Wave-particle Research Articles

Young’s double-slit experiment optimizer : A novel metaheuristic optimization algorithm for global and constraint optimization problems

Due to the global progress, the optimization problems are becoming more and more complex. Hence, deterministic and heuristic approaches are no longer adequate for dealing with such sophisticated problems. subsequently, metaheuristics have recently emerged as an effective alternative for addressing the optimization problems. This paper proposes a novel metaheuristic called Young’s Double-Slit Experiment (YDSE) optimizer, derived from a physical backdrop. The YDSE optimizer is inspired by Young’s double-slit experiment, which is regarded as one of the most well-known classical physics experiments, revealing the wave nature of light. In YDSE optimizer, each fringe represents a possible solution in the population. Many concepts are modeled from the experiment, such as monochromatic light waves, Huygens’ principle, constructive and destructive interference, wave intensity, amplitude, and path difference. The YDSE optimizer strikes a balance between exploration and exploitation by selecting either a constructive interference or a destructive interference based on the order number of the fringe. During the optimization process, the solution moves in search space based on its order number. If the solution has an odd number, it moves in the dark regions towards the central bright region, which is expected to contain the optimal solution. The algorithm exploits the promising areas in the bright fringe areas, which are assumed to contain the optimum. The performance of the YDSE optimizer is compared with another twelve metaheuristics using CEC 2014, CEC 2017, and CEC 2022. The benchmarks cover different unimodal, multimodal, hybrid, and composite test functions. Also, we consider ten constrained and unconstrained engineering optimization design problems. YDSE proved its superiority over the CEC 2014 and CEC 2017 winners, such as L-SHADE, LSHADE-cnEpSin, and LSHADE-SPACMA. The results and the statistical analysis demonstrated the outperformance of the proposed YDSE optimizer at a 95% confidence interval.

Adsorption independent silver colloids index measurement with metal-cladding optical waveguide

The refractive index measurements of silver nanoparticles colloids can provide chemical composition and nanostructure details. Although the standard surface plasmon resonance (SPR) approach improves index measurement precision, it is restricted by silver nanoparticles adsorption and incapable of detecting the colloid index due to the evanescent nature of the surface wave. Herein, a method utilizing metal-cladding optical waveguide (MCOW) was proposed to measure the volume refractive index of silver nanoparticles colloids, importantly, which is independent of particle adsorption. The experimental results show that the sensitivity of the refractive index measurement using the MCOW approach is at least 10−6 RIU (Refractive Index Unit) owing to the oscillating ultrahigh-order modes, this work not only presents a high-sensitivity, high-yield, simple-to-process, and effective refractive index measuring technique, but also recommends a more practical and adaptable colloidal particle characterization approach.

How exactly does the wave-particle duality arise Understand the wave-particle duality in a systematic and global way of thinking

How exactly does the wave-particle duality arise Understand the wave-particle duality in a systematic and global way of thinking

Manipulating the nature of embryonic mitotic waves

Early embryogenesis is characterized by rapid and synchronous cleavage divisions, which are often controlled by wave-like patterns of Cdk1 activity. Two mechanisms have been proposed for mitotic waves: sweep and trigger waves.1,2 The two mechanisms give rise to different wave speeds, dependencies on physical and molecular parameters, and spatial profiles of Cdk1 activity: upward sweeping gradients versus traveling wavefronts. Both mechanisms hinge on the transient bistability governing the cell cycle and are differentiated by the speed of the cell-cycle progression: sweep and trigger waves arise for rapid and slow drives, respectively. Here, using quantitative imaging of Cdk1 activity and theory, we illustrate that sweep waves are the dominant mechanism in Drosophila embryos and test two fundamental predictions on the transition from sweep to trigger waves. We demonstrate that sweep waves can be turned into trigger waves if the cell cycle is slowed down genetically or if significant delays in the cell-cycle progression are introduced across the embryo by altering nuclear density. Our genetic experiments demonstrate that Polo kinase is a major rate-limiting regulator of the blastoderm divisions, and genetic perturbations reducing its activity can induce the transition from sweep to trigger waves. Furthermore, we show that changes in temperature cause an essentially uniform slowdown of interphase and mitosis. That results in sweep waves being observed across a wide temperature range despite the cell-cycle durations being significantly different. Collectively, our combination of theory and experiments elucidates the nature of mitotic waves in Drosophila embryogenesis, their control mechanisms, and their mutual transitions.

Spatial pattern of propagation digital terrestrial television system in east jakarta city

Development of television has gone into terrestrial digital systems that have many advantages over previous (analogue) systems. The nature of radio waves for digital terrestrial television broadcasting that propagates or propagation causes reflection and diffraction due to disturbances or barriers in the form of tall buildings and trees. The purpose of this research is to analyze propagation patterns of digital terrestrial television systems and the effect of physical conditions on the propagation value of digital terrestrial television systems. The variable is land cover, relief, slope direction, distance from transmitter, height, and building height barrier. The method uses spatial analysis within grid analysis and correlation analysis. The results of this study showed that the propagation pattern of digital terrestrial television systems spread randomly to the moderate signal in the central and northeast of East Jakarta city and clustered for a bad signal in the north and northwest areas of East Jakarta city and good signal in the southern region of East Jakarta city. Based on correlation analysis, the propagation pattern of digital terrestrial television systems influenced by the physical condition of the region from variable height and height barriers of buildings.

Verification of the Standard Theory of Plasma Emission with Particle-in-cell Simulations

The standard theory of plasma emission is based on kinetic couplings between a single beam of energetic electrons and unmagnetized thermal plasmas, involving multistep nonlinear wave–particle and wave–wave interactions. The theory has not yet been completely verified with fully kinetic electromagnetic particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. Earlier studies, greatly limited by available computational resources, are controversial regarding whether the fundamental emission can be generated according to the standard theory. To resolve the controversy, we conducted PIC simulations with a large domain of simulations and a large number of macroparticles, among the largest ones of similar studies. We found significant fundamental emission if the relative beam density is small enough (say, ≤0.01), in line with an earlier study with a much smaller domain; the relative intensity (normalized by the total initial beam energy) of all modes, except the mode associated with the beam-electromagnetic Weibel instability, decreases with the increasing relative density of the beam. We also found a significant transverse magnetic component associated with the superluminal Langmuir turbulence, which has been mistakenly regarded as evidence of the F emission in the earlier study. Further investigations are required to reveal their origin.

Scattering of energetic electrons through nonlinear cyclotron resonance with coherent whistler-mode hiss emissions

Recent observations have revealed that plasmaspheric hiss consists of many discrete waves called “hiss elements.” However, the interaction of energetic electrons (10 keV to several MeV) with the plasmaspheric hiss has only been simulated by the quasilinear (QL) diffusion theory, which does not take the fine wave structure into account. The QL theory cannot address nonlinear particle motions determined by the inhomogeneity factor, which influences the scattering of electrons in pitch angle and energy. This study aims to identify differences between the nonlinear wave–particle interaction and QL theory for plasmaspheric hiss emissions. We conduct test particle simulations to demonstrate the nonlinear interactions between hiss waves and electrons. The nonlinear theory is used to model hiss elements consisting of discrete frequencies and continuous phases. Unlike the other theories, the frequency and amplitude variations in time of the hiss packet are taken into account. Frequencies of the packets are determined to satisfy the separability criterion; when the criterion is met, resonance overlapping is absent, and the electrons can generate each wave element independently. The realistic simulation model of hiss waves reproduces the scattering of electrons by both first- and second-order resonances. We also evaluate the efficiency of electron scattering by calculating nonlinear diffusion coefficients. The diffusion coefficient of equatorial pitch angle is of the same order of magnitude as those calculated by the QL diffusion theory, while we find the effective acceleration of resonant electrons by successive nonlinear trapping, which is not evaluated by the QL theory.

Geometrical presentation of elementary particle wave function

This article presents a short review of a geometric approach to the theory of elementary particles which was proposed early. The wave function of particle, instead of the spinor representation, is given by the Clifford number, whose transfer rules have the structure of the Dirac equation for any manifold. The solution to this equation is obtained in terms of geometric characteristics. New experiments are proposed to show the geometric nature of the wave function of an elementary particle.

Complementarity and causal propagation of decoherence by measurement in relativistic quantum field theories

Entanglement generation by Newtonian gravitational potential between objects has been widely discussed to reveal the quantum nature of gravity. In this paper, we perform a quantum field theoretical analysis of a slightly modified version of the gedanken experiment by Mari and co-workers. We show that decoherence due to the presence of a detector propagates with the speed of light in terms of a retarded Green's function, as it should be consistent with causality of relativistic field theories. The quantum nature of fields, such as quantum fluctuations or emission of gravitons expressed in terms of the Keldysh Green's function also play important roles in the mechanism of decoherence due to on-shell particle creation. We also discuss the trade-off relation between the visibility of the interference and the distinguishability of the measurement, known as the wave particle duality, in our setup.

Application of Nanoparticles in Medicine

Nanomaterials due to their size (ranging from 0.1-100 nm, at least in one dimension) and higher ratio of surface area to volume display dominant quantum effects causing drastic changes in their chemical reactivity as well as optical, elastic, electrical and magnetic properties. The electrons due to their wave nature move very easily without scattering in nanomaterials and allow their use as biological sensors. Nano wires, semiconducting in nature, act as a versatile optoelectronic component in photodetectors sensitive to polarization and arrays with sub wavelength resolution. The wide applicability of nanomaterials in medicines emerge from the similarity in size of biomolecule moieties of metabolic processes occurring at nano levels. Optical properties of quantum dots allow their use as biomarkers subsequent to coating with a material able to bind selectively with certain biological structures like cancer cells by fluorescent absorption followed by emission of electrons known as functionalised quantum dots. Nanomaterials on combining with biomolecules develop ability to recognize sensitive diagnostic and regulated drug delivery processes with appreciably better performances and may be used as tissue substitutes. The properties produced in organic solvents make them hydrophobic and incompatible to biological molecules. At the same time, they may be converted into water soluble form and made biocompatible through different techniques like ligand exchange, encapsulation, polymer coating (with functional groups attached to the surface) providing reactive site for bio conjugation through different processes keeping limitations of the processes in view. Nanomaterials play prominent role in medicines as obviated by growing global market for them in the field expected to reach to USD 182.3 billion by 2027 at a compounded annual growth rate of 19.9% from 2021.

Application of Nanoparticles in Medicine

Nanomaterials due to their size (ranging from 0.1-100 nm, at least in one dimension) and higher ratio of surface area to volume display dominant quantum effects causing drastic changes in their chemical reactivity as well as optical, elastic, electrical and magnetic properties. The electrons due to their wave nature move very easily without scattering in nanomaterials and allow their use as biological sensors. Nano wires, semiconducting in nature, act as a versatile optoelectronic component in photodetectors sensitive to polarization and arrays with sub wavelength resolution. The wide applicability of nanomaterials in medicines emerge from the similarity in size of biomolecule moieties of metabolic processes occurring at nano levels. Optical properties of quantum dots allow their use as biomarkers subsequent to coating with a material able to bind selectively with certain biological structures like cancer cells by fluorescent absorption followed by emission of electrons known as functionalised quantum dots. Nanomaterials on combining with biomolecules develop ability to recognize sensitive diagnostic and regulated drug delivery processes with appreciably better performances and may be used as tissue substitutes. The properties produced in organic solvents make them hydrophobic and incompatible to biological molecules. At the same time, they may be converted into water soluble form and made biocompatible through different techniques like ligand exchange, encapsulation, polymer coating (with functional groups attached to the surface) providing reactive site for bio conjugation through different processes keeping limitations of the processes in view. Nanomaterials play prominent role in medicines as obviated by growing global market for them in the field expected to reach to USD 182.3 billion by 2027 at a compounded annual growth rate of 19.9% from 2021.

Prevalence and Pathogenicity of Omicron Varian

The surge of the Omicron variant has been studied in overall India, Delhi and Mumbai. The increase in the percentage share of the Omicron strain in total registered cases resulted in a surge of daily new infections. The pathogenicity of Original, Delta, and Omicron variants has been compared using the data collected at the Max Healthcare network in India. The Omicron wave was the least severe of all three waves. The third Omicron wave did not cause much damage due to hybrid immunity generated in the population as a result of vaccination and previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. The low pathogenic nature of the Omicron virus is also the reason for the less severe illnesses the variant caused. Hospitalization during the Omicron wave was just 10% of the Delta wave. The percentage of patients who needed oxygen support was the least during the Omicron wave (23.4%) followed by the Original (63%) and the Delta variant (74%). The less severe nature of the Omicron wave gave the hope of recovering from the deadly devastating COVID-19 pandemic. The symptoms of “long COVID” patients have been compared during all three waves. Nearly the same number of the patients at 5.3% and 5.16% had health issues during Original and Omicron waves, respectively whereas during the Delta surge 5.9% of patients with “long COVID” had symptoms.

Toward Complementary Characterization of the Chemical Bond.

A precise discussion of a single bond requires consideration of two-particle wave function for the particles involved. Here we define and determine rigorously the intrinsic covalency and connected characteristics of the canonical example of the H2 molecule. This is achieved by starting from an analytic form for the two-particle wave function for electrons forming the bond, in which we single out the atomic contribution (atomicity) in an unequivocal manner. The presence of the atomicity and ionicity factors complements the existing attributes of the bond. In this way, a gradual evolution of the molecular state to its two-atom correspondent is traced systematically with increasing interatomic distance. In effect, a direct relation to the onset of incipient Mott-Hubbard atomicity (Mottness) to the intrinsic covalency and ionicity is established. This goal is achieved formally by combining the single-particle wave function readjustment in the entangled state with a simultaneous determination of two-particle states in the particle (second quantization) representation.

A Proposed Interpretation of the Wave-Particle Duality.

Within the framework of quantum mechanics, the wave function squared describes the probability density of particles. In this article, another description of the wave function is given which embeds quantum mechanics into the traditional fields of physics, thus making new interpretations dispensable. The new concept is based on the idea that each microscopic particle with non-vanishing rest mass is accompanied by a matter wave, which is formed by adjusting the phases of the vacuum fluctuations in the vicinity of the vibrating particle. The vibrations of the particle and wave are phase-coupled. Particles move on continuous approximately classical trajectories. By the phase coupling mechanism, the particle transfers the information on its kinematics and thus also on the external potential to the wave. The space dependence of the escorting wave turns out to be equal to the wave function. The new concept fundamentally differs from the pilot wave concept of Bohmian mechanics.

Diffraction and Refraction of Nonlinear Waves by the Green–Naghdi Equations

Abstract Diffraction and refraction of nonlinear shallow water waves due to uneven bathymetry are studied by use of the Green–Naghdi (GN) equations in three dimensions. A numerical wave tank consisting of deep, transitional, and shallow regions is created. Various forms of three-dimensional bathymetry, consisting of ramps with nonuniform profiles and large slopes, are used to connect the deep-water side of the tank to the shallow water shelf. A wavemaker is placed at the upwave side of the domain, capable of generating solitary and cnoidal waves of the GN equations. A numerical wave absorber is located downwave of the domain to minimize the wave reflection back into the domain. The system of equations is solved numerically in time domain by use of a second-order finite-difference approach for spatial discretization, and in a boundary-fitted coordinate system, and by use of the modified Euler method for time marching. Results include solitary and cnoidal wave surface elevation and particle velocities and are compared with the existing solutions where possible. Overall, very good agreement is observed. Discussion is provided on the nonlinearity and dispersion effects on the wave diffraction and refraction by the various forms of the ramps, as well as on the performance of the GN equations in solving these problems.

Wave-particle interactions toolset: A python-based toolset to model wave-particle interactions in the magnetosphere

Wave particle interactions are known to be an efficient yet unquantified driver of the variability of particle populations in Earth’s magnetosphere, and their quantification and understanding through modelling has been a subject of ceaseless and extensive research during the last decades. Moreover, there is an increasing interest in techniques for radiation belt remediation, which refers to artificially controlling energetic particle populations in the near-Earth space environment via the scattering of particles from artificially generated electromagnetic waves. Whereas numerous modelling techniques are described in literature, there is a lack of a unified open-source toolset that incorporates the equations and parameterizations used by different wave-particle interaction models in a user-friendly environment. We present WPIT, the Wave-Particle Interactions Toolset, an open source, Python-based set of tools for modelling the interactions between energetic charged particles and VLF waves in the magnetosphere through test particle simulations. WPIT incorporates key routines related to wave-particle interactions in Python modules and also in Jupyter Notebook environment, enabling the traceability of all relevant equations in terms of their derivation and key assumptions, together with the programming environment and integrated graphics that enable users to conduct state-of-the-art wave-particle interaction simulations rapidly and efficiently. WPIT can be used either as a stand-alone simulation tool or as a library of routines that the user can extract and incorporate into an independent simulation. We present an analytic description of the code, the methodology used, and examples based on each of the WPIT modules. WPIT examples include the exact reproduction of simulation results that have been reported in literature, based on the same sets of parameters and assumptions, allowing the user to expand upon state-of-the-art. Finally, using the WPIT toolset, we perform a parametric analysis on the onset of nonlinear interactions between electrons with whistler-mode waves by varying the relevant parameters of the waves (amplitude, wave normal angle and frequency), the particles (pitch angle and energy) and the plasma environment (electron density and ion composition).

The symmetrical rate-equations of particle–wave mechanics

At various times in his life, Louis de Broglie firmly believed in the coexistence of both particle and an associated wave referring to “the theory of the double solution”, and an equation which he called “the guidance formula”. In an attempt to account for both particle and wave, the author has proposed a Lorentz invariant alternative to Newton’s second law which is developed in Hill (Zeitschrift fur angewandte Mathematik und Physik 69:133–145, 2018; Zeitschrift fur angewandte Mathematik und Physik 70:5–14, 2019; Zeitschrift fur angewandte Mathematik und Physik 70:131–153, 2019; Math Mech Solids 26:263–284, 2020; Math Mech Solids 25: 1763–1777, 2020; Zeitschrift fur angewandte Mathematik und Physik 72:1–14; Mathematics of particle–wave mechanical systems, Springer, Cham, 2022). Here, we summarise some of the major outcomes of this approach, including simple solutions of the proposed model exhibiting both sub-luminal and superluminal behaviour dependent upon the region of space-time, and two symmetrical sets of rate-differential relations for the two Lorentz invariants for a single spatial dimension x. One set follows the particle, while the other follows the wave, revealing a complete symmetry between the one-dimensional spatial physical force f and the force g in the “direction of time”. The existence of these symmetrical equations reinforces the parity and interchangeability of particles and waves.

The morphology and stratification of giant eddy bars reflect the variation in shape of palaeoflood hydrographs: A flume study

AbstractEvidence for ungauged large freshwater palaeofloods in valley‐confined landscapes frequently includes giant flow‐eddy bars, deposited in alcoves along the floodway margins. Elevations of the bar tops commonly are used to define the minimum water level for computational flood simulations. Field study has shown that giant bar stratigraphy and sedimentology can be distinctive; identifying the alluvial signature of large palaeofloods where the morphological evidence may be less clear. However, whether the shape and stratigraphy of eddy bars provide indicators as to the nature of the floodwaves has not been considered widely. Flood hydrographs might be dam‐break surge waves, gradually varied, or steady flows, for example. Yet, if bar form and stratigraphy vary systematically with the nature of the flood wave, then bars have additional value in defining the style of unrecorded floodwaves for environmental interpretation and flood modelling purposes.An experimental water flume was used to reproduce three styles of scaled floodwave that might be associated with sudden and more protracted releases of water from upstream reservoirs. Discharge was through a channel consisting of a series of contractions and expansions. Eddy bars were deposited within the flow separation zones that formed at each flow expansion. The basic hydraulic characteristics of the floodwaves were recorded and the form of the bars and the stratigraphy were examined.The results indicate that each style of flood deposited a distinctive barform and related stratigraphy. In this manner, we demonstrate that the examination of the form and stratification of giant bars in the natural environment can provide information on the style of the palaeoflood – sudden release or protracted flow – that was responsible for the deposition of the bars. Such information assists with the identification and interpretation of the nature and source of the floodwater as well as informing attempts to model hydrograph shapes.

Концептуальные и институциональные основы миграционной политики Азербайджанской Республики

The article discusses features of the migration policy of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Considering the process of population resettlement within a certain historical period, the author divides the waves of migration in the country into three stages. This division is based on causes and nature of migration waves after the independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The author examines the institutional framework for the formation of migration policy in the Republic and considers the administrative apparatus of migration processes.

Unified gas-kinetic wave-particle method for three-dimensional simulation of gas-particle fluidized bed

The gas–solid particle two-phase flow in a fluidized bed shows complex physics. The multi-scale algorithm composed of the coupled gas-kinetic scheme (GKS) for the gas phase and unified gas-kinetic wave-particle method (UGKWP) for the solid particle phase is developed for three-dimensional fluidized bed study. For the solid-particle phase, different from the widely-used Eulerian and Lagrangian approaches, the UGKWP unifies the wave (dense particle region) and discrete particle (dilute particle region) formulation seamlessly according to a continuous variation of particle cell’s Knudsen number (Kn). The GKS-UGKWP for the coupled gas-particle evolution system can automatically become an Eulerian–Eulerian (EE) method in the high particle collision regime and Eulerian–Lagrangian (EL) formulation in the collisionless particle regime. In the transition regime, the UGKWP can achieve a smooth transition between the Eulerian and Lagrangian limiting formulation. More importantly, the weights of mass distributions from analytical wave and discrete particle are related to the local Kn by (1−exp(−1/Kn)) for wave and exp(−1/Kn) for discrete particle. The UGKWP provides an optimal modeling in capturing the particle phase in difference regimes with the full consideration of physical accuracy and numerical efficiency. In the numerical simulation, the UGKWP does not need any prior division of dilute/dense regions, which makes it suitable for the fluidized bed problem, where the dilute/transition/dense regions instantaneously coexist and are dynamically interconvertible. In this paper, based on the GKS-UGKWP formulation two lab-scale fluidization cases, i.e., one turbulent fluidized bed and one circulating fluidized bed, are simulated in 3D and the simulation results are compared with the experimental measurements. The typical heterogeneous flow features of the fluidized bed are well captured and the statistics are in good agreement with experiment data.