Particle Board Research Articles

Particle Boards from Forest Residues and Bio-Based Adhesive

Wood chipboard, common in interior spaces for applications ranging from furniture to decorative panelling, often falls short due to the presence of toxic adhesives, posing risks to both human health and the environment. This research delves into the potential transformation of wood chipboard into a 100% bio-based product. Previous research has shown the possibility of the partial replacement of petrochemical-based adhesives with bio-based adhesives. Hence, previous results do not reach the policy ambitions of the Green Deal of making the Green Transition to a bio-based economy. For chipboard production, logging residues from Latvian State Forests were systematically gathered within two months post-logging, comprising primarily Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris biomass, including branches, needles, bark, and various particles. A custom chipper and Vibrotehnik PM-120 hammer mill were employed for particle size separation into three fractions via sieving: <2.8 mm, 2.8–8 mm, and 8.0–10.0 mm, and combined with binders and hot-pressed into board samples. As a result, particle boards containing 100% bio-based carbon were achieved, demonstrating the possibility of excluding petroleum adhesives from chipboard production, paving the way for new research exploring bio-based binders and conifer bark.

A pyrolysis‐gas chromatography/mass spectrometry study of volatile compounds produced by wood‐based materials

AbstractThe pyrolysis by‐products of five common wood‐based construction materials (low‐density wood fiberboard, oriented strand board, pine, particle board, and plywood) were studied using pyrolysis‐gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Samples of wood‐based materials were pyrolyzed under helium from 300 to 800°C to further understand the production of compounds that may become airborne and available for respiratory and dermal exposure. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p‐xylene, styrene, and naphthalene were specifically targeted since these compounds are common by‐products of pyrolysis. These compounds have been measured in previous live fire scenarios and are associated with human health concerns. The generated pyrolysates were separated and identified with a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry instrument. The results from total ion chromatograms and selected ion monitoring chromatograms were analyzed to compare the abundance of chemicals of interest generated during pyrolysis. Oriented strand board and plywood generated the greatest total concentration of the targeted volatile organic compounds. Plywood and particle boards generated the largest variety in results. Samples from solid pine boards generated the smallest number of volatile compounds, followed by low‐density wood fiberboard that is manufactured with wood fibers, starch, and wax. Notably, pyrolysis by‐products are not the sole compounds generated during the combustion of biomass and these products evolve when they are exposed to the conditions of combustion. Our future work plans to study the combustion by‐products of these materials.

The study of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) waste utilization into particle board

This research discusses related to one of the processing of waste, especially HDPE waste. HDPE waste is another alternative besides wood to make particle board. HDPE particle board takes advantage of these properties to provide a strong and durable alternative. The use of HDPE particle board provides significant benefits in the context of sustainability and the environment. In the manufacture of particle board in this study there were differences in temperature variations, so the variable in this study was temperature. Sample A has a temperature of 130° and sample B has a temperature of 160°. The particle board is pressed for 20 minutes using a hot press machine using 1 x 1 m molding. Testing of this HDPE particle board includes testing of physical properties, namely in the form of Density and chemical testing in the form of Acidity resistance and Alkalinity resistance. The standards in this study refer to SNI 03-2105-2006 regarding Particle Boards, SNI 01-7201-2006 regarding Plywood and block boards with beautiful paper faces, and ASTM D543. The density test showed a value of 0.90 gr/cm3 in the average sample A and 0.75 gr/cm3 in the average sample A. The results of the ANOVA analysis on the Density test showed that there was a significant difference between each sample and each treatment. the results of the t-Test showed that the treatment of sample A did not meet the standard, while the treatment of sample B met the SNI 03-2105-2006 standard. The acidity and alkalinity resistance were tested visually with the results that the temperature at 130° was more susceptible to reaction than the temperature at 160° Objectives: To find out the result of Density test, Acidity, and Alkalinity resistance of HDPE Particle Board is it already fulfill the standard ; To determine the temperature that has the most significant impact on the performance of HDPE Particle Board. Method and results: 1) Process of making the Particle Board, the process are include material preparation, material weighing, shredding, cleaning, drying, and pressing. 2) Sample Testing, the treatment that used is about variation of temperature. Variable that be used in this study consist of Density, Acidity, & Alkalinity. 3) Data Analysis, by using ANOVA Single Factor and t-Test. Conclusion: The results of Density test by t-Test analysis showed that the treatment of sample A did not meet the standard, while the treatment of sample B already fulfill the SNI 03-2105-2006. In Acidity and Alkalinity resistance there are indicators according to SNI 01-7201-2006 in the form of softening and open cracks in several samples. Density test results show the variable B (160°) is at 0.75 gr/cm3 and already fulfil the standard. Visual test results of Acidity and Alkalinity resistance show the variable B (160°) is more resistant to the effects of acids and bases. So that the optimal variable is at a temperature of 160°.

Chemical pretreatment of particle board industry wastewater and optimization by response surface method

Bu çalışmada yonga levha atık suyunun koagülasyon/flokülasyon yöntemiyle kimyasal ön arıtılabilirliği incelenmiştir. Çalışmada kullanılan parametreler ve seviyeleri Yanıt Yüzey Yöntemi (YYY) kullanılarak tasarlanmış ve sonuçlar optimize edilerek model denklemleri türetilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında; koagülant olarak Flo30, flokülant olarak ise anyonik patates nişastası (APN, %1) kullanılmıştır. Bağımsız değişkenler olarak; başlangıç pH’sı (5-8), Flo30 koagülant dozu (6-12 ml/L), APN dozu (10-30 ml/L); bağımlı değişkenler olarak kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı (KOİ,%), askıda katı madde (AKM,%) ve renk giderim verimleri (%) seçilmiştir. Her bir bağımlı değişkenin giderimini maksimum yapan şartlar ayrı ayrı belirlenmiş ve bu şartlarda doğrulama deneyleri yapılmıştır. Maksimum giderim şartlarında KOİ, AKM ve renk giderim verimleri sırasıyla; %56,83, %96,46, %83,2 olarak bulunmuştur. Elde edilen modellerin R2 değerleri ise sırası ile 0,9501, 0,9666 ve 0,9377 olmuştur. Yonga levha atık sularının ön arıtımında kimyasal arıtımın etkili bir metot olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Reduction of response time of fire detection and containment systems in compartments

Bench tests were performed on promising sensors used in fire safety systems in compartments. Activation delay times of fire sensors and systems were analyzed during the thermal decomposition and suppression of burning construction and interior design materials typical of compartments: wood, particle board, fiberboard, linoleum, cardboard, different types of wallpaper, paper and plastic. The thermal decomposition and ignition characteristics were identified using commercially available fire detectors of different types and designs (thermal, smoke and flame detectors), contact and non-contact temperature measurement instruments, a gas detection system and video recording equipment. Devices with the highest efficiency in terms of response time and detection reliability were determined that are necessary and sufficient to identify the thermal decomposition of construction and interior design materials at an early stage of fire. When generalizing the experimental data, mathematical equations were derived to predict the integral characteristics of the processes under study. Promising methods of reducing the response time of fire sensors and systems in general were determined. Guidelines were proposed on upgrading the existing systems of fire prevention in buildings and developing new automatic ones to significantly accelerate the detection of fires in buildings and optimize their containment and suppression.

Utilization of Kattha (Acacia catechu) extracted wood chips in combination with PF (Phenol-Formaldehyde) resin as a binder to produce a medium-density particle board

Utilization of Kattha (Acacia catechu) extracted wood chips in combination with PF (Phenol-Formaldehyde) resin as a binder to produce a medium-density particle board

Development and Characterization of Particle Boards Based on Sorghum Husk

Development and Characterization of Particle Boards Based on Sorghum Husk

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISATION OF GUM ARABIC BONDED PARTICLE BOARD MADE FROM RICE HUSK AND CANDLE WAX

Particle boards from wood sources have negative impacts on the environment through deforestation. Binders from synthetic sources are also not economical due to high costs in some parts of the world. Agricultural waste materials like rice husk (RH) and readily available natural binders like gum Arabic (GA) are proposed as alternative component materials in particle board manufacture. This study therefore investigates the engineering performance of gum Arabic bonded particle board made from rice husk and candle wax. RH was kept at a constant 70% in the mixture, CW and GA were alternated at 0/30%, 5/25%, 10/20%, 15/15%, 20/10%, and 25/5 % respectively. The mixture was passed through cold and hot presses with compressions to produce particle board samples. The samples were micro-characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The Gum arabic bonded particle board were subjected to various engineering tests. The SEM results showed poor compaction of the material especially as CW content increased. The EDS results showed that caron and silica constituted about 75% of the matrix indicating free of toxic substances. The maximum compressive, flexural and split tensile strengths were 3.88, 0.33 and 1.90 N/mm2 respectively at 10/20% mix even with the lowest density of 565.29 kg/m3. The water absorption and swelling in thickness decreased significantly with increase of CW with values of 2.72 and 0.00% at 25/5 %. The boards may be classified as medium-density since the densities were above 560Kg/m3.

Nilai-Nilai Teologi: Pemberdayaan Jemaat Melalui Kerajinan Lidi Kelapa Sawit Untuk Meningkatkan Ekonomi Di Desa Marbau Selatan Kabupaten Labuhanbatu

Economic development can be started by using human resources and natural resources to improve the congregation's economy. The natural resource used is oil palm. Oil palm is a plant that has the benefit of processing its fruit into oil. Apart from the fruit, the stems are also used as particle board. This research aims to find out how empowering congregations through palm oil leaf crafts can improve the economy. The method used in this research is qualitative method . The data collection technique was carried out by means of literature study. From the results of the research that has been carried out, it can be concluded that the presence of natural resources, namely palm oil, can improve the economy through beautiful handicrafts and have community empowerment in them.

TRAINING AND EDUCATION ON THE USE OF WOOD WASTE IN THE FURNITURE INDUSTRY GROUP IN KARANG ANYAR VILLAGE

Wood waste is often found in several home furniture business locations in Langsa City, including in the furniture industry in Karang Anyar Village. The problem so far is that wood waste is not processed and utilized due to a lack of knowledge in processing wood waste into a product that has economic value and wood waste will also have a negative impact on the environment. The aim of this Community Service activity is to educate and provide training to furniture business groups to utilize sawdust waste into economically valuable products such as chipboard and blockboard. The activity method begins by coordinating with partners from the Karang Anyar Village furniture industry group totaling 12 people and then preparing the materials and tools used. The stages of making chipboard and blockboard with dimensions of 40x40x10 from wood waste are then the stage of training and education for the community and monitoring the results of activities. From the results of the activity, training participants received good benefits in understanding waste and the impacts that will arise from waste with a percentage of 45% and 70% with very good grades. However, for waste processing, the training participants only got a very good understanding of 30%. The skill of making particle board from wood waste increased after training by a percentage of 55% and participants benefited from the training by 70% for an excellent score.

Fabrication of Anti-Termite Particle Boards Made from Bintaro (Cerbera Manghas): Analysis of Physical and Mechanical Properties

Termites are commonly seen as a nuisance due to their capacity to cause harm to wooden objects. The occurrence of termite infestations on furniture has led to a rise in financial damages attributed to such attacks. Hence, it is of utmost need to seek alternative raw materials that exhibit resistance to termite-induced deterioration, thereby fulfilling the requirement for substituting particle board. The present study has successfully demonstrated the fabrication of particle board by including bintaro fruit seed filler and urea formaldehyde matrix. The primary objective of this research endeavor was to explore an alternate approach to standard particle board production, specifically focusing on the development of anti-termite qualities. The filler fraction to matrix fraction comparison exhibits variations of 50:50, 60:40, 70:30, and 80:20. The particle board production process employed in this study utilizes a cold pressing method, wherein a pressure of 15 MPa is applied for a duration of 120 minutes. The board particles that have been acquired are subjected to testing in order to ascertain their physical characteristics, such as density and water content. The experiment was conducted in compliance with the SNI Standard 03-2105-2006. The flexural strength of particle board was evaluated in accordance with the standard SNI 03-2105-2006. An assessment was conducted to evaluate the susceptibility of particle board to termite infestation, in accordance with the guidelines outlined in the SNI 01-7207-2006 standards. The density and moisture content testing findings conducted on particle board match with the specifications outlined in the SNI 03-2105-2006 standard. The experimental outcomes evaluating the susceptibility of board particles to termite infestations have effectively fulfilled the requirements outlined in the SNI 01-7207-2006 standards.

The investigation of physical dan mechanical properties of Nipah-based particle board

The excessive use of wood as a raw material in furniture industries has raised environmental concerns that have attracted the attention of many individuals. Consequently, various innovations have been explored in developing alternative materials for the furniture industry. One promising resource that has the potential to be developed as a raw material for furniture applications is Nipah palm husk. Nipah palm husk is classified as an agricultural waste that is barely used within society and industries. Hence, in this study, Nipah palm husk will be utilized as the primary material to fabricate particle board by involving tapioca as an adhesive. This research aimed to investigate the effect of tapioca concentrations on water absorption, modulus elasticity, modulus of rupture, and screw-holding strength of the produced Nipah palm husk particleboard. The results of this study showed that the particle board produced with a 40% tapioca adhesive concentration exhibited the most favorable physical and mechanical properties with a water absorption rate of 25%, an elastic modulus of 21188.93 kg/cm2, a modulus of rupture of 55.53 kg/cm2, and a screw holding power of 7.53 kg. The findings indicated that Nipah-based particle board has the potential to be developed as an alternative for the furniture industry.

Properties of flyash based wood geopolymer composite

Geopolymers are inorganic adhesive synthesized from industrial waste such as fly ash thus the development of wood geopolymer composite would be a low carbon footprint material. Geopolymers, being a non-formaldehyde adhesive can be used as an alternative binder for wood based composites where environmentally friendly and sustainability of product is important. In this study flyash as precursor is been used in the development of wood geopolymer composite product. Flyash is activated with a combination of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions at a weight ratio of 1:2.5 for geopolymer formation. The study investigated the properties of wood geopolymer composite made with ratios of wood particle to flyash percentage (23/77), (37/62), (44/55), (50/50) and (57/43). Geopolymer formation was observed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Influence of wood particles in wood geopolymer composite were observed by Scanning electron microscope. The study shows that the water absorption and thickness selling properties of all the formulations of wood geopolymer composites are comparable with the medium density particle board and cement-bonded particleboard according to the IS:3087–2005 standard and IS: 12406: respectively. Highest mechanical properties and good bond strength was obtained by the composite containing 23% wood particle ratio with 77% percent flyash. However, still improvement in mechanical properties is needed to achieve the mechanical properties comparable to cement bonded particle board.

Optimisation of particle distribution and performance in three-layer tubular particleboards using response surface methodology

To explore the impact of manufacturing parameters on the modulus of rupture (MOR), internal bond strength (IB), and 24-h water absorption thickness swelling (24 h TS) of tubular particleboards, the geometry of the particles and the combination and distribution of the particles were investigated and integrated with response surface modeling (RSM). The results show that coarse particles with high aspect ratios form the network skeleton structure of tubular particleboards and provide the basic mechanical strength of the panels. The addition of an appropriate amount of fine particles can reduce the internal voids of the board and improve its mechanical strength. In addition, the surface fine particles flowed from the gaps of the coarse particles to the interior of the boards, making the boards more compact, which was conducive to improving the modulus of rupture and internal bond strength of the tubular particleboards. It was also found that the tube spacing limited the distribution of particles of different sizes, and regulating the tube spacing could lead to boards with good performance. According to the response surface data, the derived mathematical model of the second-order response function has an R2 of 0.954 for MOR, 0.956 for IB, and 0.923 for 24 h TS. The results predicted by the RSM are close to the experimental results when the fine particle content (FoC) in the core layer is 39.35 %, the surface particle content (Sf) is 37.45 %, the tube spacing (TD) is 18.81 mm, the MOR of the tubular particle board is 17.47 MPa, the IB is 0.70 MPa, and the 24 h Ts is 7.30 %. The optimized tubular particleboard has a thermal conductivity of 38.89 mW m−1K−1, which provides efficient thermal insulation. The RSM is important in the development and structural optimization field.

Analyzing Temperature Distribution Patterns on the Facing and Backside Surface: Investigating Combustion Performance of Flame-Retardant Particle Boards Using Aluminum Hypophosphite, Intumescent, and Magnesium Hydroxide Flame Retardants.

Particle boards are manufactured through a hot pressing process using wood materials (natural polymer materials) and adhesive, which find common usage in indoor decorative finishing materials. Flame-retardant particleboard, crucial for fire safety in such applications, undergoes performance analysis that includes assessing temperature distribution across its facing surface and temperature increase on the backside surface during facade combustion, yielding critical insights into fire scenario development. In this study, a compact flame spread apparatus is utilized to examine the flame retardancy and combustion behavior of particle boards, with a specific emphasis on the application of cost-effective flame retardants, encompassing aluminum hypophosphite (ALHP), an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) comprising ammonium polyphosphate (APP), melamine (MEL), and Dipentaerythritol (DPE), alongside magnesium hydroxide (MDH), and their associated combustion characteristics. The D300°C values, representing the vertical distance from the ignition point (IP) to P300°C (the temperature point at 300 °C farthest from IP), are measured using a compact temperature distribution measurement platform. For MDH/PB, APP + MEL + DPE/PB, and ALHP/PB samples, the respective D300°C values of 145.79 mm, 117.81 mm, and 118.57 mm indicate reductions of 11.11%, 28.17%, and 27.71%, compared to the untreated sample's value of 164.02 mm. The particle boards treated with ALHP, IFR, and MDH demonstrated distinct flame-retardant mechanisms. MDH/PB relied on the thermal decomposition of MDH to produce MgO and H2O for flame retardancy, while APP + MEL + DPE/PB achieved flame retardancy through a cross-linked structure with char expansion, polyphosphate, and pyrophosphate during combustion. On the other hand, ALHP/PB attained flame retardancy by reacting with wood materials and adhesives, forming a stable condensed P-N-C structure. This study serves as a performance reference for the production of cost-effective flame-resistant particleboards and offers a practical method for assessing its fire-resistant properties when used as a decorative finishing material on facades in real fire situations.

Sensitivity study of measured wooden board thermal properties on solid heat transfer model predictions

This work presents experimental investigation on specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity as a function of temperature and vertical density profile over the sample cross section of oriented strand board, particle board, medium density fibreboard, and plywood. A possibility of introducing an universal set of parameters describing various EWPs by averaging the parameters of the four studied materials obtained in this work is investigated. A one-dimensional heat transfer simulation sensitivity study is performed using the experimentally measured values. The study aims to investigate the effect of using spatial- and temperature-dependent properties compared to constant values and to study the importance of these parameters and their combination in predicting one-dimensional heat transfer below the thermal decomposition temperature of engineered wood products.

Ameliorating the Effects of Phytochemical Substances on the Setting of Cement with Rice Bran in the Production of Particle Boards Using a Natural Accelerator

Ameliorating the Effects of Phytochemical Substances on the Setting of Cement with Rice Bran in the Production of Particle Boards Using a Natural Accelerator

Nickel plating on wood and wood composite surfaces: Characterization of surface durability

In this study, the performance of nickel plating on wooden surfaces was investigated. Black pine (BP), medium density fiber board (MDF) and particle board (PB) were used for the wooden samples. After the sample surfaces were sanded with 200, 500 and 1000 grit sandpaper and varnished with polyurethane varnish (150 g/m2), they were nickel plated using a spray gun and compressed air. After drying the samples at room temperature for 72 h, scratch analyses were performed according to TS EN 15186 (2012) and TS EN ISO 2409 (2020) and abrasion analyses were performed according to TS EN 13329 +A. The staining resistance of the samples was determined according to the DIN 53799 standard. According to the results, surface strength of the MDF samples was lower than those of PB and BP. The scratch analysis results for the black nickel coating were lower than those for TS EN 15186 (2012). However, it was higher according to TS EN ISO 2409 (2020) scratch analysis. In terms of stain resistance, all samples were found to be resistant to water, soap, tea, and acetone stains, except for coffee stains. Upon visual examination, a slight coffee stain was observed on the sample surfaces. As a result, in the light of surface strength analysis, it was concluded that the surfaces of wooden boards are not suitable for nickel plating.

Micromechanical Characterization of Continuous Fiber Date Palm Composites

ABSTRACT Date palm fiber composites with aligned, continuous fibers and epoxy matrix were prepared and mechanically characterized using micromechanical models. A hydrothermal process with microwave heating was utilized to extract the date palm frond (midrib) fibers, making the process eco-friendly as opposed to the commonly reported chemical extraction method. Single fibers were then characterized and found to have an average elastic modulus and ultimate tensile strength of 17.1 ± 1.5 GPa and 333 ± 27.4 MPa, respectively. Interfacial shear strengths ranging between 6 and 12 MPa were determined using a single-fiber pull-out test. Fibers were aligned to make uniaxial tensile samples with volume fraction ranging from 11% to 56%, elastic modulus ranging from 1.72 GPa to 9.52 GPa and ultimate tensile strengths ranging from 16.9 MPa to 43.8 MPa. All the results were found to obey “Rule of Mixtures” theory. The composite’s mechanical properties are similar to or exceeding those of the commercially available wood products such as medium density fiberboard, oriented strand board, thick particle board, hard fiber board, and plywood, making the hydrothermal approach with microwave heating as a promising approach for preparation of date palm composites and further opens up similar process pathway for other natural fibers.

Hygienic justification for the classification of the danger of sources of emissions of substances having an olfactorial action

The purpose of the study is a comparative analysis and ranking of industries related to sources of olfactory exposure, depending on the odour’s “offensiveness” of their emissions.
 Material and methods. Experimental olfacto-odourimetric studies were carried out using a dynamic olfactometer ECOMA TO-8 on the example of fifteen mixtures of substances (over 4200 measurements) representing or simulating emissions from the industries including particle boards, vegetable oil from soybean and rapeseed seeds, coffee, perfumery and cosmetic products, food flavourings, tobacco products, as well as livestock operations, gas odourizing, and fuel oil steam treatment. Statistical data processing was performed using the computer software Probit Analysis (v.4.0). Analytical study of mixtures of substances contained in emissions was carried out using a FOCUS GC-DSQ-II chromato-mass spectrometer.
 Results. Based on the conducted olfacto-odourimetric studies of samples and models of emissions from the productions and technological processes related to sources of odour with the establishment of odour’s detection thresholds and the “offensiveness” thresholds of substances, a facilities’ hazard classification is proposed taking into account the odour’s “offensiveness” (“annoyance potential”) of emissions (extremely offensive, offensive, moderately offensive and slightly offensive), which makes it possible to update the current classification according to SanPiN 2.2.1./2.1.1.1200–03 (new edition) and the Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated February 28, 2022 N 7.
 Limitations. The study’s limitations associated with the use of a relatively new experimental method for the presentation of odour stimuli and their registration, which requires additional testing, as well as with the possible transformation of substances during the delivery of emission samples to the laboratory.
 Conclusion. The methodology of the experimental odourimetric evaluation of multicomponent mixtures of odorous substances that are part of the emissions of various enterprises and municipal facilities makes it possible to quickly and rationally optimize the existing classification of industries according to the “offensiveness” criterion (or “annoyance potential”) of the odorous emissions.