Composite Particles Research Articles

Condensable Particulate Matter Removal and Its Mechanism by Phase Change Technology During Wet Desulfurization Process

Limestone-gypsum wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) played a key role in SOx removal and clean emissions. However, it would also affect the condensable particulate matter (CPM) removal and compositions. The effects of the WFGD system on the removal of CPM and the contents of soluble ions in CPM were investigated in a spray desulfurization tower at varied conditions. The results indicate that the emission concentration of CPM decreased from 7.5 mg/Nm3 to 3.7 mg/Nm3 following the introduction of cold water spray and hot alkali droplet spray systems. This resulted in a CPM reduction rate of approximately 51%, reducing the percentage of CPM in total particulate matter and solving the problem of substandard particulate matter emission concentrations in some coal-fired power plants. The concentrations of NO3−, SO42−, and Cl− among the soluble ions decreased by 41–66.6%. As the liquid−to−gas ratio of the cold water spray and hot alkali droplet spray increased, CPM came into contact with more spray, which accelerated dissolution and chemical reactions. Consequently, the CPM emission concentration decreased by 17.4–19%. The liquid−to−gas ratio has a great effect on the ion concentrations of NO3−, SO42−, Cl− and NH4+, with a decrease of 28–66%. The temperatures of the cold water spray and the hot alkali droplet spray primarily affect the ionic concentrations of SO42− and Ca2+, leading to a decrease of 32.3–51%. When the SO2 concentration increased from 0 mg/Nm3 to 1500 mg/Nm3, large amounts of SO2 reacted with the desulfurization slurry to form new CPM and its precursors, the CPM emission concentration increased by 57–68.4%. This study addresses the issue of high Concentration of CPM emissions from coal-fired power plants in a straightforward and efficient manner, which is significant for enhancing the air quality and reducing hazy weather conditions. Also, it provides a theoretical basis and technical foundation for the efficient removal of CPM from actual coal-fired flue gas.

Advances in Aerosol Nanostructuring: Functions and Control of Next-Generation Particles.

Nanostructured particles (NSPs), with their remarkable properties at the nanoscale, possess key functions required for unlocking a sustainable future. Fabricating these particles using aerosol methods and spraying processes enables precise control over the particle morphology, structure, composition, and crystallinity during in-flight transformation. In this Perspective, the significant impact of NSPs on technological advancement for energy and environmental applications is discussed. Furthermore, incorporating in situ/operando assessment techniques alongside machine and deep learning is explored. Finally, the future development trends and the perspective on the advancing NSPs synthesis via aerosol process are elaborated for further driving innovations for supersmart and carbon-neutral society.

Pedestrian traffic is the main driver of macro- and large microplastic debris deposition in urban stormwater drains

Land-based sources are the greatest contributors of plastic pollution found in aquatic environments. Although plastic debris items spilling into natural watercourses from stormwater outflow sites have been investigated, this study provides details of the plastic items that can be trapped within stormwater drains prior to release. We examined macroplastic (>5 mm) and large microplastic (1–5 mm) debris that accumulated in LittaTrapTM devices at six drains over four seasonal periods in London, Ontario, Canada. Flotation, visual identification, microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to determine the drivers of plastic debris deposition. Macroplastics (MaPs) and microplastics (MPs) were identified in all 36 samples, and the totals ranged from 5–158 MaPs and 18–359 MPs per trap. Out of the 118 different MaPs found, the most common items were cigarette butts, wrappers, and expanded polystyrene. The main MPs were fragments, foams, and fibres. The most common macroplastic applications were “smoking”, “food/beverage packaging”, “household”, and non-food or beverage “packaging”. Microplastic particle compositions were mainly polyethylene and polypropylene, but other polymer types fall within the applications of construction (paints and resins), automotive/transportation, and electronics. The summer samples contained the greatest averages of plastic debris, and the drains located in busy pedestrian areas were associated with the highest debris counts. The results support pedestrian traffic as the main driver of plastic debris accumulation in urban London stormwater drains, which is controlled by seasonal weather conditions.

Revealing the Dual Role of Ammonia in the Hydroxide Co-precipitation Synthesis of Cobalt-free Nickel-rich LiNi0.9Mn0.05Al0.05O2 (NMA955) Cathode Materials for Lithium-ion Batteries.

Nickel-rich cobalt-free LiNi0.9Mn0.05Al0.05O2 (NMA955) is considered a promising cathode material to address the scarcity and soaring cost of cobalt. Particle size and elemental composition significantly impact the electrochemical performance of NMA955 cathodes. However, differences in precipitation rates among metal ions coveys a challenge in obtaining cathode materials with the desired particle size and composition via hydroxide co-precipitation synthesis. Utilizing complexing agents like ammonia offers an effective strategy to tackle these issues. Here, we investigate the optimal ammonia concentration to achieve moderate particle size and precise material composition. Although ammonia only forms complex coordination with transition metals, its concentration also affects the final product's precipitation and composition, including aluminum. This study shows that ammonia serves a dual function in NMA synthesis via hydroxide co-precipitation, i.e., regulating particle size and adjusting elemental composition. It was found that an ammonia concentration of 1.2 M achieved optimal particle size and composition, resulting in superior electrochemical performance. NMA955 synthesized in 1.2 M ammonia demonstrated a high specific capacity of 188.12 mAh g-1 at 0.1C, retained 71.16% of its capacity after 200 cycles at 0.2C, and delivered 110.30 mAh g-1 at 5C. These results suggest tuning ammonia concentration is crucial for producing high-performance cathode materials.

Mannose/stearyl chloride doubly functionalized polyethylenimine as a nucleic acid vaccine carrier to promote macrophage uptake

Transmembrane transport remains a significant challenge for nucleic acid vaccine vectors. Promoting the ability of immune cells, such as macrophages, to capture foreign stimuli is also an effective approach to improving cross-presentation. In addition, polyethyleneimine (PEI) has gained attention in the field of nucleic acid vaccine carriers due to its excellent gene transfection efficiency and unique proton buffering effect. However, although high molecular weight PEI exhibits high efficiency, its high-density positive charges make it highly toxic, which limits its application. In this study, mannose/stearyl chloride functionalized polyethylenimine (SA-Man-PEI) was prepared by functionalizing PEI (molecular weight of 25 kDa) with mannose with immunomodulatory and phagocyte targeting effects, and an alkyl hydrophobic chain segment, which could easily promote cell uptake. Moreover, the functionalized-PEI retains a strong proton buffering effect, which helps the carrier escape from the lysosome. The particle sizes of the composite particles formed by SA-Man-PEI and ovalbumin (OVA) were below 200 nm, with good storage stability at both 4 °C and 37 °C. At a drug concentration of 2 μg/mL, the cell survival rate of functionalized-PEI was 19.2% higher than that of unfunctionalized PEI. In vitro macrophage endocytosis experiments showed that SA-Man-PEI could significantly enhance the macrophage uptake of composite particles, compared to unfunctionalized PEI or single-functionalized PEI. This study offers a new approach for developing PEI as a nucleic acid vaccine carrier, which could simultaneously enhance cell targeting and promote cell uptake.

Under the magnifying glass: A combined 3D model applied to cloudy warm Saturn-type exoplanets around M dwarfs

Warm Saturn-type exoplanets orbiting M dwarfs are particularly suitable for an in-depth cloud characterisation through transmission spectroscopy because the contrast of their stellar to planetary radius is favourable. The global temperatures of warm Saturns suggest efficient cloud formation in their atmospheres which in return affects the temperature, velocity, and chemical structure. However, a consistent modelling of the formation processes of cloud particles within the 3D atmosphere remains computationally challenging. We explore the combined atmospheric and micro-physical cloud structure and the kinetic gas-phase chemistry of warm Saturn-like exoplanets in the irradiation field of an M dwarf. The combined modelling approach supports the interpretation of observational data from current (e.g. JWST and CHEOPS) and future missions (PLATO, Ariel, and HWO). A combined 3D cloudy atmosphere model for HATS-6b was constructed by iteratively executing the 3D general circulation model (GCM) expeRT/MITgcm and a detailed kinetic cloud formation model, each in its full complexity. The resulting cloud particle number densities, particle sizes, and material compositions were used to derive the local cloud opacity which was then used in the next GCM iteration. The disequilibrium H/C/O/N gas-phase chemistry was calculated for each iteration to assess the resulting transmission spectrum in post-processing. We present the first model atmosphere that iteratively combines cloud formation and 3D GCM simulation and applied it to the warm Saturn HATS-6b. The cloud opacity feedback causes a temperature inversion at the sub-stellar point and at the evening terminator at gas pressures higher than 10$^ $ bar. Furthermore, clouds cool the atmosphere between $10^ $ bar and 10 bar, and they narrow the equatorial wind jet. The transmission spectrum shows muted gas-phase absorption and a cloud particle silicate feature at $ The combined atmosphere-cloud model retains the full physical complexity of each component and therefore enables a detailed physical interpretation with JWST NIRSpec and MIRI LRS observational accuracy. The model shows that warm Saturn-type exoplanets around M dwarfs are ideal candidates for a search for limb asymmetries in clouds and chemistry, for identifying the cloud particle composition by observing their spectral features, and for identifying in particular the cloud-induced strong thermal inversion that arises on these planets.

Polypyrrole-bismuth tungstate/polypyrrole core-shell for optoelectronic devices exhibiting Schottky photodiode behavior.

A polypyrrole-bismuth tungstate (Ppy-Bi2WO6) core-shell nanocomposite (n-type material) has been developed on a layered Ppy (p-type) base as an efficient light-capturing material exhibiting photodiode behavior. This device demonstrates promising sensitivity for light sensing and captures across a broad spectral range, from near IR to UV. The Bi2WO6/Ppy nanocomposite boasts an optimal bandgap of 2.0eV, compared to 3.4eV for Ppy and 2.5eV for Bi2WO6. The crystalline size of the core-shell composite is approximately 21nm, emphasizing its photon absorption capabilities. The composite particles, around 100nm in length, feature a highly porous morphology that effectively traps incident photons. The performance of this optoelectronic device is evaluated using current density (J) measurements under light (Jph) and dark (Jo) conditions. In darkness, the n-p type semiconductor exhibits limited current with a Jo of -0.22mA cm-2 at 2.0V. When exposed to white light, the Ppy- Bi2WO6/Ppy device generates hot electrons, achieving a Jph value of 1.1mA/cm-2 at 2.0V. It shows a superior responsivity (R) of 6.6mA/W at 340nm, gradually decreasing to 6.3mA/W at 440nm and 4.2mA/W at 540nm, indicating high sensitivity across the UV-Vis spectrum. At 730nm, the R-value is 2.6mA/W, highlighting its sensitivity in the near IR region. Additionally, at 340nm, the device achieves a detectivity (D) value of 0.15 × 10¹⁰ Jones, which decreases with longer wavelengths to 0.14 × 10¹⁰ Jones at 440nm, 0.9 × 10⁹ Jones at 540nm, and 0.63 × 10⁹ Jones at 730nm. With its great stability, low cost, easy fabrication, and potential for mass production, this optoelectronic light sensor and photodiode device holds significant promise for industrial applications as a highly effective optoelectronic device.

Synthesis of Raspberry-like PMMA Particles In a Ternary Solvent Mixture with Binary Initiators.

There is continuing interest in the synthesis of raspberry-like polymer particles, among which most of the reports have tended to focus on polymer composite particles, while there are relatively few examples of polymer particles with a single component. In this study, raspberry-like poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA) particles were synthesized by a one-step method in a ternary solvent mixture with binary initiators. The effects of different polymerization parameters, including the solvent composition, the initiator composition, the stabilizer component, the polymerization temperature, the stirring rate, and the nature of the monomer, on the morphology and size of the resulting particles were studied. A plausible mechanism for raspberry-like particle formation was suggested based on the monitoring data of the polymerization kinetics. The raspberry-like PMMA particles have a high dispersion stability in a salty aqueous environment.

North American Fine Particulate Matter Chemical Composition for 2000–2022 from Satellites, Models, and Monitors: The Changing Contribution of Wildfires

North American Fine Particulate Matter Chemical Composition for 2000–2022 from Satellites, Models, and Monitors: The Changing Contribution of Wildfires

Cerium Oxide‐Armored Composite Latex Particles by Visible Light Emulsion Photopolymerization: From Synthesis to Film Properties

AbstractCerium dioxide (CeO2) has huge potential in many applications ranging from biochemical engineering to the coating industry. Here, the first example of visible light photo‐mediated Pickering emulsion polymerization of (meth)acrylate monomers is reported using CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs) as solid stabilizer. A ω,ω′−dicarboxylic acid diphenyl disulfide photoinitiator is anchored on the surface of the CeO2 NPs and used to initiate the emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and of MMA/n‐butyl acrylate (MMA/BA) under visible light leading to CeO2‐armored latexes. Radicals generated upon light irradiation trigger the formation of polymer chains chemically attached to the CeO2 NPs, promoting their subsequent adsorption on the latex surface. The composite films obtained from the CeO2‐armored P(MMA‐co‐BA) latexes exhibit a unique honeycomb nanostructure with the nanoceria located in the walls giving the materials excellent mechanical, anti‐UV, and photocatalytic properties.

Tailored Interaction between Cellulose Nanowhiskers and Core-Shell Particles Determines the Optical and Mechanical Properties in Hybrid Films.

Hybrid materials of core-shell particles and cellulose nanowhiskers (CNWs) were synthesized to produce opal films with increasing tensile strength. After the incorporation of CNWs into the processed particle films, differences in the mechanical and optical properties were noticeable, which stemmed from the adhesion forces between the cellulose and the particles' shell material. Two different particle compositions were compared, using polystyrene as cores, and either poly(ethyl acrylate) (PEA) or a copolymer of ethyl acrylate and 3 wt % of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) as the shell material. Stronger interactions between the particles containing HEMA and the CNWs were displayed via atomic force microscopy particle manipulation experiments, where higher forces were required to deliberately move P(EA-co-HEMA) particles on a CNW substrate compared to PEA particles. The stronger interaction behaviors increased the disorder of the particles within the opal films toward photonic glasses with angle-independent structural colors. Also, the increase in tensile strength from <1 MPa at a cellulose content of 0 wt % to 6 MPa at the optimal CNW content of 15 wt % was more pronounced compared to the particle-cellulose mixture with only PEA in the particle shell. Thus, the presence of the hydroxy groups in the particles' shell material on the molecular level significantly influenced the optical and mechanical properties on the macroscopic level.

Application of iron oxide and its composites containing carbon nanoparticles to the solution of environmental problems

The radioactive materials and the secondary waste after a nuclear power plant accident pose a big environmental problem. The nontoxic iron oxide and iron oxyhydroxide, and their composites with carbon materials were applied to solve the problem. Coal oxide produced by modified Brodie method using coal, NaOH, and γ-Fe2O3 were treated by a hydrothermal process. When the diluted dispersion mixture was treated with SrCl2, the composite particles were attracted to a magnet. On the other hand, the composite without SrCl2 was not attracted. This means only the SrCl2-adsorbed composite can be recovered by a magnet. Hematite doped with various amounts of Nb was synthesized. Its catalytic activities for photo-Fenton reaction were investigated for degradation of methylene blue (MB) in the presence of H2O2 under visible light. Nb-doped hematite calcined at 600 ºC produced smaller particles and showed higher catalytic activity than those calcined at 700 ºC. It was shown that the sample with higher Nb doping showed a better catalytic activity, i.e., the sample with 40 atomic percent of Nb calcined at 600 ºC has the highest catalytic activity. The hematite with 7.4 atomic percent of Nb calcined at 600 ºC showed unique characteristics since it has rapid decomposition rate of MB as well as ferrimagnetic-like characteristics, which makes it separable by a magnet. The polymorphism of iron(III) oxyhydroxide was controlled by adding acetic acid, ethylenediamine, and citric acid. The lepidocrocite obtained by adding the additive of citric acid resulted in the presence of citric acid in the particles and revealed a large specific surface area and negative Zeta potential, which showed an extremely high catalytic activity of MB decomposition for photo-Fenton reaction.

Observing super-coarse carbonaceous aerosol particles containing chloride in a tropical savanna climate at an agro-forest site in Thailand.

Coarse aerosol particles containing chloride in tropical forests are significant for understanding biogeochemical cycles and atmospheric processes, with implications for environmental health and climate change mitigation. This study explored the sources of super-coarse carbonaceous aerosol particles containing chloride in a tropical savanna climate. Aerosol samples were collected from an agro-forest site in Thailand during the dry season and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. By examining the morphology and elemental compositions of individual aerosol particles, along with employing Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and backward trajectory analysis, potential sources were identified. The findings revealed two primary sources for the super-coarse aerosol particles: a mixture of biomass burning smoke and inorganic salts (likely from saline soil and sea salt), as well as halophilic fungal spores. FTIR analysis indicated the presence of compounds linked to biomass burning and clay minerals, influenced by prevailing northeast and southeast winds. Recommendations for future research include continued monitoring, correlation with meteorological parameters, and the application of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for more detailed visualization and confirmation of aerosol sources.

Analyzing Morphology and Composition of Coarse Aerosol Particles in Bangkok, Thailand: Implications to Sources and Impacts of Aged Aerosols on Ecosystem Health and Climate Dynamics

AbstractDuring dry seasons, elevated aerosol levels across Thailand pose nationwide problems. Understanding and addressing this issue is challenging due to the dynamic nature of aerosol modification and generation during transport. This study investigates the morphology and elemental compositions of coarse aerosol particles in Bangkok, Thailand, during the dry seasons of 2020/21. Through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), the study reveals a complex mixture of anthropogenic, mineral, biogenic, and marine aerosols. Anthropogenic sources, including biomass burning, vehicular emissions, and industrial activities, contribute to carbonaceous particles like soot aggregates and tar balls. Mineral dust particles, predominantly calcium-rich and aluminosilicate, originate from various sources including construction, industry, and natural processes. Aging processes alter the composition and properties of both carbonaceous and mineral particles, influencing nutrient deposition, carbon sequestration, cloud condensation nuclei formation, and light scattering. These processes have multifaceted impacts on ecosystem health and climate dynamics, highlighting the need for further research and mitigation strategies to address the environmental consequences of aged aerosol particles in urban environments like Bangkok.

Taxon-specific contributions of microeukaryotes to biological carbon pump in the Oyashio region

Abstract Microeukaryotes are critical components of sinking particles contributing to carbon export from the surface to deep oceans. However, the knowledge of the sinking microeukaryotic communities and their dynamics is currently limited. In this study, we applied 18S rRNA gene metabarcoding to investigate the microeukaryotic communities in sinking and suspended particles distinguished by marine snow catchers (MSC) during spring in the Oyashio region. Sinking particles displayed distinct communities and lower diversity than suspended particles. The community compositions of the sinking particles varied with depth, suggesting that microeukaryotes were selectively disaggregated or decomposed during settling. Prymnesiophyceae and diatoms were effectively removed, as indicated by their decreased abundance in sinking particles at increasing depths. Conversely, Dinophyceae maintained a higher abundance in sinking particles across depths, indicating resistance to disaggregation and decomposition. Spirotrichea and heterotrophic Dinophyceae were enriched in sinking particles, while marine stramenopiles (MAST) groups were enriched in suspended particles. The heterotrophs in the deeper layers were mainly transported from the surface layers by increasing their relative abundance towards deep layers, indicating that they contributed to the transformation processes of sinking particles. Overall, our results demonstrate the functional differences among microeukaryotes in the biological carbon pump.

An efficient extraction device for microplastics in marine sediments and its applications.

Microplastics, defined as small pieces of plastic with a size less than 5 millimeters, constitute a significant sink for microplastics in marine sediments. Given the potential harm to nature and human beings, accurate detection of microplastics in marine sediments is of the utmost importance. The separation of microplastics from marine sediments represents a pivotal step in the quantitative detection of microplastics. This paper presents a high-efficiency extraction device for microplastics in marine sediments, with the objective of enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of microplastics extraction. The device employs an air pump to thoroughly mix the samples and incorporates metal perforated plate fillers to achieve efficient sedimentation, thus facilitating the separation of microplastics from the surrounding marine sediments. Subsequently, the separated microplastics are passed through a series of pore sizes of stainless steel screens and glass fibre filters via suction filtration, allowing for the collection of microplastics of varying particle sizes for subsequent identification. Following a series of method trials, the optimal extraction conditions for this device were identified. The results demonstrated its excellent extraction effectiveness and high efficiency. To verify the feasibility of this device, it was used to investigate the microplastics in the sediments of Dongzhai Harbor, Hainan. The abundance, particle size distribution, shape, and composition of microplastics in the sediments of this area were obtained, which not only validated the practicality of this microplastic extraction device but also provided significant insights for ecological and environmental protection in the region.

Application of Sound Waves During the Curing of an Acrylic Resin and Its Composites Based on Short Carbon Fibers and Carbon Nanofibers.

Research into particulate polymer composites is of significant interest due to their potential for enhancing material properties, such as strength, thermal stability, and conductivity while maintaining low weight and cost. Among the various techniques for preparing particle-based composites, ultrasonic wave stimulation is one of the principal laboratory-scale methods for enhancing the dispersion of the discontinuous phase. Nevertheless, there is a scarcity of empirical evidence to substantiate the impact of stimulating materials with natural sound frequencies within the acoustic spectrum, ranging from 20 Hz to 20 kHz, during their formation process. The present work investigates the effect of acoustic stimuli with frequencies of 56, 111, and 180 Hz on the properties of an acrylic-based polymer and its discontinuous carbon-based composites. The results indicated that the stimulus frequency affects the cure time of the studied systems, with a notable reduction of 31% and 21% in the cure times of the neat polymer and carbon-nanofiber-based composites, respectively, after applying a frequency of 180 Hz. Additionally, the higher stimulation frequencies reduced porosity in the samples, increased the degree of dispersion of the discontinuous phase, and altered the composite materials' thermal, optical, and electrical behavior.

Preparation and characteristics of tea water-insoluble protein/chitosan composite particles

The emulsifying properties of tea water-insoluble protein particles (TWIPs) are insufficient to expand their applicability in food emulsifying systems. This study aimed to explore the emulsification characteristics and application of tea water-insoluble protein/chitosan composite particles (TCPs). Scanning electron microscopy showed the TWIPs were tightly coupled with chitosan (CS). The transform of secondary structure and amino acid residues were beneficial to the formation of TCPs and improvement of emulsification performance. Increasing the CS concentration improved the viscoelasticity, as verified by rheological property, and decreased the droplet size of Pickering emulsions (PEs) at a TWIP-CS mass ratio of 50:50. In addition, when the fixed TWIP-CS ratio was 50:50, the TCPs concentration of 0.5% favored the formation of bovine bone white soup with extraordinary emulsification stability (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the emulsification property of TWIPs was improved at a TWIP-CS ratio of 50:50, which was also verified in PEs and bovine bone white soup. This work provided a theoretical basis for the development and further deep processing of tea by-products, and broadened the application of tea protein in liquid emulsification system.

Effective strategies for improving quenched microstructure and mechanical properties of hot-rolled seamless steel pipes

The containing Ti-Mg-Ca-O composite particles were innovatively used to achieve microstructure refinement and properties improvement of hot-rolled seamless steel pipes, and compared with conventional steel (C# steel). The results show that the C# steel mainly consisted of parallel lath martensite after on-line quenching. Under the same rolling and heat treatment conditions, dominant Ti-Mg-Ca-O composite particles in modified steel (M# steel) were effective nucleation sites of acicular ferrite, dividing the prior austenite grains and refining microstructures. The strength values of the both steels were at the same level, however, the impact energy of M# steel was significantly higher than C# steel, increasing by 28%. This study provides an effective method for further microstructure refinement of hot-rolled seamless steel tubes.

Combustion Characteristics and Performance of Nanoflower Structure AlB2@AP Energetic Composites

ABSTRACT Boron-based solids have garnered significant attention due to their high calorific value. However, during combustion, the formation of boron oxide (B₂O₃) on the surface hinders the interaction between the oxidizing components and the internal active boron (B), thereby limiting its reactivity and combustion efficiency. Modifying boron-based solids represents an effective strategy for overcoming the limitations associated with fuel energy release efficiency. In this study, a shell-structured AlB₂@AP composite was designed and fabricated utilizing etching and recrystallization methods. The structure comprises AlB₂ as the core, B as the middle shell, and AP as the embedded outer shell. The key strategy involves employing an etching process to augment the reactive surface area of boron on the aluminum diboride surface, while also coating it with ammonium perchlorate (AP) to enhance the composite particles. This innovative approach demonstrates that the etching method can effectively utilize the boron present in AlB₂. The composite particles were characterized and analyzed for morphology employing a scanning electron microscope and X-ray techniques. Thermal analysis indicated that the decomposition stage of AP facilitated the oxidation of etched AlB₂, moreover, as the AP coating content increased, the temperature at which vigorous reactions initiated occurred earlier. In combustion experiments, the maximum combustion temperatures of AlB₂@10AP, AlB₂@20AP, and AlB₂@30AP increased by 36.4%, 15.1%, and 3.8%, respectively. The combustion formulation prepared with elemental boron exhibited different characteristics. The average combustion temperatures increased by 33.1%, 23.4%, and 14.4%, respectively. The combustion durations were reduced by 60.8%, 33.7%, and 31.7%, respectively. AlB2@AP is anticipated to further enhance its applications in propellants, explosives, and pyrotechnics.