Diamond Particles Research Articles

Effect of Sterilization (Autoclave) on Wear of Tungsten-Carbide Burs Coated With Diamond Particles With Different Thicknesses

Background: Extending the lifespan and improving the physical properties of dental burs as the most extensivly used instruments have been the subject of several studies. One of the proposed methods is using surface coatings for the burs. Since the dental instruments are reused, they require sterilization. One of the possible causes of the damage to dental burs is autoclaving process. This study aimed to investigate sterilization (autoclave) effect on wear of diamond coated tungsten-carbide burs with different thicknesses. Methods: In this in vitro study, 40 tungsten-carbide dental burs (IQ DENT, Poznan, Poland) were selected, out of which 20 burs were coated with 1.5-μm-like diamond particles, and 20 burs were coated with 3.5-μm by PVD method using Swin Plasma Coating Machine. Then, the burs were randomly divided into four groups (n=10) as follow: G1: 1.5 μm thickness coated burs without sterilization; G2: 3.5 μm thickness coated burs without sterilization; G3: 1.5 μm coated with sterilization; and G4: 3.5μm thickness coated burs with sterilization. Their weights were measured before wear test.Wear test was performed and then they were re-weighted. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 21) as well as Two-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD supplementary tests (α=0.05). Results: Mean and standard deviation of the burs weights without sterilization in the control groups were 7.31±2.63 and 7.96±1.61 mg, respectively; and mean and standard deviation of the burs weights in the sterilization groups were 7.06±0.98 and 7.12±1.11 mg, respectively. The study results showed that "sterilization application" and "thickness of coated layer" were the main factors and their intraction had no statistically significant difference (P=0.589). Conclusions: The sterilization process had no effect on wear of diamond coated tungsten-carbide burs with different thicknesses.

Preparation of diamond/aluminum composite with titanium coating on diamond powder by microwave technology

In this research, the diamond particles were coated with titanium by microwave heating method, then the Ti-coated diamond particles were used as raw material to fabricate the diamond/Al composites by microwave sintering. The result shows that the diamond particles could be covered with a uniform and continuous Ti coating under microwave irradiation, and the best Ti coating was obtained at 810 °C for 1 h. The metallic bond between diamond and Ti was formed to generate the intermediate transition layer of TiC. The diamond/Al composites which used Ti-coated diamond particles as raw material and were fabricated by microwave sintering show high relative density and hardness. The relative density and hardness of the diamond/Al composites increased with the temperature. While the composites were sintered at 710 °C for 1 h, the density could reach 2.855 g·cm−3, and relative density was 92.09%, which shows better microstructures and properties. There is Al3Ti alloy phase in Ti-coated diamond/Al composites, so the Ti-coated diamond can be well combined with the Al matrix, which can further improve the properties of the composites.

Preparation of oxazoline-group-functionalized diamond using poly(2-vinyl-2-oxazoline) based on a model reaction between oxazoline and carboxylic acid

We conducted research aimed at combining diamond particle surfaces with external moieties using a polymer. We here propose an effective solution using a reactive polymer, poly (2-vinyl-2-oxazoline) (Pvozo), with a large amount of reactive oxazoline as side chains. The idea is that some of the oxazoline groups react with carboxylic acid at the surface and the other oxazoline groups remain as available unreacted groups for further reaction with external moieties. The chemical reactivity of oxazoline with carboxylic acid was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy using model low-molecular-weight molecules, followed by reaction between Pvozo and the surface. The amount of acid groups on the surface was determined by titration. Diamond particles reacted with Pvozo in a solvent, followed by a washing step, which resulted in the formation of a uniform monolayer of nanosized Pvozo on micron-sized diamond particles, which was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and by a visible-marker method with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using carbon nanotubes. The amounts of reacted and unreacted oxazoline of Pvozo on the surface were quantified using nonanoic acid in conjunction with TGA.

Experimental investigation on granite cutting by means of diamond frame saw

A series of sawing experiments on granite was carried out to explore the cutting performance of a diamond frame saw with the horizontal reciprocating cutting mode. A model of the average thickness of the cutting chip was established and the characteristics of cutting forces were analyzed. The wear mechanism of segments was revealed by analyzing the width of the saw kerf and the wear morphology of the diamond segments. The results demonstrated that the wear resistance and the cutting forces increased with the feed speed. The cutting forces changed abruptly at the reversing point during granite cutting. Meanwhile, the proportion of macro-fractured and pulled-out diamond particles and the mean wear rate of segments increased with the feed speed, and the mean protrusion height of diamond particles was less than 100 μm. The width of the saw kerf reduced gradually during the sawing progress, forming a cone that is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom. Furthermore, the investigations proved that the wear of the segments remains consistent in two directions (y, z). An increasingly apparent phenomenon of protruding diamond particles appears on the side surface of the segment with the increase of feed speed. The research can provide certain data support for granite cutting and lay the foundation for the subsequent optimization of the equipment.

Fabrication of diamond enhanced WC-Ni composites by spark plasma sintering

Wear resistance of the rock drill bit is one of the important factors affecting drilling efficiency and exploration cost. Hence, the development of tool materials with high wear resistance has been widely concerned by researchers. The composites of cemented carbides and Ti-coated diamond (Ti/Dia) were successfully prepared by spark plasma sintering with excellent wear resistance. The characterization of microstructure and phase composition revealed that diamond particles distributed homogeneously without obviously graphitization. With 2–6 wt% Ti/Dia, the relative density, hardness and flexural strength of the composites were all improved. However, with the further increase in Ti/Dia content, the relative density and flexural strength sharply decreased. The composites with 2 wt% Ti/Dia shown the best wear resistance and the wear rate was reduced by 50 times compared with that of the sample without diamond addition. The diamond plays an important role in the rock cutting and grinding for the sample with 2 wt% Ti/Dia. However, for the samples with 18 wt% Ti/Dia, the cutting edge is easy to fracture and the diamond is more likely to pull-out whole because of the weak retention ability of the matrix to diamond.

Purcell enhancement of fluorescence from silicon-vacancy color centers in Mie-resonant luminescent diamond particles

Over the past two decades, nanosized diamond particles with various luminescent defects have found numerous applications in many areas from quantum technologies to medical science. The size and shape of diamond particles can affect drastically the luminescence of embedded color centers. Here we study diamond particles of 250–450 nm in size containing silicon-vacancy (SiV) centers. Using dark-field scattering spectroscopy, we found that fundamental Mie resonances are excited in the spectral range of interest. We then measured the fluorescence saturation curves under continuous excitation to estimate the effects of the excitation and Purcell factor enhancement on the luminescent properties of the studied particles. The results show that the saturation excitation intensity differs by several times for particles of different sizes which is well explained by the numerical model that takes into account both the Parcell factor enhancement and resonant excitation.

Improvement of thermal conductivity of diamond/Al composites by optimization of liquid-solid separation process

Diamond/Al composites have been considered as the new generation of thermal management material. The critical challenge is that Al4C3 with deteriorating properties is easily generated at the interface of composites by conventional powder metallurgy and infiltration processes. This paper presents an independently developed liquid-solid separation (LSS) technology for fabricating diamond/Al composites with Cr-coated diamond particles. The key parameters of the LSS process such as the blank heating rate and its heating mode, the squeeze casting temperature and pressure, and pressurization time were optimized. Cr coating of the diamond particles led to improved interface characteristics. The higher thermal conductivity of diamond/Al composite with Cr-coated diamond particles is attributed to the favorable interfacial products of Al13Cr2 and AlCr2. Thermal conductivity of 40 vol.% Cr-coated diamond particles reinforced diamond /Al composites prepared by LSS with the optimal process was 309.20 W m−1 K−1, 108.06 % higher than that of the composite without the Cr coating. The results showed that relative density is a critical factor in optimizing of the bending strength, compressive strength, and thermal conductivity of the composites. No harmful intermetallic Al4C3 is generated at the interface of the composite. LSS technology is the new low-cost and compact method for the fabrication of diamond/Al composites with high thermal conductivity, which has the prospect of industrial application.

Integration of Fluorescent, NV-Rich Nanodiamond Particles with AFM Cantilevers by Focused Ion Beam for Hybrid Optical and Micromechanical Devices

In this paper, a novel fabrication technology of atomic force microscopy (AFM) probes integrating cantilever tips with an NV-rich diamond particle is presented. Nanomanipulation techniques combined with the focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID) procedure were applied to position the NV-rich diamond particle on an AFM cantilever tip. Ultrasonic treatment of nanodiamond suspension was applied to reduce the size of diamond particles for proper geometry and symmetry. The fabricated AFM probes were tested utilizing measurements of the electrical resistance at highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and compared with a standard AFM cantilever performance. The results showed novel perspectives arising from combining the functionalities of a scanning AFM with optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR). In particular, it offers enhanced magnetometric sensitivity and the nanometric resolution.

Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline/nanodiamond hybrid nanostructures with various morphologies to enhance the corrosion protection performance of epoxy coating

In this study, nano-sized diamond particles (ND) were functionalized in two consecutive stages. First, dry thermal oxidation was employed to obtain carboxylated ND. In the next step, carboxylated ND was properly surface modified through wet chemistry to acquire aminated-ND (ND-NH2). Then, polyaniline (PANI) was synthesized in the presence of aminated-ND particles at a broad concentration from 1 wt% to 70 wt% to obtain PANI/ND hybrid nanostructures. The chemical structure, morphology, and thermal stability of nanoparticles were comprehensively characterized by different techniques such as FT-IR, UV–visible, TGA, XRD, FESEM, and TEM. It was observed that the morphology of PANI/ND nanostructures varied from nanotube at low concentration of ND to aggregated NDs covered by PANI at high concentration of NDs, namely at 70 wt%. Eventually, the hybrid PANI/ND nanoparticles were incorporated into epoxy coatings in order to improve the corrosion protection performance. The anti-corrosion properties of the coatings were examined carefully by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results indicated that the morphology of PANI/ND nanohybrid structure dominated greatly the corrosion protection behavior of epoxy coating. Accordingly, it was revealed that PANI/ND5%-epoxy nanocomposite showed improved and synergistic corrosion resistance compared to neat epoxy, ND-epoxy, PANI-epoxy and even PANI/ND50%-epoxy nanocomposites due to better anodic protection as well as greater barrier performance.

Fabrication and use of Cu-Cr-diamond composites for the application in deep feed grinding of tungsten carbide

Machining of tungsten carbide requires the use of highly wear resistant grinding tools, like metal bonded grinding tools. The abrasive layer of these grinding tools can be regarded as Metal-Matrix-Composites reinforced with diamond particles. Copper-Matrix-Composites already are being used as heat sink materials through their outstanding high thermal conductivity. In this work, Cu/Diamond composites with 50 vol% diamond have been fabricated through field assisted sintering and the application of these composites as grinding layers in a deep feed grinding process of tungsten carbide was investigated. Through addition of chromium powder as a carbide former on the surface of the diamond particles, the critical bond strength and therefore the diamond grain retention was significantly increased by +363%. The addition of 2 wt% chromium to the copper matrix also resulted in a +84% increase of thermal conductivity relatively to the chromium free Cu/Diamond composite. Grinding of tungsten carbide as a dynamic stress test showed that the increased grain retention and thermal conductivity resulted in a decrease in grinding layer wear. Further chromium addition to 8 wt% chromium resulted in a decrease in thermal conductivity and the formation of adhesive cloggings on the grinding wheel surface during grinding.

Laser Fusion of Aluminum Powder Coated with Diamond Particles via Selective Laser Melting: Powder Preparation and Synthesis Description

This work aims to study the possibility of obtaining Al–C composite from AlSi10MgCu aluminum matrix with the addition of 500 nm-sized diamond particles by selective laser melting (SLM) process. Al–C composite powder was prepared by mechanical mixing to form a uniform cover along the surface of aluminum particles. The diamond content in the resulting AlSi10MgCu-diamond composite powder was equal to 0.67 wt %. The selection of the optimal SLM parameters for the obtained composite material is presented. For materials characterization, the following methods were used: scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was applied after SLM printing for a detailed investigation of the obtained composites. The presence of carbon additives and the formation of aluminum carbides in the material after the SLM process were demonstrated.

Research on suppressing brittle fracture and implementing ductile mode cutting for improving surface quality at silicon wafers manufacturing

Single crystal silicon is an important basic material used to manufacture electronic and photovoltaic devices. Ductile mode of diamond wire sawing is a promising method for silicon wafering in order to produce wafers with minimal surface damage. To achieve ductile mode, the correct applying of cutting parameters and careful wire design is necessary. This study investigates the scratching of monocrystalline silicon by the abrasive particles of different geometry, which simulates the material removal process in diamond wire sawing. Diamonds, crushed and spherical tungsten carbide (WC) particles served as abrasives. Experiments show that spherical abrasives enhance ductile mode cutting significantly decreasing brittle damage when compared to irregular shape particles. Spherical WC particles permit to increase the critical load and critical cut depth of ductile-to-brittle transition from 5 to 10 times. The depth of the damaged subsurface layer decreased from 5 µm to 0.2 µm due to the absence of brittle cracks. A uniform regular distribution and appropriate suitable density of abrasive particles is obligatory for cracking reduction. For that, the method of diamond particles uniform deposition with the controlled density by a polymer binder combining high modulus and adhesive capacity with good flexibility was elaborated. The method includes preliminary diamond particles fixation on a thin resin layer providing high uniformity and subsequent strong fixation by a thicker resin layer. The research on ovalization of diamond particles was performed for smoothening cutting edges. The method is based on the activation of the graphitization process at sharp edges of particles under the action of metal salts at increased temperatures.

Diamond synthesis on Si by plasma chemical vapor deposition using microwave sheath-voltage combination plasma

Microwave sheath-voltage combination plasma (MVP) represents a new method to generate plasma and coat diamond-like carbon films onto the three-dimensional metal surfaces . The present work investigates the synthesis of diamonds using MVP deposition, focusing in particular on how pressure and bias voltage affect the diamond structure. Using MVP, silicon wafers were coated with diamond in gas mixtures of methane and hydrogen with the substrate bias ranging from 0 to −200 V and pressure ranging from 800 to 1000 Pa. Although diamond particles are created with the substrate biased between 0 and −200 V at 1% methane concentration, at −200 V the particles are affixed atop Si or SiC cones that form on the Si substrate due to plasma etching . X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the diamond structure is created up to a bias voltage of −100 V at 3% methane concentration. Nanodiamond is produced at methane concentration of 3%. These experiments suggest that MVP, a new diamond coating method, makes depositing the diamond on 3D shape substrates possible. • Diamond coatings are deposited by microwave sheath-voltage combination plasma. • Higher substrate temperature with nonzero bias voltage than with zero bias voltage • Higher negative bias produces cone-like structures on the substrate.

Influence of chemical structure of bile acid dispersants on electrophoretic deposition of poly(vinylidene fluoride) and composites

A biomimetic strategy has been developed for the dispersion of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) particles using commercial analogs of bile acids (BAs), such as lithocholic acid (LCA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), and cholic acid (CA). BAs were used as anionic surfactants for electrophoretic deposition of PVDF films. The EPD method allowed controlled deposition of PVDF films at high deposition rates. The PVDF deposition yield, obtained using different BAs, increased in the order LCA<CDCA<DCA<UDCA<CA. It depends on the number of OH groups and their positions and orientations in the BAs structures. Annealed PVDF films provided corrosion protection of stainless steel in 3% NaCl solutions. CA was used as a co-surfactant for diamond, silica and PVDF particles and allowed for the deposition of PVDF-diamond and PVDF-silica films of varied compositions. The biomimetic approach developed in this investigation opens a new strategy for the chemical modification and charging of electrically neutral hydrophobic materials and deposition of functional polymers and composites by EPD from colloidal suspensions.

Two modified multiscale modeling approaches for determination of two-phase and hybrid nanocomposite properties

In this paper, mechanical properties of thermoset epoxy based two-phase and hybrid nanocomposites containing carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and carbon nano diamond particles (CNPs) are determined using two different multiscale modeling approaches. The effects of resin crosslinking, interphase mechanical properties, and filler agglomeration on nanocomposite mechanical properties are investigated. First, the crosslinking between Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) resin and Diethylenetriamine (DETA) hardener is modeled considering different crosslinking forms and ratios using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Results indicate that resin elastic modulus increases with increasing the crosslinking ratio especially above 75%, but crosslinking form has an insignificant effect on resin modulus. Next, different nanofillers and their interphases are modeled using MD simulations to determine the representative volume element (RVE) and the effective fiber sizes and mechanical properties. The thickness of the interphase for each nano filler type is determined from the radial distribution function (RDF) diagram in order to determine the effective fiber volume more realistically. Then, the general Halpin-Tsai model is modified by adding an interphase volume factor and is used to determine two-phase and hybrid nanocomposite mechanical properties using effective nano filler properties. In addition, a new numerical multiscale modeling technique was developed which uses the MD-determined effective filler properties along with finite element method (FEM) to determine nanocomposite mechanical properties. Nanocomposites reinforced with aligned and randomly oriented reinforcements are modeled. Good agreement is observed between the two multiscale modeling techniques for the two-phase nanocomposite mechanical properties. Finally, the effect of filler agglomeration on nanocomposite properties is investigated. The results indicate that agglomeration decreases elastic modulus of CNT/epoxy nanocomposite. However, agglomeration does not have a significant effect on elastic modulus of CNP/epoxy nanocomposite.

Selective particle size analysis in binary submicron particle mixtures using density dependent differential sedimentation

Particle size characterization of heterogeneous mixtures is a challenging task, as it is not feasible to assign the measured signals to the individual components. Within this framework, the study proposes a method that applies the working principle of differential centrifugal sedimentation (DCS) in order to simultaneously separate and measure the denser component within a binary material mixture of submicron particles. The method was validated using a model system consisting of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and diamond particles in a size range of 0.5 – 1.5 µm. The results proved that by applying a proper density gradient fluid, the diamond particles can be selectively analyzed by hindering the sedimentation of the lighter PVC component. Furthermore, a very promising application could be found with respect to wet fine grinding processes in stirred media mills. In fact, the approach was utilized to individually determine the particle size distribution of the grinding media wear within an ultrafine organic product. Despite the low quantity of wear particles, it was possible to separate them from the organic product under appropriate density conditions. The size distributions of both the wear and the product particles were validated with SEM images, confirming the feasibility of the method.

Fast size estimation of single-levitated nanoparticles in a vacuum optomechanical system.

Optical trapping of single nanoparticles in vacuum has various applications in both precise measurements and fundamental physics. However, to date, the number and size of randomly loaded nanoparticles in an optical trap is difficult to determine unless in vacuum. In this Letter, an efficient method for nanoparticle size estimation in an optical tweezer system before the evacuation of air was proposed and demonstrated experimentally, using scattering light from levitated particles. The particle radii deduced from the scattering light power in our proposal and from the kinetic theory of particles in gas match well (with the differences of less than 10%). For sample particles with radii ranging within 50-100 nm, we also provide a preselection rule based on this method, where over half of the trapped particles are verified as single particles. Such a particle analysis method is applicable also for the size estimation of levitated diamond particles, gold particles, and other plasmonic particles and can be applied to discovering novel scattering effects.

Study of deposition diamond to fill pores on cobalt removal surface adopting HFCVD method

While the presence of cobalt in conventional PCD tools had a detrimental effect on their cutting performance throughout the cutting process, cobalt removal PCD likewise had the issue of poor performance improvement. To address the issue of PCD's poor cutting performance, the pores remaining on the PCD surface after cobalt removal were filled using hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD). This relatively simple and effective approach was estimated to increase the cutting performance of PCD tools. For deposition, the carbon concentration was limited to 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%, denoted by the numbers 1#, 2#, 3#, 4#, and 5#, respectively. SEM was used to observe the surficial and cross-sectional morphologies of the deposited PCD. The porosity of the deposited PCD surface was quantified using ImageJ software. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy were used to evaluate the diamond particle size and purity. The abrasion rate of the samples was determined using an abrasive rate tester. The flank wear of tools was then determined using a digital microscope, and the abrasion morphologies of tools were studied using an optical microscope following cutting. The results suggest that when the carbon concentration increases, the pores filling effect becomes superior and eventually inferior. The surface porosity of 2# is only 6.52%, which reaches the minimum, and that means 2# possesses the best pore filling effect. At the same time, 2# diamond grain size is the smallest, with relatively good purity and the smallest internal stress. When morphology and flank wear measures of cutting tools are compared, the tool life of 2# is almost double that of a general PCD tool. Thus, maintaining a carbon concentration of about 2% efficiently fills the pores of cobalt removal PCD, significantly improving the wear resistance and durability of the tools. In general, this study used HFCVD to deposit diamond to fill pores on the cobalt removal surface of the PCD tools. It was found that maintaining not too high carbon concentration can enhance the quality of diamond and filling ration, therefore improving the wearing performance of PCD tools. This experiment attempted to demonstrate the concept of utilizing diamond as a dense cover layer to deposit diamond grains into PCD tool pores. Then, carbon concentration was included as a significant factor in the deposition process in order to investigate the propensity of diamond pore nucleation and growth in order to fill the pores on the surface with the greatest possible quality. Finally, when the results of pore filling were compared to the results of real cutting, it was found that the cutting performance of PCD tools with improved filling was superior to that of conventional PCD tools.

Spontaneous Light Emission Assisted by Mie Resonances in Diamond Nanoparticles.

Spontaneous light emission is known to be affected by the local density of states and enhanced when coupled to a resonant cavity. Here, we report on an experimental study of silicon-vacancy (SiV) color center fluorescence and spontaneous Raman scattering from subwavelength diamond particles supporting low-order Mie resonances in the visible range. For the first time to our knowledge, we have measured the size dependences of the SiV fluorescence emission rate and the Raman scattering intensity from individual diamond particles in the range from 200 to 450 nm. The obtained dependences reveal a sequence of peaks, which we explicitly associate with specific multipole resonances. The results are in agreement with our theoretical analysis and highlight the potential of intrinsic optical resonances for developing nanodiamond-based lasers and single-photon sources.

Pharmacodynamic Studies of Fluorescent Diamond Carriers of Doxorubicin in Liver Cancer Cells and Colorectal Cancer Organoids.

BackgroundWe recently reported on preferential deposition of bare fluorescent diamond particles FDP-NV-700/800nm (FDP-NV) in the liver following intravenous administration to rats. The pharmacokinetics of FDP-NV in that species indicated short residency in the circulation by rapid clearance by the liver. Retention of FDP-NV in the liver was not associated with any pathology. These observations suggested that cancer therapeutics, such as doxorubicin, linked to FDP-NV, could potentially serve for anti-cancer treatment while sparing toxicities of peripheral organs.PurposeTo generate proof-of-concept (POC) and detail mechanisms of action of doxorubicin-coated FDP-NV-700/800nm (FDP-DOX) as a prospective chemotherapeutic for metastatic liver cancer.MethodsFDP-DOX was generated by adsorption chemistry. Experimental design included concentration and time-dependent efficacy studies as compared with naïve (baren) FDP-NV in in vitro liver cancer cells models. Uptake of FDP-NV and FDP-DOX by HepG-2, Hep-3B and hCRC organoids were demonstrated by flow-cytometry and fluorescent microscopy. FDP-DOX pharmacodynamic effects included metabolic as well as cell death biomarkers Annexin V, TUNEL and LDH leakage. DOX desorpted from FDP-DOX was assessed by confocal microscopy and chemical assay of cells fractions.ResultsFDP-DOX efficacy was dose- and time-dependent and manifested in both liver cancer cell lines and human CRC organoids. FDP-DOX was rapidly internalized into cancer cells/organoids leading to cancer growth inhibition and apoptosis. FDP-DOX disrupted cell membrane integrity as evident by LDH release and suppressing mitochondrial metabolic pathways (AlamarBlue assay). Access of free DOX to the nuclei was confirmed by direct UV-Visible fluorescent assay and confocal microscopy of DOX fluorescence.ConclusionThe rapid uptake and profound cancer inhibition observed using FDP-DOX in clinically relevant cancer models, highlight FDP-DOX promise for cancer chemotherapeutics. We also conclude that the in vitro data justify further investment in in vivo POC studies.