Particle Size Of Dispersed Phase Research Articles

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ФАРМАКОКИНЕТИЧЕСКИХ СВОЙСТВ ОСОБОЙ ФОРМЫ ВИТАМИНА D НА МОДЕЛИ КРЫС (IN VIVO)

Vitamin D is a key factor in maintaining musculoskeletal health as it helps absorb calcium and phosphorus, which are necessary for the formation and strengthening of bone tissue. However, the role of vitamin D is not limited to this. Research has shown that vitamin D also plays an important role in the functioning of the immune system, regulating inflammation, and reducing the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, autoimmune diseases and cancer. Modern pharmaceutical technologies strive to develop vitamin D3 delivery systems that are not only more resistant to oxidative or photolytic degradation during shelf life, but are also better absorbed and have higher bioavailability. One such technology is the use of colloids. A colloid is typically a two-phase system consisting of continuous and dispersed phases. The dispersed phase particle size is typically between 0,001 and 1 micrometer. Most colloidal products are formulated to remain stable for a certain shelf life. These suspensions can be formulated in such a way that the particles remain suspended without settling to the bottom. With this approach, vitamin D3 can be more stable and bioavailable, as well as more effective.

Physical and mathematical modelling of the massing process of marinated pork and beef preparation technology

The main process in the technology of natural marinated semi-finished meat products is the marinating process, which depends on the marinating method, temperature conditions, and composition of the marinade mixture. To enhance the distribution of marinades within the meat, mechanical processing of the raw material is necessary, specifically using the massaging process, to achieve uniform distribution of curing agents, changes in structure, and increased activity of enzymatic systems utilized in marinades. The main goal of this study is to model the massaging process, which allows the processing of the obtained experimental data in the form of a criterion equation. For the research, 8 samples were used, including 3 experimental pork samples and 1 control, as well as 3 experimental beef samples and 1 control. The main components of the samples include pork meat, beef meat, canola oil, sunflower oil, olive oil, curing ingredients, spices and seasonings, bromelain enzyme, and yeast extract. To carry out the massaging process in the investigated procedure, a massager of the model MAL 50-1500 was employed. The research results indicate that the determined mass transfer equation demonstrates a predominant influence in the investigated massaging process, involving changes in the concentration of sunflower, canola, and olive oil in the product, affecting the diffusion coefficient, size of dispersed phase particles, and mass transfer coefficient within the load.

The potential of selected plant extracts in anti-acne skincare formulations

Consumer awareness and the desire to reach for cosmetics with natural ingredients are still growing. The active ingredients of plants can reduce acne lesions and skin redness accompanying them. Specialised cosmetic formulations should support Anti-acne products containing therapeutic agents, reducing visible skin inflammation. These products should act simultaneously, ensuring proper skincare due to the content of plant metabolites exhibiting desired biological activity. In this study, the application of a selected plant extract in cosmetic preparations for acne skincare containing selected plant extracts was prepared: Arnica montana flower, Sambucus nigra and Rosmarinus officinalis leaf, Saponaria officinalis root, Aloe barbadensis leaf juice and Silybum marianum seed oil and then their effects were compared. The extracts were applied as active ingredients in face cream, serum and micellar solution forulations. The physicochemical properties (pH value, stability, dispersed phase particle size and type of emulsion) were evaluated; moreover, rheological tests of the samples were carried out, and the skin cleansing ability of the micellar solution was examined. In addition, all the formulations were subject to various tests, which allowed for the evaluation of their organoleptic properties. It was noticed that the used plant raw materials affect the care of the skin with acne tendencies. Both extracts (Arnica montana flower extract and Sambucus nigra extract) were used in the same concentrations in the cosmetics so that differences in results were easy to compare. Importantly, during the consumer tests, the probants discontinued usage of other anti-acne agents normally applied, which allowed for an objective assessment of the effect of the tested extracts on the acne skin. The formulations tested were proven to be effective cosmetics supporting anti-acne therapy.

Aqueous emulsions from oxidized polyethylene waxes stabilized with non-ionic agents

The stable emulsions from oxidized polyethylene waxes with the use of various non-ionic emulsifiers from the group of fatty alcohol ethoxylates with HLB in the range 11−16 were obtained. The effectiveness of the emulsification was assessed by measuring the dispersed phase particle size and the emulsion stability. The highest emulsifying efficiency was achieved using a non-ionic emulsifier with HLB of 16.3.

Phase behavior of n-octadecane in the form of water dispersion by the optical method

An aqueous dispersion of n-octadecane (n-C18H38) with a dispersed phase particle size of ∼100 nm was prepared by ultrasonic dispersion method without the addition of surfactants. The temperatures of melting, crystallization and transitions to rotator phases were determined by the optical method (light scattering). The effect of surface crystallization was observed experimentally.

Improvement in Toughness of Poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) by Melt Blending with Bio-based Polyamide11 in the Presence of a Reactive Compatibilizer

The objective of this study was to improve the toughness of bio-based brittle poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PEF) by melt blending with bio-based polyamide11 (PA11) in the presence of a reactive multifunctional epoxy compatibilizer (Joncryl ADR®-4368). The morphological, thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties of PEF/PA11 blends were investigated. Compared with neat PEF, the toughness of PEF/PA11 blend was not improved in the absence of the reactive compatibilizer due to the poor compatibility between the two polymers. When Joncryl was incorporated into PEF/PA11 blends, the interfacial tension between PEF and PA11 was obviously reduced, reflecting in the fine average particle size and narrow distribution of PA11 dispersed phase as observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The complex viscosities of PEF/PA11 blends with Joncryl were much higher than that of PEF/PA11 blend, which could be ascribed to the formation of graft copolymers through the epoxy groups of Joncryl reacting with the end groups of PEF and PA11 molecular chains. Thus, the compatibility and interfacial adhesion between PEF and PA11 were greatly improved in the presence of Joncryl. The compatibilized PEF/PA11 blend with 1.5 phr Joncryl exhibited significantly improved elongation at break and unnotch impact strength with values of 90.1% and 30.3 kJ/m2, respectively, compared with those of 3.6% and 3.8 kJ/m2 for neat PEF, respectively. This work provides an effective approach to improve the toughness of PEF which may expand its widespread application in packaging.

Energy consumption of small-since mixers in emulsification processes

There is given a common method of calculation of power consumptions for emulsification at systems liquid-liquid in low volume mixing devices (rotary pulsating apparatuses and rotor-disc mixers) in this Article. Named mixing devices shown a high efficiency at processing of liquid-liquid systems and are widely used at chemical processes. It is shown that at determination of energy consumptions it is need to take in account energy dissipation processes, caused by viscous friction forces, which affect a significant influence at high gradients of speeds turbulent motion. It is obtained the ratio, which connects an angular velocity of rotor rotation of mixing device and a characteristic size of dispersed phase particles of a mixing device. There are given an experimental equations of consumed power of rotor-disc mixers on rotor rotations number and characteristic sizes of dispersed particles for th system water and diesel fuel. Also it is known that in decrease of dispersed particles size and in increase of volume consumption of the processed mixture, the consumed power is increase, and it due to the fact by increase energy consumption for creation of interphase surface.

Increased Efficiency of Electroflotational Extraction of Lead(II) Ions from Water Solutions in the Presence of Ions of Aluminum(III) and Iron(III) as Coagulants

This article studies the effects of solubility, disperse features (average diameter dav and charge (ζ‑potential)) of the particles of heavy-metal slightly soluble compounds exemplified by aluminum(III), iron(III), zinc(II), and lead(II) hydrates related to the efficiency of their removal from aqueous solutions in the composition by electroflotation and filtration within the pH range 5–12. The efficiency of the electroflotation-based Pb(II) removal from aqueous solutions is determined by the sorption of ions and the dispersed Pb(II) phase on the Al(III) and Zn(II) dispersed phase. The size of the disperse phase of multicomponent systems is averaged compared to that of individual compounds. The maximum particle size of the dispersed phase of multicomponent systems comprising Al(III)–Zn(II)–Pb(II) at a pH of 8.0 reaches 36 μm, in the Fe(III)–Zn(II)–Pb(II) and this parameter reaches 46 μm at a pH of 9.0. The ζ-potential of the dispersed phase of the studied systems varies in the range from –2 to –9 mV for all the systems within the pH range 7–9. The research showed that the efficiency of the removal of lead(II) and accompanying metals compounds from wastewater through electroflotation reaches 95–97% within the pH range 8–9. Filtration of the solutions allows us to improve the removal to 99% and higher.

Some Parameters of Asphalt Dispersed Phase Particle Size in Two-Stage Heavy Resid Oxidation Process

The changes in asphalt dispersed phase particle size in two-stage heavy resid oxidation process are studied. The influence of the temperature of each oxidation stage on the dispersed phase particle size is shown. The selection of the process parameters, which ensures formation of the smallest dispersed phase particle size and formation of sol-gel asphalt structure with the maximum stability factor and improved physicochemical properties, is validated. An idea of the chemical processes occurring during asphalt oxidation are proposed to be gained from the change in dispersed phase particle size.

High-performance fully bio-based poly(lactic acid)/ polyamide11 (PLA/PA11) blends by reactive blending with multi-functionalized epoxy

Abstract Bio-based polyamide11 (PA11) was incorporated to enhance and toughen poly(lactic acid) (PLA). Fully bio-based PLA/PA11 blends of high strength and toughness were prepared by reactive blending using reactive multifunctional epoxy compatibilizer. The mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical performance, and phase morphologies and compatibility of PLA/PA11 blends were investigated. Although “self-compatibilization” may exist in binary blends of PLA/PA11, the properties of PLA/PA11 binary blends were not improved due to the immiscibility and poor compatibility between the two polymers. The interfacial compatibility of PLA/PA11 blends was greatly enhanced by the reactive multifunctional epoxy compatibilizer. The fine average particle size and narrow distribution of PA11 dispersed phase could be obtained in the presence of compatibilizer. The compatibilized PLA/PA11 blend exhibited significantly improved tensile strength, elongation at break, and notch impact strength with values of 77.57 MPa, 454.41%, and 9.59 kJ/m2, respectively, compared with those of 58.26 MPa, 13.64%, and 2.97 kJ/m2 for neat PLA, respectively. The enhancement and toughening were attributed to excellent interfacial adhesion and the resultant morphologies with transition from typical sea-island morphology to strip form. Our work provides an effective method to greatly improve the mechanical properties with high strength and toughness, which is very important for the wide application of PLA polymeric materials.

Optimal Composition of Crude Oil for Atmospheric Petroleum Distillation

Results are given for a study on the optimization of the composition of crude oil consisting of petroleum, fuel oil, and gas condensate to improve atmospheric distillation at an installation of the Gazprom Neftekhim Salavat Atmospheric and Vacuum Distillation Company. The results of a determination of the size of dispersed phase particles and the stability factor were used to predict the effect of the gas condensate in the crude oil on the major physicochemical properties and yield of light petroleum products. An active state of the dispersed system in the mixed crude oil was found at 40 wt.%. Atmospheric distillation of the activated crude oil permits an increase in the yield of light petroleum products by 28 wt. %.

Localization control of carbon nanotubes in immiscible polymer blends through dynamic vulcanization

Filler localization behaviors determine the morphology and final properties of immiscible polymer blends composites. In this study, we report a simple and efficient approach to tailor localization behaviors of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in immiscible polylactide/crosslinking polyurethane (PLA/COP) blends through dynamic vulcanization. CNTs dispersed in the dispersed COP phase if they were added before dynamic vulcanization while localized in the continuous PLA phase and at the interface when they were added after dynamic vulcanization. The particle size of dispersed phase increased by dispersion of CNTs in the COP phase and decreased through dispersion of CNTs in the continuous PLA phase. The composites with different CNTs localization behaviors showed totally different electrical conductivities, rheological and mechanical properties. This study provides a facile way to tailor filler localization behaviors in immiscible polymer blends especially for those are fabricated by dynamic vulcanization, such as thermoplastic vulcanizates.

The Influence of the Microstructure of W/O Emulsion of Waxy Crude Oil on Its Rheology

In this article, the viscosity-temperature characteristics of W/O waxy crude oil emulsion under different microstructures were studied, and the characteristics of the microstructure were described by the analysis of the dispersed phase parameters including the average particle size, the degree of dispersion, and the nonuniformity of average particle size. On this basis, we discuss the effects of temperature, shear rate and the microstructure on the apparent viscosity of Daqing crude oil emulsion. The results showed that with the increasing of stirring speed, the number of droplets and the degree of dispersion phase dispersion increased, average droplet size and nonuniformity of average particle size reduced; the average particle size of the dispersed phase decreased by 0.5 μm, and the abnormal point increased by about 1°C. For emulsions with the same microstructure, as the temperature or shear rate rising, the rate and percentage of the reduction in apparent viscosity decreased. At the same temperature or shear rate, the reduction rate in apparent viscosity increases with the average particle size of dispersed phase decreases, in contrast to the percentage of reduction in apparent viscosity, which revealed a definitive correlation between average particle size of dispersed phase and the apparent viscosity in the non-Newtonian fluid that from 34°;C to 48°;C; the absolute value of Pearson’s correlation coefficient was above 0.8, which was highly negatively correlated; as the temperature rose, the absolute value of Pearson’s correlation coefficient decreased from 0.839 to 0.216.

Features of the Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis of Hydrocarbons in the Presence of Dispersed Iron-Containing Systems with Varying Slurry Phase Particle Diameter

The laws governing the formation of nanoscale iron-containing disperse systems with a dispersed-phase particle size of 2–256 nm have been studied. The main features of the Fischer–Tropsch (FT) synthesis of synthetic hydrocarbons (HCs) in the presence of these systems have been revealed; the effect of the active phase concentration in the slurry on the selectivity for products with the C11+ chain length has been determined. It has been shown that a decrease in the particle size of the disperse system leads to an increase in the resistance of the iron carbide phase to oxidation by oxygen-containing products formed in the HC synthesis reaction.

Kheri (Acacia chundra, family: Mimosaceae) gum: Characterization using analytical, mathematical and pharmaceutical approaches.

Natural polymers have been used in medical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industry. They should be characterized before their possible applications in different industries. The objective of this study was to characterize Kheri (Acacia chundra, family: Mimosaceae) gum using analytical, mathematical and pharmaceutical approaches. Crude Kheri gum (KG) was purified using distilled water as a solvent and ethanol as a precipitating agent. KG was characterized in terms of phytochemical screening, micromeritic properties, microbial load, ash value, rheological behavior, solid state 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectra and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies for their possible applications in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry. Studies show that KG contains carbohydrates, while protein, fat, volatile oils, alkaloids and glycosides are absent. 1% aqueous solution of polysaccharide showed 25.58 × 103 kJ/kg activation energy and 1.39 Reynold's number. Viscosity average molecular weight of purified gum was found 1.73 × 105 D. Thermodynamic parameters, i.e., change in enthalpy ΔHv and change in enthalpy ΔHv, were found to be 12.26 × 103 kJ/mol and 24.47 kJ/mol, respectively. Mathematical approach also determined the rod shaped conformation of KG in aqueous solution. IR spectroscopic study shows the presence of free (COO-) and esterified (COO-R) carboxylic acid, ether (C-O stretching), galacturonic acid and mannose in polysaccharide 1H NMR study predicts presence of tetrahydropyran hydrogen in molecule. Furthermore, KG was also characterized as a suspending agent using paracetamol as a model drug. Flow rate, pH, particle size and settling behavior of suspensions were evaluated. Initial particle size of dispersed phase particles does not change significantly after 45 days. From the findings of the research it can be concluded that KG can be used as an excipient in cosmaceuticals and pharmaceuticals and its characteristic rheological behavior may attract rheologists.

Morphology and mechanical properties of immiscible polyethylene/polyamide12 blends prepared by high shear processing

In this work, completely immiscible polyethylene/polyamide12 (PE/PA12) blends were prepared by high shear extruder. The morphology and mechanical properties of the blends were investigated as a function of rotation speed. It was found that the high shear processing is an effective method to improve the dispersion of the PA12 phase in PE matrix when PA12 contents are 5 wt% and 10 wt%, and the dispersed phase particle size is reduced with the increase of rotation speed from 100 r/min to 500 r/min. However, with further increase of PA12 content to 20 wt%, high shear processing has no effect on the phase morphology of the blends. Accordingly, a largely increased elongation at break and impact strength are observed for PE/PA12/95/5 and PE/PA12/90/10 blends obtained at high rotation speeds but no effect on the property of PE/PA12/80/20. Annealing experiment demonstrated that the obtained phase morphology is not stable thus compatibilizer should be introduced in the future work. This work could provide a guideline for the application of high shear processing in the preparation of polymer blends with huge polarity difference.

Electroflotation extraction of sparingly soluble compounds of non-ferrous and rare-earth metals from liquid technological waste

Abstract The experimental results describing electroflotation extraction process are presented and analyzed for sparingly soluble compounds of non-ferrous and rare-earth metals, the influence of the disperse phase particle size and particle surface charge on the efficiency and electroflotation rate having been determined.

Reactive compatibilization of poly(methyl acrylate‐ran‐acrylonitrile)/poly(ethylene) blends through amine–anhydride coupling

ABSTRACTMethyl acrylate/acrylonitrile copolymers (MA/AN) were reactively compatibilized as the dispersed phase into poly(ethylene) (PE) for potential hydrocarbon barrier materials. The MA/AN was made reactive by including p‐aminostyrene (PAS), yielding terpolymers (MA/AN/PAS) with pendant primary amine functionality (number average molecular weight = 65–133 kg mol−1, dispersity (Đ)=1.83–2.53, molar composition of PAS in copolymer FPAS = 0.03–0.14, molar composition of AN = FAN = 0.27–0.52). The non‐functional MA/AN and amino functional MA/AN/PAS were each melt blended into PE that was grafted with maleic anhydride (PE‐g‐MAnn) at 200 °C at 70:30 wt % PE‐g‐MAnn:co/terpolymer. After extrusion, the dispersed phase particle size (volume to surface area diameter, ) was coarse (12.6 μm) for the non‐reactive blend whereas it was much lower for the reactive blend ( = 1.2 μm). Coarsening after annealing at 150 °C was slow, but the domain sizes increased only slightly for both cases. The reactive blend was deemed sufficiently stable and thus was suitable as a candidate barrier material for further testing against olefins. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44177.

Effect of glyceryl triacetate on properties of PLA/PBAT blends

Poly lactic acid (PLA)/Poly (butyleneadipate-co-terephthalate)(PBAT) and glyceryl triacetate (GTA) blend were prepared by torque rheometer, and the effect of GTA on thermodynamical performance, mechanical properties and microstructure of PLA/PBAT composites were studied using differential scanning calorimeter(DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis(DMA), universal testing machine, impact testing machine and scanning electron microscope(SEM). After adding GTA, Tg values of the two phases gradually became closer, blends cold crystallization temperature and melting temperature decreased. When with 3 phr GTA, the dispersed phase particle size of PLA/PBAT blend decreased. Mechanics performance test showed that the elongation at break and impact strength of the PLA/PBAT blend was greatly increased with 3 phr GTA, and the elongation at break increased 2.6 times, improved from 17.7% to 64.1%.

Effect of the composition of the medium and electroflotation processing parameters on extraction efficiency of chromium(III) dispersed phase from aqueous solutions

Influence exerted by the composition of the medium (solution pH, ionic composition, presence of flocculants and surfactants), physicochemical properties of the dispersed phase (particle size, electrokinetic potential), and technological parameters of the electroflotation process (volume current density, magnetic treatment, solution temperature) on the efficiency of the electroflotation extraction of poorly soluble chromium(III) compounds from aqueous solutions was studied. It was shown that the extraction efficiency directly depends on the composition of the medium, which determines the physicochemical properties of poorly soluble chromium(III) compounds, and on the size of particles and their minimum surface charge. The optimal technological parameters of the electroflotation process are suggested.