers (63 farmers conducted partnerships and 63 farmers had not been in partnership). Data were analyzed by descriptive quantitative method. Analysis of the factors that influence farmers’ decisions to do partnership was assessed using logistic regression. Research of cash income of partner cassava farmers was Rp 22,855,464.79 per ha and cash income of non-partner cassava farmers was Rp 13,819,044.20. The factors that influence the decision of cassava farmers in partnerships were land area, cassava farming experience, and farming income. Although promising, many partnership patterns of agricultural products, particularly cassava in Lampung, have discontinued (break-off partnerships). The unsustainability of cassava partnership in Lampung was caused by the violations committed by farmers by selling their crops to other companies/factories and then the companies/factories paid cheaper price compared to other companies/factories that did not have partnerships with farmers.

The Livestock Partnership Development Strategy between Companies and Farmers in Greater Aceh Regency

The partnership may unite the interests of farmers and companies as the providers of livestock production facilities. The partnership pattern can be used to overcome various kinds of shortcomings faced by smallholder farmers in Greater Aceh Regency, in case that sometimes the partnership model often causes criticism and suspicion that lead to dissension. This research aimed to find out the strategy of developing livestock partnership patterns between companies and broiler breeders in Greater Aceh Regency. The results of the study showed that the livestock partnership development strategy between companies and breeders in Greater Aceh Regency are 1) Expanding marketing and promotion networks, 2) Increasing collaboration with academics and stakeholders in developing broiler livestock, 3) Increasing livestock cultivation resources and market information, 4) Strengthening business institutional in the field of production to meet market needs, 5) Certiifying the availability of quantity and ensuring the quality of livestock and conduct training / coaching for breeders, 6) Strengthening cooperative relations with partners and organizations that reinforce the livestock facilities, 7) Improving the quality of human resources in field staff and improving supervision in guidance and 8) Maximizing the use of facilities and infrastructure that are available.

PERANAN FIELD OFFICER PT VASHAM KOSA SEJAHTERA DALAM PROGRAM KEMITRAAN DENGAN PETANI JAGUNG DI KECAMATAN KETAPANG KABUPATEN LAMPUNG SELATAN

This study aims to determine the partnership patterns that are applied and analyze the roles of facilitators in partnership programs, the relationship between the roles of the facilitators and the productivity of farmer partners, the relationship between production and income of farmer partners, and the differences in productivity and income of farmer partners of PT Vasham Kosa Sejahtera and non-partners. This location was chosen purposively with consideration that South Lampung Regency is the largest corn production center in Lampung Province and Ketapang District, where there are most partner farmers of PT Vasham Kosa Sejahtera in South Lampung Regency. Respondents were 50 partner farmers and 50 non-partner farmers. This research method uses a survey method, descriptive analysis and rank Spearman correlation test. The results showed that the partnership pattern that was established with partner corn farmers belonged to the pattern of Agribusiness Operational Cooperation (KOA). The role of Field Officers PT Vasham Kosa Sejahtera in the partnership program as a whole is quite a role. There is no significant relationship beetwen role of field officer and productivity of partner farmer corn farming. There is significant relationship between production and income of partner farmers corn farming. There is diferenece productivity of partner farmers and non-partner farmers corn farming and no difference between income of partner farmers and non-partner farmers corn farming.Key words: corn farming, facilitators, farmers, partnerships, rolesThis study aims to determine the partnership patterns that are applied and analyze the roles of facilitators in partnership programs, the relationship between the roles of the facilitators and the productivity of farmer partners, the relationship between production and income of farmer partners, and the differences in productivity and income of farmer partners of PT Vasham Kosa Sejahtera and non-partners. This location was chosen purposively with consideration that South Lampung Regency is the largest corn production center in Lampung Province and Ketapang District, where there are most partner farmers of PT Vasham Kosa Sejahtera in South Lampung Regency. Respondents were 50 partner farmers and 50 non-partner farmers. This research method uses a survey method, descriptive analysis and rank Spearman correlation test. The results showed that the partnership pattern that was established with partner corn farmers belonged to the pattern of Agribusiness Operational Cooperation (KOA). The role of Field Officers PT Vasham Kosa Sejahtera in the partnership program as a whole is quite a role. There is no significant relationship beetwen role of field officer and productivity of partner farmer corn farming. There is significant relationship between production and income of partner farmers corn farming. There is diferenece productivity of partner farmers and non-partner farmers corn farming and no difference between income of partner farmers and non-partner farmers corn farming. Key words: corn farming, facilitators, farmers, partnerships, roles

IMPLEMENTASI DAN FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMENGARUHI PETERNAK DALAM MEMILIH BERUSAHA TERNAK AYAM BROILER MELALUI POLA KEMITRAAN INTI PLASMA DI KOTA KENDARI

This study aims to analyzing the implementation of broiler chicken business contracts, analyzing the factors that influence breeders to choose broiler breeding businesses with a partnership pattern, and comparing the finances between broiler business farmers in partnership with independent pattern broiler chicken businesses Kendari by using 66 respondents determined through the census method. Data is estimated by; descriptive analysis, binary logistic regression analysis and analysis of independent sample t test. The results showed that: the level of implementation of chicken business contracts in Kendari City depends on the high category, which means that the implementation of the contract has been going well, but some attributes still need to be improved, including three variables related to farmers to choose a broiler chicken business through a partnership pattern, namely; the level of income of independent farmers is higher than the level of income of farmers in the partnership pattern per maintenance cycle. However, the level of income of farmers per year from the two groups was not significantly different.Keywords: breeders; broilers chickens; partnership patterns; nucleus-plasma

Analysis of Farmer’s Perception of Partnership Patterns in Bumi Dipasena Indonesia

The aim of this study is to find out perceptions of farmers regarding the partnership relationship that is carried out on the earth dipasena and whether the applicable partnership pattern is in accordance with the people's economic system. There are several types of economic systems that are carried out in Indonesia. Two of them are the populist economic system and the democratic Economic system. The populist economic system is based on people's independence or in other words, from the people, by the people, and for the people. While, the Democratic Economic System is an economic system that refers to the mandate of the national constitution, so that an idiomatic and constitutional foundation is a legal product that regulates (related to) the life of the national economy. This study uses a case study methodology. The result is not all dimensions of people's economy. The result is not all dimensions of people's economy have been reflected in the implementation of the shrimp farming business in Dipasena Jaya Village. Keywords: Perception, Partnership Patterns, Economic system DOI : 10.7176/JESD/10-4-16

Program Humas Perum Perhutani Jawa Barat dan Banten dalam Membina Hubungan Baik dengan Publik Eksternal

Background this study was the importance of the external Public is a major factor which is important, obviously, is progressing and the withdrawal of a company specified by the customer or the public. The pattern of partnerships in Forestry Department started since year 2001 based on the decision letter of the Board of Trustees Perhutani No. 136 of the year 2001 of a joint forest management community. The investor is the most important external public because investors became the biggest revenue or income for the Perhutani. The methods used in this research is qualitative research methods with the design of the study cases. Because the purpose of this research is to understand the object examined in depth, outlines, describe and interpret comprehensively about various aspects of individuals that represent a company are in the scope of the problems examined. The concept used in this study is Ekternal Relations and Investor Relations how the Perhutani Regional Division of West Java and Banten in serving the interests of a wide range of External public groups especially in working together manage forest products or make use of the empty forest land. Therefore, public relations plays an important role in living a good relationship between the company with investors. This research aims to find out how to program Publicist in fostering good relations with the Public, especially in External relations well with investors.

Research collaboration on community health worker programmes in low-income countries: an analysis of authorship teams and networks

ABSTRACTBackground: Global health research partnerships, which promote the exchange of ideas, knowledge and expertise across countries, are considered key to addressing complex challenges facing health systems. Yet, many studies report inequalities in these partnerships, particularly in those between high and low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs).Objective: This paper examines global research collaborations on community health worker (CHW) programmes, specifically analysing the structures of authorship teams and networks in publications reporting research on CHW programmes in low-income countries (LICs).Methods: A sub-set of 206 indexed journal articles reporting on CHW programmes in LICs was purposefully selected from a prior review of research authorship on CHW programmes in all LMICs over a five year period (2012–2016). Data on country and primary organisational affiliation and number of publications for all individual authors, programme area (e.g. maternal child health) and total citations per paper were extracted and coded in excel spreadsheets. Data were then exported and analysed in Stata/ICV.14 and Gephi.Results: The 206 papers were authored by 1045 authors from 299 institutions, based in 43 countries. Half (50.1%) the authors came from LIC-based institutions, 43.8% from high-income country (HIC) institutions, 2.9% from middle-income country (MIC) institutions and 3.2% had different first affiliations in different publications. Authors based in the USA (302) and UK (68) accounted for just over a third (35.4%) of all authors. Partnership patterns revealed a primary mode of North–South collaboration with authors from the US, and to a lesser extent the UK, playing central bridging roles between institutions. Strong network clusters of multiple-affiliated authors were evident in research on MCH and HIV/TB aspects of CHW programmes.Conclusion: Knowledge production on CHW programmes in LICs flows predominantly through a pool of connected HIC authors and North–South collaborations. There is a need for strategies harnessing more diverse, including South–South, forms of partnership.

STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN MATA PENCAHARIAN ALTERNATIF UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PENDAPATAN RUMAH TANGGA NELAYAN DI PULAU KODINGARENG KOTA MAKASSAR

This study aims to: (1) To indentify socio-economic characteristicsof fishing communities in Kodingareng island; (2) Formulate alternative livelihoodsto increase the income of fisherman households in kodingareng village; (3)Develop alternative livelihoodsto increase the income of fisherman households in kodingareng village of Makassar. The research was conducted on 01 September to 31 October 2018 on the Kodingareng Island of Makassar City. The method used in this study is: descriptive analysis, business feasibility analysis, and SWOT analysis. The results of the study indicate that alternative livelihoods that are feasible to develop are fiberglass manufacturing business, abon fish processing business, and fish cracker processing business. Suggestions and strategies that need to be considered include : (1) Conduct socialization, counseling and technical training in the hope that that the community, especially fisherman when not fishing, will continue to increase economic income but not conduct destructive activities; (2) Reactivate processing groups with guidance and supervision starting from raw material preparation, production, distribution, and marketing processes; (3) Need to get support and facilitation from the government, related to alterntive livelihoods that will be developed such as technical assistance and building business partnership patterns to obtain capital provision and broader market access.

Financial Analysis of Broiler Farm Business in Batu Penjamuran Village Sub District Namorambe (Case Studies on farms Andarias with partnership patterns)

This research was conducted Batu Penjamuran Village Namorambe sub district. The research was conducted in June until December 2016. Research method used was case study at broiler farm Andarias. The location determination in this study was conducted directly on the basis that livestock farming Andarias was a potential farm and has had never been analyzed its business feasibility. This research was used data collection method by observation and direct interview to farmer Andarias. This research showed the income earned by breeder Andarias, in the year 2014 to 2016 sequantially each month as much as Rp. 9.327.568, Rp. 5.508.219, and Rp. 9.023.066.NPV value of 250,784,644, IRR of 66.58% and R / C of 1.08% which could then be declared as a reasonable information. Therefore, the conclusions generated by the researcher was a livestock business by Mr. Andarias expressed could be continued and developed.

Analisis Pendapatan Usaha Ayam Broiler pada Pola dan Skala Yang Berbeda di Peternakan Rakyat Kabupaten Lumajang

This research aims to analyze the difference in the level of revenues savor independent patterns and patterns of partnership at different scales, analyze business patterns and scale venture capable of producing the most income levels are high, analyze the relationship between the pattern and scale of effort against the income level, as well as to analyze the influence of factors of production costs against revenue level savor in Lumajang. Research conducted from 1 July until 31 September 2017 using data at one time production period. Sampling determined deliberately by grouping the respondents based on a combination of the pattern of independent business and partnerships, as well as household business scale, small, and medium. The population that used as many as 60 breeders consisting of 10 samples in each group of a combination of patterns and business scale. Data analysis is an analysis of income and multiple linear regression analysis. Bound variables in this study are the level of revenues savor (Y), with free variables that comprise the cost of day-old chick (X1), feed (X2), vaccines, medications, vitamins, and disinfectants (X3), laborer (X4), preparation cost of enclosure and fuel (X5), electricity (X6), depreciation cost of enclosure and equipment (X7), and the pattern of effort selected breeders (D) to run his business. The results of the analysis showed that the level of income breeders partnership is higher than a standalone pattern breeder (3.169 rupiahs > 2.801 rupiahs), whereas small-scale dairy farmers income levels greater than large-scale ranchers and scale house appliances (3.926 rupiahs > 2.564 rupiahs > 2.466 rupiahs). Combinations of patterns of partnership with small-scale yielding the highest income levels compared to the pattern and scale of other businesses. Multiple linear regression analysis results on F test shows that that simultaneously throughout the free variables (X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, and D) effect significantly to the variable (Y). Results on t-test showed that partially variables X1, X2, X3, X4, X7 and influential significantly to variable Y, whereas the variable X5, X6, and D do not affect significantly to the variable Y.Keywords : Income level, Business pattern, and Business scale.

The DISCUSSING CLINIC COOPERATION AND SMEs IN TANGERANG CITY

COOPERATIVE CLINIC and SME is intended as a forum for consultation and mentoring activities for Cooperatives and Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Tangerang City. COOPERATIVE CLINICS and SMEs are made on the proposal procedurally through consultation and submission to the local government through the Office of Cooperatives and SMEs Tangerang City. COOPERATIVE CLINICS AND SMEs in line with the Tangerang City Medium Term Development Plan (RPJMD) 2014-2018 where the realization through the establishment and development of empowerment sector of Cooperatives and SMEs in supporting local economic activities based on local resources. This is done as a government effort in increasing economic growth, employment, and increasing people's purchasing power by strengthening synergy among regional economic sectors. CLINIC COOPERATION and SMEs are under the control of the Office of Cooperatives and SMEs Tangerang City. CLINIC COOPERATION and SMEs at least can overcome some classic problems such as: capital access problems, management problems, product quality problems, limited access to markets, the ability of human resources and institutional cooperatives and SMEs, cooperative and SME partnership patterns with large businesses, the role and capacity of cooperatives and SMEs have not been optimal, and have not memdainya access cooperatives and SMEs to productive resources. CLINIC COOPERATION and SMEs attached and become the work program of Cooperatives and SMEs Tangerang City. To run CLINIC COOPERATIVES and SMEs, the Office of Cooperatives and SMEs can form a TEAM represented by elements of the Office, cooperative practitioners, academics and communities that meet the required criteria. Working mechanism that has been prepared can be run by TIM through Decree (SK) Head of Department of Cooperatives and UMKM. To carry out its activities the Dinas Koperasi and UMKM need to facilitate the building or work space, then the cost incurred from this activity is fully returned to the Office of Cooperatives and SMEs Tangerang City Government. Keywords: Kopersi Clinic and Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (UMKM)

The DISCUSSING CLINIC COOPERATION AND SMEs IN TANGERANG CITY

COOPERATIVE CLINIC and SME is intended as a forum for consultation and mentoring activities for Cooperatives and Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Tangerang City. COOPERATIVE CLINICS and SMEs are made on the proposal procedurally through consultation and submission to the local government through the Office of Cooperatives and SMEs Tangerang City. COOPERATIVE CLINICS AND SMEs in line with the Tangerang City Medium Term Development Plan (RPJMD) 2014-2018 where the realization through the establishment and development of empowerment sector of Cooperatives and SMEs in supporting local economic activities based on local resources. This is done as a government effort in increasing economic growth, employment, and increasing people's purchasing power by strengthening synergy among regional economic sectors. CLINIC COOPERATION and SMEs are under the control of the Office of Cooperatives and SMEs Tangerang City. CLINIC COOPERATION and SMEs at least can overcome some classic problems such as: capital access problems, management problems, product quality problems, limited access to markets, the ability of human resources and institutional cooperatives and SMEs, cooperative and SME partnership patterns with large businesses, the role and capacity of cooperatives and SMEs have not been optimal, and have not memdainya access cooperatives and SMEs to productive resources. CLINIC COOPERATION and SMEs attached and become the work program of Cooperatives and SMEs Tangerang City. To run CLINIC COOPERATIVES and SMEs, the Office of Cooperatives and SMEs can form a TEAM represented by elements of the Office, cooperative practitioners, academics and communities that meet the required criteria. Working mechanism that has been prepared can be run by TIM through Decree (SK) Head of Department of Cooperatives and UMKM. To carry out its activities the Dinas Koperasi and UMKM need to facilitate the building or work space, then the cost incurred from this activity is fully returned to the Office of Cooperatives and SMEs Tangerang City Government. Keywords: Kopersi Clinic and Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (UMKM)

FLAGSHIP UNIVERSITY ROLE IN PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PRACTICES

The case presented in the article describes the experience of organizing and functioning of initiative groups from Petrozavodsk State University conducting research in the field of public and administrative communication. This experience was accompanied with expert activities and organizing dialogue involving university representatives and public and administrative institutions of the region in the context of tasks determined by the status of pillar university. The aim of the article is to define possible forms of university community influence on forming public agenda in the region in the context of pillar university development asks based on the description of social involvement parameters of university initiative groups created in 2015-2017. Because of obtaining the status of pillar university in 2017 PetSU focused the main vector of university development on solving the tasks of forming innovation infrastructure and organizational design which suggests implementation of renewed mission and strengthening the social role of the university in the region. Alongside with actualization of university interaction with main stakeholders ensuring stable regional development existing practices of university public participation in intersectoral interaction system also play an important role. Many of them result from implementing strategic development program «University complex of PetSU in academic and educational space of European North: innovation development strategy» (2012-2016 гг.). Since 2015 within this program several initiative projects on studying public and administrative interaction in Republic of Kareliya were conducted. Peculiar features of organizing and implementing these projects are analyzed in this article. The results of project activities were used as the basis for forming overall interaction system for initiative groups’ members and external partners, authorities and republic administration, public consulting structures and public organizations. Practical use of experience in organizing interdisciplinary teams and results of initiative projects are reviewed in the discourse of university third mission. The forms of social involvement presented in this case can be used in constructing interaction between pillar university with main actors participating in the process of regional development management. Project materials are analyzed with the help of such methods as event - analysis, comparison, structural and functional analysis in the framework of «case-study» research strategy. Case review is preceded by literature review on the topic of university social role. Original nature of this article is in the analysis of pillar university participation in the system of communication between public and administration. Use of experience allowing for defining social partnership patterns in the process of forming regional agenda demonstrates opportunities which are initially seen in intersectoral dialogue at the local level in the context of solving individual tasks. Multiplication of interaction cases gives cumulative effect which reveals new opportunities of university influence on the state of regional public sphere. Presented information can have practical implementation in renewing forms of social involvement as an integral part of the third mission. Generalization of existing social partnership practices is important for organizing interaction with regional society on a higher level of pillar university development management.

Concurrency and other sexual partnership patterns reported in a survey of young people in rural Northern Tanzania.

African adolescents and young adults remain at substantial risk of infection with HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and AIDS is the leading cause of death among African adolescents (10–19 years). Sexual partnership patterns influence transmission risk of sexually transmitted infections. We describe patterns reported by youth (15-30y) in a community-based survey in Tanzania. Among participants reporting multiple partners, we investigated factors associated with reported concurrency. Female (N = 6513) and male (N = 7301) participants had median ages of 21 and 22 years, respectively. Most participants (92%) reported having previously been sexually active, of whom 15% of males and <1% of females reported ≥4 partners in the past year. The point prevalence of concurrency was 2.3% (95%CI 1.9–2.9) for females and 10.6% (95%CI 9.3–12.1) for males. High levels of multiple and concurrent partnerships were reported by those previously married. Females were more likely than males to report having spousal/regular partners and longer partnership lengths. Compared to males, the partnerships reported by females were less likely to be new partnerships, and more likely to be defined by the respondent as still ‘ongoing’. Females reporting younger sexual debut were more likely to report concurrent sexual partners. Far fewer young women reported multiple and concurrent partnerships, but we cannot definitively conclude that concurrency was uncommon for women, because stigma towards women’s multiple sexual partnerships might contribute to substantial under-reporting, as was found in extensive qualitative research in the study population. This study provides one of the most comprehensive quantitative descriptions of partnership patterns of young people in an African setting. Interventions addressing sexual risk among youth should involve male partners, empower women to protect themselves within different types of partnerships, and encourage a greater openness about young people’s sexual relationships.

POTENSI PEMANFAATAN LAHAN TIDUR DALAM UPAYA MENDUKUNG KEBERLANJUTAN PROGRAM MHR (MENGELOLA HUTAN RAKYAT) ANTARA PT. MHP DAN WARGA SEKITAR

The purpose of this research for 1. Identify the potential of community land based on the size of the geophysical environment. 2. Analyze which combinations of commodities can be optimized to generate maximum income-income as an indicator of the realization of the MHR partnership. This research was conducted at Talang Ubi Sub-district Muara Enim Regency. This research was conducted from October 2016 until May 2017. The research method used is case study method with 46 farmers. Based on the results of research that has been done then can be drawn conclusion, as follows: 1. Potential of farmers' sleeping land in Talang Ubi Sub-district, still big enough that is 3.52 ha in average. With 58.7% of the land owned by farmers is considered flat, and 30.43% of the land is classified as sloping, and the remaining 10.87% is considered steep, and the physical condition of the land suitable for planting acacia. 2. The combination of recommended crop commodities on the farmers' sleeping land to meet the maximum revenue target, and land cultivation is the acacia, jengkol and banana commodities in the Planting Group I (K MT) I, Cassava Seasons I (MT) I at K MT II, (MT) I and II at MT II and III, Plant Seeds I (MT) I at MT IV K and MT II and III beans on K MT V and VI. Revenue expectations of farmers has reached the expected target of Rp85.954.681,41 which means that when viewed from the conditions of income expectations, partnership patterns MHR will be easy to build.

The Strengthening of Regional Competitiveness Through the Partnership Model of Fresh Water Fish farming in Muaro Jambi Regency

The pattern of the partnership is one solution to help the problems faced by farmers catfish, catfish farmers in the district of Kumpeh Uluh Muaro Jambi of regency has a broad enough market share, not only in the province of Jambi alone but has been extended to the provinces of Riau and South Sumatra. While catfish farmers have a market contraints. Subcontracting partnership pattern and the pattern of general trade partnerships, could not break the problem of catfish farmers, especially in meeting the needs of the market. The purpose of the study was to determine the existing condition of catfish farmers in the district of Ulu Kumpeh Muaro Jambi of Regency, and how to model a partnership as a reinforcement of the competitiveness of catfish farmers in the district of Ulu Kumpeh Muaro Jambi of Regency. The method used was a case study with descriptive research type. A sample of 50 respondents. How sampling was done purposive sampling. Technical analysis of data using descriptive analysis. The results show that the pattern of subcontracting partnership and general partnership pattern of trade has not been implemented in accordance UU No 20 in 2008 when a partnership is not profitable catfish farmers and government intervention is not maximized as a coordinator, facilitator and supervisor (UU No 20 Tahun 2008 tentang Usaaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah, 2008). Pattern of Partnership Plasma core is a partnership model that can improve the performance of farmers catfish, involving BUMDes (the core) to implement downstream fishery policy (marketing), and provider of capital, together with state-owned enterprises, and universities to transfer knowledge is and transfer of technology, so that catfish of farmer (as plasma) competitiveness. The study results recommend to make a model of partnership pattern plasma core, Partner is BUMDes and catfish farmers (as plasma). The government increased its function as a facilitator, coordinator, and supervisor in partnership pattern plasma core

ANALISIS USAHATANI TEMBAKAU POLA KEMITRAAN DAN MANDIRI DI DESA LAMUK KECAMATAN TLOGOMULYO KABUPATEN TEMANGGUNG

One of the plantation sub-sector is now growing quite significantly is tobacco, where most farmers grow tobacco because this plant is considered to provide more added value when compared to other subsectors. Temanggung is known for quality tobacco than the tobacco of any area. To overcome the problem of capital and other issues, the majority of tobacco farmers in Temanggung working with the company’s domestic tobacco industry. Through this business partnership is expected to be fast so that the mutualistic symbiosis flaws and limitatation faced by tobacco farmers can be resolved. This study aims to : (1) knowing the production and the factors that influence the producton of tobacco and independent partnership (2) tp find out the income and factors that affect farm income on tobacco and independent partnership (3) to find out the allocative efficiency of input use on tobacco farming and independent partnership (4) knowing the risks of production and the risk of tobacco farm income.This study uses secondary data and primary by taking 60 farmers sample of 30 farmers and 30 farmers partnership patterns independently. To determine tha factors affecting farm production and income patterns of tobacco use and independent partnership Ordinary Least Square regression (OLS), to know the iffernce between the tobacco farm income and independent partnership used different test, to determine the allocative efficiency an production risk and income risk using coeffisien variation.Based on the result of the analysis indicate that the factors that influence the production is labor, the amount of organic fertilizer, the amount of inorganic fertilizrr, pesticides and dummy partnership, while the factors that affect revenue is the price of pesticide, land area, and dummy partnership. From the test resultas show the efficiency, not allocative efficient. Production risk and the risk of partnership income of farmers is higher than the patterm of independent farmers.

Exploring interhospital transfers and partnerships in the hospital sector in New South Wales, Australia.

Objective The aim of the present study was to explore characteristics of interhospital transfers (IHT) and sharing of care among hospitals in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Methods Data were extracted from patient-level linked hospital administrative datasets for separations from all NSW acute care hospitals from 1 July 2013 to 30 June 2015. Patient discharge and arrival information was used to identify IHTs. Characteristics of patients and related hospitals were then analysed. Results Transfer-in patients accounted for 3.9% of all NSW admitted patients and, overall, 7.3% of NSW admissions were associated with transfers (IHT rate). Patients with injuries and circulatory system diseases had the highest IHT rate, accounting for one-third of all IHTs. Patients were more often transferred to larger than smaller hospitals (61% vs 29%). Compared with private hospitals, public hospitals had a higher IHT rate (8.4% vs 5.1%) and a greater proportion of transfer-out IHTs (52% vs 28%). Larger public hospitals had lower IHT rates (3-8%) compared with smaller public hospitals (13-26%). Larger public hospitals received and retransferred higher proportions of IHT patients (52-58% and 11% respectively) than their smaller counterparts (26-30% and 2-3% respectively). Less than one-quarter of IHTs were between the public and private sectors or between government health regions. The number of interacting hospitals and their interactions varied across hospital peer groups. Conclusion NSW IHTs were often to hospitals with greater speciality services. The patterns of interhospital interactions could be affected by organisational and regional preferences. What is known about the topic? IHTs aim to provide efficient and effective care. Nonetheless, information on transfers and the sharing of care among hospitals in an Australian setting is lacking. Studies of transfers and hospital partnership patterns will inform efforts to improve patient-centred transfers and hospital accountability in terms of end outcomes for patients. What does this paper add? Transfer-in patients accounted for 3.9% of all NSW admissions; they were often (61%) transferred to hospitals with greater speciality services. The number of IHTs and sharing of care among hospitals varied across hospital peer groups, and could have been affected by organisational and regional preferences. What are the implications for practitioners? The findings of the present study suggest that different patterns of IHTs may not only have resulted from clinical priorities, but that organisational and regional preferences are also likely to be influential factors. Patient-centred IHTs and the development of guidelines need to be pursued to enhance the care and functionality of healthcare. Patient sharing should be acknowledged in hospital and regional performance profiling.

The Developmental State in Developed Societies: Power, Partnership, and Divergent Patterns of Intervention in France and Finland

The Developmental State in Developed Societies: Power, Partnership, and Divergent Patterns of Intervention in France and Finland

Partnership Patterns in the United States and across Europe: The Role of Education and Country Context

Patterns of partnership formation and dissolution are changing dramatically across the Western world. Some scholars have argued that women's trajectories of union formation and dissolution are diverging by education, with the higher educated postponing but eventually marrying and the lower educated more likely to cohabit or divorce if they do marry. At the same time, the variation in partnership behavior has also increased across countries, suggesting that country context plays an important role. Here, we use latent class growth models to compare the educational gradient of partnership trajectories in the United States and 14 countries in Europe and investigate the role of education and country context. Our results indicate a consistent positive educational gradient for partnership patterns showing the postponement of marriage, regardless of whether marriage was preceded by cohabitation, but a less consistent gradient for patterns reflecting long-term cohabitation and union dissolution. Although the US results show evidence of an educational divergence in marriage and union dissolution, the evidence from the other countries is weak. In addition, country context explains more of the variation in class membership than education, with context becoming more important over time. The divergence in behaviors across country contexts suggests that social, cultural, political, and economic developments are essential for understanding changes in partnership formation and dissolution.