Particle Size Of Powder Research Articles

Powder BED Additive Manufacturing using Machine Learning Algorithms for Multidisciplinary Applications: A Review and Outlook

Abstract: Additive manufacturing overcomes the limitations associated with conventional processes, such as fabricating complex parts, material wastage, and a number of sequential operations. Powder-bed additives fall under the category of additive manufacturing process, which, in recent years, has captured the attention of researchers and scientists working in various fields of science and engineering. Production of powder bed additive manufacturing (PBAM) parts with consistent and predictable properties of powders used during the manufacturing process plays an important role in deciding printed parts' reliability in aeronautical, automobile, biomedical, and healthcare applications. In the PBAM process, the most commonly used powders are polymer, metal, and ceramic, which cannot be effectively used without understanding powder particles' physical, mechanical, and chemical properties. Several metallic powders like titanium, steel, copper, aluminum, and nickel, several polymer polyamides (nylon), polylactide, polycarbonate, glass-filled nylon, epoxy resins, etc., and the most commonly used ceramic powders like aluminum oxide (Al2O) and zirconium oxide (ZrO2) can be utilized depending upon the method being adopted during PBAM process. Adoption of some post-processing techniques for powder, such as grain refinement can also be employed to improve the physical or mechanical properties of powders used for the PBAM process. In this paper, the effect of powder parameters, such as particle size, shape, density, and reusing of powder, etc., on printed parts have been reviewed in detail using characterization techniques such as X-ray computed tomography, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This helps to understand the effect of particle size, shape, density, virgin and reused powders, etc., used during the PBAM process. This article has reviewed the selection of appropriate process parameters like laser power, scanning speed, hatch spacing, and layer thickness and their effects on various mechanical or physical properties, such as tensile strength, hardness, and the effect of porosity, along with the microstructure evolution. One of the drawbacks of additive manufacturing is the variability in the quality of printed parts, which can be eliminated by monitoring the process using machine learning techniques. Also, the prediction of the best combination of process parameters using some advanced machine learning algorithms (MLA), like random forest, k nearest neighbors, and support vector machine, can be effectively utilized to quantify the performance parameters in the PBAM process. Thus, implementing machine learning in the additive manufacturing process not only helps to learn the fundamentals but helps to identify, predict and help to make actionable recommendations that help optimize printed parts quality. The performance of various MLAs has been evaluated and compared for projecting future research directions and suggestions. In the last part of this article, multidisciplinary applications of the PBAM process have been reviewed in detail. Additive manufacturing processes carried out by using conventional machines, called hybrid additive manufacturing, have also been reviewed by discussing their methods and arrangements in detail.

The impact of geochemical and life-cycle variables on carbon dioxide removal by enhanced rock weathering: Development and application of the Stella ERW model

The carbon dioxide removal (CDR) potential of enhanced rock weathering (ERW) depends on dynamic interactions between several biogeochemical and life-cycle variables. This paper reports results from a systems model developed to account for key variable interactions and provide a computational tool for optimizing ERW applications. We discuss the model development, comparisons with laboratory and field test data, and results from a series of sensitivity analyses for several hypothetical ERW applications. The simulations were performed using a model developed in Stella Architect, an object-oriented systems dynamics modeling code. The model tracks the amount of carbon dioxide consumed by the weathering of a user-specified mass of rock powder in a soil environment. The primary model variables are: rock powder particle size distribution, soil pH, soil temperature, soil pore water saturation index, and a biological weathering factor. The rock bulk composition is also a key variable as it defines the enhanced weathering potential of the rock powder. Life cycle variables such as carbon emissions from mining, rock crushing, and transport are also quantified. The model predictions are consistent with measured data. It predicts CDR values ranging from 1 to 12 t CO2 ha−1 (depending on conditions) for single applications of 20–40 t of rock ha−1 over a 10-year interval. Applying the model to a hypothetical large-scale ERW campaign in which basalt rock powder is applied to 25% and 75% of Brazilian cropland results in CDR values of 0.15 and 0.5 Gt CO2 over ten years, respectively (for a single application). Model results show that combinations of suboptimal rock type (i.e., low concentrations of divalent cations and slow weathering rates for field conditions) and suboptimal life-cycle variables (i.e., high vehicle emission factors and long rock transport distances) can result in net positive CO2 emissions for some hypothetical ERW scenarios. It is, therefore, emphasized that the quantitative co-optimization of geochemical, biological, and life-cycle variables is essential in the planning stages of ERW applications.

Quality attributes of whole milk powder processed using ultrasonication and UV-C radiation compared with equivalent thermal treatment

Nonthermal technologies have shown great potential in both reducing microbial loads and retaining bioactive components in milk. This study evaluated the quality of whole milk powder produced using UV-C and ultrasonication (US) compared to regular heat treatment (HT). The results showed that UV-C and US achieved an equivalent bactericidal effect (reduction of total bacteria count) of raw milk compared with HT. HT decreased the native whey protein concentration and led to significant protein and lipid oxidation. US decreased the particle size of milk powder particles but increased its solubility by 18% compared with HT. UV-C retained ∼80% of native lactoferrin and immunoglobulins in raw milk. UV-C and US increased short-chain fatty acid levels in reconstituted milk, probably due to the residual lipase.

Influence of powder feedstock characteristics on extrusion-based 3D printing of magnetocaloric structures

A significant barrier to the commercialization of magnetic heat pumping is the lack of scalable, low-cost manufacturing techniques that enable shaping brittle magnetocaloric materials into heat exchange structures with porous geometries, controlled chemical gradients, and advantageous anisotropic microstructures. Though direct ink writing additive manufacturing has the potential to expand into a viable net-shaping technology for functional magnetic alloys, it is typically challenging to fabricate dense parts—an observation ascribed to the constraint on powder particle size that inevitably impacts both green density of 3D printed parts and shrinkage during sintering. To this end, we report a comprehensive study on the influence of precursor powder characteristics on the magnetic and structural properties of 3D printed test coupons produced using La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 magnetocaloric particles. Ink formulations comprising powders with nano-scaled, micron-scaled, and bimodal size distributions were printed and sintered. The impact of particle size on part quality and magnetofunctional response was examined, and it was found that test coupon fabricated using nano-scaled powders (∼100–200 nm) demonstrated the lowest part porosity (∼17%) and the highest magnetocaloric response (8 J kg−1·K−1 at μ 0H = 5T). The results presented in this work address critical technical questions about the process feasibility of making magnetic heat pumps with additive manufacturing schemes.

The Preparation of an Ultrafine Copper Powder by the Hydrogen Reduction of an Ultrafine Copper Oxide Powder and Reduction Kinetics.

Ultrafine copper powders were prepared by the air-jet milling of copper oxide (CuO) powders and a subsequent hydrogen (H2) reduction. After milling, the particle size and grain size of CuO powders decreased, while the specific surface area and structural microstrain increased, thereby improving the reaction activity. In a pure H2 atmosphere, the process of CuO reduction was conducted in one step, and followed a pseudo-first-order kinetics model. The smaller CuO powders after milling exhibited higher reduction rates and lower activation energies compared with those without milling. Based on the unreacted shrinking core model, the reduction of CuO powders via H2 was controlled by the interface reaction at the early stage, whereas the latter was limited by the diffusion of H2 through the solid product layer. Additionally, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that copper powders after H2 reduction presented a spherical-like shape, and the sintering and agglomeration between particles occurred after 300 °C, which led to a moderate increase in particle size. The preparing parameters (at 400 °C for 180 min) were preferred to obtain ultrafine copper powders with an average particle size in the range of 5.43-6.72 μm and an oxygen content of less than 0.2 wt.%.

Effect of powder characteristics on the microstructure and performance of CuSn10 parts by material extrusion 3D printing

Two water-atomised, one gas-atomised and treated CuSn10 powders were employed as initial materials to prepare bronze products by material extrusion (MEX) printing technology. The results highlight a significant impact of powder morphology and particle size on both the microstructure and mechanical performance of CuSn10 products. Among the single-size powders, the 3D printed parts, utilising −1000 mesh gas-atomised CuSn10 powders as raw materials, achieved a remarkable hardness of 76.5 HB. For dual-granularity CuSn10 powders, the printed parts from 80%/400500 mesh and 20%/−1000 mesh powders have the optimal performance, reaching a relative density of 98.88% and tensile strength of 355.46 MPa. Successful printing and sintering of various gear parts underscore MEX printing as a viable method for producing high-performance bronze components.

4-way coupling CFD-DEM simulation of particle breakage and classification in a spiral jet mill: A critical analysis

Jet-milling is a particle engineering process widely adopted in industrial manufacturing to reduce the particle size of powders. Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations (CFD) coupled with Discrete Element Modelling (DEM) proved to be a valuable tool to tackle the complexity and the non-linearity of particle breakage and classification occurring in mills. To date however, they have been employed to address only single aspects of process design being unable to reproduce it completely. The coupled CFD-DEM simulations presented in this work are for the first time capable of simultaneously describe particle fragmentation, particle-gas interaction and classification. Through coarse-graining, realistic amounts of powder can be simulated allowing to demonstrate/study how the hold-up mass slows down the milling gas affecting classification and thus the milling performance. Bottlenecks/limitations of model and methodology are critically examined to understand what is currently preventing us from creating a digital twin of the milling process.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of CoCrFeNiTa high entropy alloy prepared by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering

The equiatomic CoCrFeNiTa high-entropy alloy (HEA) was prepared by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintered at different temperatures in this work. The microstructural evolution of alloy powder and microstructure and mechanical properties of the sintered HEA were investigated. The results show that the particle size of HEA powder is decreased gradually with the increase of milling time and then tends to be unchanged basically. The composition of the HEA powder becomes uniform, and metastable face-centered cubic (FCC) phase and Laves phase with Co2Ta type are obtained eventually. The HEA sintered at 1100 °C exhibits a near-full density (99.15%). Supersaturated FCC and Laves phases with a grain size of 1.32 μm and 1.26 μm are formed in the HEA blocks, and many Ta2[Co, Cr, Fe] precipitates with a size of about 23 nm were observed in the FCC matrix. Mechanical properties were measured using Vickers hardness and uniaxial compression testing techniques. The HEA sintered at 1100 °C shows an ultra-high hardness of 9.37 GPa and compressive strength of 2177 MPa respectively. This is mainly ascribed to the combined effect of the grain refinement strengthening, solid solution strengthening, second phase strengthening including Laves phase and nano-sized precipitates. It provides a new way to prepare high strength and high hardness materials.

Strategies for using magnetic beads in enhanced deep eutectic solvent-mechanochemical extraction of natural products from orange peels

To address the challenges of low recovery, prolonged extraction times, and environmental pollution caused by toxic solvents in traditional extraction methods, magnetic bead-enhanced deep eutectic solvent mechanochemical extraction was developed for extracting natural products from orange peels. The extraction efficiencies of deep eutectic solvents were experimentally evaluated, and theoretical methods were used to guide solvent selection. Choline chloride-ethylene glycol demonstrated the highest efficiency under the optimal extraction conditions: a molar ratio of 1:2, no water content, a solid-liquid ratio of 0.08 g/mL, and an extraction time of 60 s. The synergy between the deep eutectic solvent and magnetic bead-enhanced the mechanochemical extraction efficiencies. The study also examined the effects of different magnetic bead types and orange peel powder particle sizes on extraction efficiency, finding that a 0.11 mm particle size combined with CIP@SiO2 yielded the best results. Overall, this study holds promise as an environmentally friendly and efficient extraction method.

Effect of jute stick charcoal powder on characterization of aluminum metal matrix composite

The present work indicates the fabrication of Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) reinforced jute stick charcoal powder (JSCP) using stir casting process and investigates different properties of fabricated composites. Mechanical properties such as flexural strength, tensile strength, hardness, and impact tests are investigated. Additionally, the morphology of the MMCs were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was used to identify the phase of the MMCs. From the investigation it was found that the tensile and flexural strength of the Al+3% JSCP composite decreased by 27.1% and 1.32% respectively compared to the Al+1% JSCP composite. On the other hand, impact strength and hardness were slightly greater for Al+3% JSCP composite. SEM analysis revealed micro-cavities and charcoal powder particle size and distribution differences. XRD patterns of the prepared composite revealed the presence of JSCP and lattice parameter of the composite. The investigation of surface roughness under different cutting speed reveals that, composite with 1% JSCP exhibited a higher surface roughness than the composite with 3% JSCP because the micro-cavity and porosity was less in Al+3% JSCP.

Deposition characteristics, sintering and CMAS corrosion resistance, and mechanical properties of thermal barrier coatings by atmospheric plasma spraying

Atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) was used to fabricate 4.5 mol% Y2O3 stabilized ZrO2 (YSZ) and 4.0 mol% Yb2O3 and 0.5 mol% Y2O3 co-stabilized ZrO2 (YbYSZ) series coatings with different spraying parameters. This study presents the effects of particle size of feed powder and substrate temperature on the microstructure and performance of thermal barrier coatings. Single-pass and multi-pass experiments were conducted to explore the relationship between the splat and the coatings. The experimental results indicate that adjusting particle size of feed powders and deposition temperature can alter the splat behaviour and microstructure, improve anti-corrosion and anti-sintering abilities, and enhance the hardness and elastic modulus. Changes in parameters can cause changes in the microstructure of as-sprayed coatings. Lower substrate temperatures can lead to vertical cracks, finer powders can introduce more microdefects, and conventional sized powders can form larger pores. A coating deposited using a conventional feed powder at a substrate temperature of 800 °C shows excellent sintering resistance. A coating deposited using a fine feed powder on 800 °C substrate exhibits the best calcium‑magnesium-alumina-silicate (CMAS) corrosion resistance.

Formulation effect on combustion and agglomeration characteristics in nitramine solid propellants

The formulation fundamentally determines the combustion characteristics and agglomeration behavior of propellants. This study compared the effects of four factors on the combustion, agglomeration, and combustion efficiency of nitramine solid propellants: the aluminum size, the ammonium perchlorate size, the nitramine size, and the mass ratio of ammonium perchlorate to nitramine. The comparison was conducted through a series of experimental methods including burning rate tests, collection of the condensed-phase combustion products, chemical titration, and physicochemical analysis. In terms of burning rate, reducing the particle sizes of aluminum powder and ammonium perchlorate, increasing the nitramine size, and increasing the mass ratio of ammonium perchlorate to nitramine all effectively enhance the burning rate. The influence of these four factors on burning rate, in descending order of impact, is: the mass ratio of ammonium perchlorate to nitramine > the ammonium perchlorate size > the aluminum size > the nitramine size. Regarding agglomeration and combustion efficiency, increasing the particle sizes of aluminum and nitramine, increasing the mass ratio of ammonium perchlorate to nitramine, and decreasing the ammonium perchlorate size can effectively inhibit agglomeration and enhance combustion efficiency. Among these, the ammonium perchlorate size has the greatest effect on enhancing the combustion efficiency, potentially increasing it by 16%. The nitramine size has the weakest impact on combustion efficiency, with a potential increase of 5.5%. The experimental results of this study can provide references for a deeper understanding of the combustion mechanisms of nitramine solid propellants, the establishment of combustion models, and the realization of formula optimization.

Preparation and anti-oxidisation resistance of silver-coated copper powders by cobalt-modified copper powders

Spherical copper powders and cobalt-modified copper powders were electroless plated with silver, respectively, to obtain two kinds of silver-plated copper powders. The composite powders were analysed by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry. Effects of cobalt modification on surface morphology, silver reduction rate, particle size and anti-oxidisation resistance of composite powders were studied. The results indicate that surface morphology of silver-coated copper powders prepared by cobalt-modified copper powders was affected by cobalt, but the size, mass and the percent reduction of silver were significantly increased under the same conditions of electroless plating silver. And silver-coated copper powders prepared by cobalt-modified copper powders have better anti-oxidisation resistance than silver-coated copper powders prepared by copper powders.

A novel formation mechanism: One-step synthesis of high-purity MAX phase bulk via enlarged reaction depth

The synthesis of high purity MAX phase bulk still faces a big challenge. In this study, we fabricated 98 vol% MAX phase bulk doped with Al2O3 nanoparticles through spark plasma sintering by using larger size TixAl1-x powders (particle size ∼100 μm) for the first time, in which 91 vol% Ti2AlN was the dominant component. The phase transition mechanism for Ti2AlN was deeply revealed by both experiments and theoretical calculations. Ti proportion of TixAl1-x powders played a key role in the formation of Ti2AlN, and increasing Ti proportion leaded to higher content of Ti2AlN. Both Al migration from TixAl1-x and TiN nanotwins generated by N vacancies could enlarge the reaction depth, resulting in fully transformation of larger size reactants and thus high purity MAX phase as obtained. Further, the transition model for the synthesis of Ti2AlN was accordingly proposed, which contained three stages and was additionally verified by experimental observations.

Effect of yttrium nitrate coating on the vat photopolymerization forming process and sintering properties of aluminum nitride ceramics

In this study, a ball-milling method was successfully used to coat yttrium nitrate on the surface of aluminum nitride (AlN) powder and the effects of yttrium nitrate content on the AlN powder particle size, viscosity and curing behavior of the AlN suspension, and performance and microstructure of the sintered AlN bodies were investigated. The results indicated that the AlN powder surface coating significantly reduced the viscosity of the suspension and enhanced the cure depth while increasing the powder particle size, which in turn reduced the stability of the suspension. By studying the performance of sintered bodies, it was found that as the yttrium nitrate content increased, the AlN thermal conductivity and flexural strength initially increased and then decreased. Microstructural analysis results revealed that the second phase in samples with 9.23 and 14.49 wt% yttrium nitrate exhibited an island-like distribution, whereas in samples with 19.18 wt% yttrium nitrate, the second phase exhibited a continuous distribution. Finally, the heat-dissipation performance of AlN components with different structures was also studied, and testing was conducted on the driving chip of a 3D printing device. The results indicated that complex-structured AlN ceramic components exhibited an excellent heat-dissipation performance.

Optimum Design of Mixture Proportion and Microscopic Analysis of Cement-Stabilized Macadam by Rubber Powder and Fiber

Abstract Based on the orthogonal test method, the mixture proportion design of cement-stabilized macadam (CSM) modified with rubber powder and fiber is studied. With strength and dry-shrinkage as key indices, the influence of length of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber, fiber content, particle size of rubber powder, and rubber powder content on the performance of CSM is analyzed, and the optimum mixing proportion is determined. Based on this, the modification mechanism of CSM by rubber powder and fiber is further studied from a micro perspective. The results show that the 7-day unconfined compressive strength of CSM gradually increases with the increase of fiber length. With the increase of fiber content, the compressive strength shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The 7-day unconfined compressive strength of CSM gradually increases with the increase of rubber powder mesh size and linearly decreases with the increase of rubber powder content. The 28-day average dry-shrinkage coefficient of CSM shows a trend of first decreasing and then increasing with the increase of fiber length and fiber content, and gradually increasing with the increase of rubber powder mesh number and rubber powder content. Considering the strength and shrinkage characteristics, the optimum mixing parameters are 40 mesh rubber powder, 0.5 % rubber powder, 18-mm fiber length, and 1.2-kg/m3 fiber content. Scanning electron microscopy results show that there is a gap between the rubber powder and the cement matrix, and the interface between the two is discontinuous, with weak bonding, resulting in a decrease in the compressive strength of CSM. PVA fiber can improve the toughness of CSM. It has good adhesion with cement matrix. It forms a three-dimensional network support structure in the CSM mixture and can restrain water loss in the cement matrix, thus greatly improving the cracking resistance of CSM.

Mix ratio optimization and comprehensive performances of novel high-early strength non-shrinkage sleeve grouting material

Considerable infrastructures for urban renewal need fast assembly and daylight open traffic, and it is urgent to develop a novel sleeve grouting material with high-early strength and non-shrinkage (UCGM) for fast connection of assembly structure. Here, sulphoaluminate-Portland cement (S+PC) and high-strength sulphoaluminate clinker and anhydrite (7SA+AH) were used as two binders of UCGMs. The close packing effect of various particle size of dry powders of UCGM was achieved with the closest packing theory. Then, the preliminary mix ratio optimization of UCGM was carried out according to the initial flowability (S0) and 12 h compressive strength (fc12 h) of UCGM. Finally, the mix ratio of UCGM was optimized by further introducing additives and fibers, and the rheological property, mechanical property, expansion rate, durability, and microstructure of UCGMs were comprehensively studied. Results show that, the S0, flowability retention after 30 min (S30 m), fc12 h, 28d compressive strength (fc28d), 3 h expansion rate (P3 h), and the gap between 3 h/24 h expansion rate (GP3–24 h) of UCGM with S+PC and 7SA+AH system are 300 mm, 270 mm, 62 MPa, 128.4 MPa, 0.06%, 0.095%; 300 mm, 280 mm, 82.5 MPa, 106 MPa, 0.025%, 0.11%, respectively. Obviously, the UCGM with S+PC system has superior flowability, faster and longer lasting growth in strength, higher durability, and better in-packing effect for sleeve structure, which is more suitable for fast assembly of urban facilities.

Content and Dispersion of Ferroalloys in the Coating During Microarc Alloying of Steel

Introduction. The main disadvantage of traditional processes of diffusion surface hardening of steel products is its long duration. Therefore, the problem of intensification of such processes is relevant. To solve it, the use of high-energy effects on the material is proposed, which allows us to obtain a hardened surface layer from a coating composed of ferroalloy powders containing alloying elements. There is no data in the literature on the required content and dispersion of such powders in the composition of the coating. The aim of this study was to select the particle size of ferroalloys and their concentration in the coating to achieve the most effective hardening of the processed product.Materials and Methods. For experimental studies, cylindrical samples made of steel 20 with a diameter of 12 mm and a length of 35 mm were used. On the surface of these samples, an alloying coating containing ferroalloy powders and an electrically conductive gel as a binder was applied. After that, the samples were immersed vertically for half their length into a metal container, which was then filled with carbon powder with a particle size of 0.4–0.6 mm. Then an electric current of 2.5 to 3.0 A was passed in the circuit power source — container — carbon powder — sample. The duration of the process was 2–8 minutes.Results. The calculated estimation of the electrical conductivity of coal powder was performed, and the thermophysical parameters of microarc heating of steel were calculated. These include the power released by electric current on the surface of the steel product, the density of the heat flux, and the energy of a single microarc discharge. The expressions for calculating the particle size of ferroalloy powder were obtained, as well as the experimental dependencies of the diffusion layer thickness on the particle size of ferroalloys and their content in the coating.Discussion and Conclusion. The results of this study have allowed us to determine the size range of ferroalloys and their content in the coating. This information is essential for optimizing the alloying process and ensuring the most efficient surface hardening treatment for steel products. The data collected will be used to develop improved technological processes for the surface hardening process, leading to improved product quality and performance.

Effect of Copper Powder Addition on Microscopic Deformation Behavior of Al2O3/Cu‐Dispersion‐Strengthened Copper‐Sintered Billet

In this work, it is aimed to improve the deformation ability of the Al2O3 dispersion strengthened copper sintered billet by building heterogeneous structure with addition of different sizes of particle. Using the modified mixture model and equal work law, the stress distribution model of heterogeneous materials is derived. In the results, it is shown that higher deformation temperature and lower strain rate are conducive to steady deformation. Under the conditions of 950 °C and 0.01 s−1, the stress distribution coefficients from low to high are 10, 25, and 5 μm, respectively, when the strain is 0.1. The strain contribution rates of softness of the sintered billet are 45.5%, 62.1%, and 42.6%, respectively. The addition of 10 μm particle size copper powder can significantly improve the deformation capacity of the sintered billet. It is found that with the increase of the particle size of copper powder, the density of the microgeometrically necessary dislocation of the hot extrusion dispersed copper is lower. The reason is that the different particle size of copper powder leads to the different distribution in powder stacking, which affects the difficulty of harmonizing the deformation of soft and hard and the number of dislocation in the hot‐extrusion process of sintered billet.

The Influence of Excitation Method on the Strength of Glass Powder High-Strength Cementitious Materials

Recycling economy and the re-utilization of solid waste have become important parts of sustainable development strategy. To improve the utilization rate of waste glass, glass powder high-strength cementitious material (GHSC) was prepared by replacing part of the cement in the cementitious material with ground waste glass powder. Firstly, the effect of glass powder particle size on the flexural and compressive strength of GHSC was investigated by the gray correlation method, and the optimal grinding time was obtained. Additionally, the effect of the magnitude of steam curing temperature and the length of steam curing time on the compressive strength and flexural strength of GHSC was investigated, and the mechanism of the effect of the curing regime on the strength was explored by examination of the microstructure. Finally, to simplify the curing process of GHSC, the effects of Ca(OH)2 and Na2SO4 as excitation agents on the compressive strength and flexural strength of GHSC at different dosing levels were compared. The results showed that glass powder with a particle size of less than 20 μm would improve the compressive strength and flexural strength of the specimen. Steam curing can significantly improve the flexural strength and compressive strength of GHSC specimens. At a steam curing temperature of 90 °C for a duration of three days, the compressive strength and flexural strength of GHSC increased by 76.7% and 98.2%, respectively, compared with the standard curing specimens. Ca(OH)2 and Na2SO4 as excitation agents significantly enhanced the compressive and flexural strengths of GHSC under standard curing conditions.