Changes In Particle Morphology Research Articles

Enhanced magnetoelectric coupling performance in CoFe2O4 @BaTiO3 multiferroic liquid by tuning the CoFe2O4 morphology

Multiferroic materials are identified as a newly emerging area of research because of their obvious magnetoelectric effects between ferroelectric and ferromagnetic orders. This paper uses the ball milling method to prepare CoFe2O4 @BaTiO3 (CFO@BTO) multiferroic liquids with different CoFe2O4 (CFO) particle morphologies. The settling stability and magnetoelectric properties of the CFO@BTO multiferroic liquids with different CFO particle morphologies have been systematically studied. XRD analysis confirmed that the crystal structure of the powders was consistent with that of standard cards, and the CFO powders exhibited irregular spherical shapes, well-dispersed rectangular shapes, and uniform nanowires. TEM images revealed a core-shell structure of the formed particles. The study found that as the CFO particle morphology changed from spherical to rectangular and then to nanowire, both the residual magnetization intensity (Mr) and saturation magnetization intensity (Ms) of both CFO powder and CFO@BTO composite powder increased gradually. The settling rate of the multiferroic liquids with spherical CFO morphology was observed to be 4.6% with good settling stability after resting for 48 h. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss showed similar trends in the presence and absence of magnetic fields. With the change in CFO particle morphology, the maximum polarization strength (Pmax), residual polarization strength (Pr), and coercivity field strength (Ec) of the multiferroic liquids gradually increased. The magnetoelectric coupling coefficient of the multiferroic liquids was found to be the largest when the CFO morphology was rectangular, measuring 23.93 V/(cm·Oe). The study provides insights into improving the magnetoelectric coupling effect of multiferroic materials and opens up new possibilities for further research in this area.

Iron as recyclable electrofuel: Effect on particle morphology from multiple combustion-regeneration cycles

This work describes the morphological and material changes in the iron powder during four regeneration-combustion cycles. The regeneration in H2 and combustion in air experiments were made in a fluidized bed (FB) and an entrained flow reactor (EFR), respectively. The average size of the iron oxide particles more than doubled between the first and fourth combustion cycles, and many of the particles were hollow. The regeneration step did not change the size of the particles but increased their porosity. A mechanism is proposed that describes the formation of large-diameter hollow particles which increases as a function of the regeneration-combustion cycles. The observed increase in particle size and the change in particle morphology complicates the iron fuel concept, as it leads to a degradation of the structural stability of the particle with time.

Study of drying processes combined with homogenization to produce amorphous nanoparticles

This study aimed to produce nanoparticles with reduced crystallinity by using a combination method. The effect of solid-state transition (different drying processes) coupled with particle size reduction (homogenization) on drug dissolution was systematically investigated. Meloxicam, indomethacin and naproxen with different X-ray diffraction crystal intensity (relative high, medium and low) were selected as models. All drugs were first processed with and without polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to obtain solid dispersions and then high pressure homogenization was used to produce nanosuspensions. Changes of particle morphology might be an important factor to improve the nanosizing efficiency. The smallest particle size (188 nm) could be obtained by using freeze-dried naproxen coupled with PVP after 20 homogenization cycles. Dissolution rates of processed indomethacin and meloxicam without PVP were found similar to their raw drugs. However, significant dissolution improvements were found after homogenization (higher than nanocrystals). Dissolution values of three drug nanoparticle achieved by using PVP dispersions were all higher than 83%. For naproxen, although nanosized solid dispersion possessed the smallest size and amorphous state, its dissolution curve was comparable to the larger sized nanocrystals. It was inferred that the relatively low crystal intensity of the initial compound could be the reason. Nanosuspensions of indomethacin and meloxicam prepared by using the two-step method showed optimized dissolution compared to their nanocrystals and amorphous solid dispersions.

Generation of Antibodies Selectively Recognizing Epitopes in a Formaldehyde-Fixed Cell-Surface Antigen Using Virus-like Particle Display and Hybridoma Technology.

Efficient induction of target-specific antibodies can be elicited upon immunization with highly immunogenic virus-like particles (VLPs) decorated with desired membrane-anchored target antigens (Ags). However, for example, for diagnostic purposes, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are required to enable the histological examination of formaldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) biopsy tissue samples. Aiming at the generation of FFPE-antigen-specific mAbs and as a proof of concept (POC), we first established a simplified protocol using only formaldehyde and 90 °C heat fixation (FF90) of cells expressing the target Ag nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR). The FF90 procedure was validated using flow cytometric analysis and two mAbs recognizing either the native and FFPE-Ag or exclusively the native Ag. C-terminally truncated NGFR (trNGFR)-displaying native and FF90-treated VLPs derived from HIV-1 did not reveal distinctive changes in particle morphology using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. Mice were subsequently repetitively immunized with trNGFR-decorated FF90-VLPs and hybridoma technology was used to establish mAb-producing cell clones. In multiple screening rounds, nine cell clones were identified producing mAbs distinctively recognizing epitopes in FF90- and FFPE-NGFR. This POC of a new methodology should foster the future generation of mAbs selectively targeting FFPE-fixed cell-surface Ags.

Mechanism and kinetics of hydrogen reduction of ultrafine MoO2 for preparing ultrafine Mo powder

In this study, ultrafine Mo powder was synthesized via hydrogen reduction of MoO2 at various temperatures for different durations. The outcomes indicated that the higher temperature (in the range of 650–900 °C) could effectively enhance the reaction rate, leading to a substantial reduction in the time needed to complete the reduction reaction. Nevertheless, the obtained ultrafine Mo powder exhibited little change in overall particle morphology, and basically retained the sheet shape of the precursor MoO2, attributed to the dominance of pseudomorphic transformation mechanism in the reduction process. Additionally, various phase compositions of the products were observed across diverse material layers, illustrating the impact of gaseous mass transfer in the material layer on the reduction reaction. Moreover, a comprehensive kinetic model incorporating the diffusion of gases within the material layer and the interfacial chemical reaction of single particle was introduced. The utilization of this model confirmed its effectiveness in accurately characterizing the reduction kinetics of ultrafine MoO2, with the extracted apparent activation energy of 74.5 kJ/mol.

ROS-Responsive Prodrug Micelle Co-Delivery System for Synergistic Antiatherosclerotic Therapy.

Tanshinone IIA (TS-IIA) and salvianic acid A (SAA) are the main pharmacological active constituents of Danshen, which exhibit potent effects on atherosclerosis. A combination of TS-IIA and SAA might exert a synergistic antiatherosclerotic effect. However, the opposite solubility profiles of TS-IIA and SAA might lead to difficulty in achieving a synergistic combined effect of the two active components. Therefore, in this work, we fabricated a ROS-responsive prodrug micelle for the codelivery of TS-IIA and SAA (TS-IIA-PM) by self-assembling amphiphilic block copolymer PEG5000-SAA/PLA10000-APBA. The amphiphilic polymer was characterized by 1H NMR, FTIR, and alizarin red S competition tests. The ROS responsiveness of TS-IIA-PM was evidenced by time-course monitoring of particle size and morphology changes and drug release behavior in the presence of 1 mM H2O2. We found TS-IIA-PM was stable according to its critical micelle concentration and the unchanged particle sizes in 10% FBS for 7 days. The results of in vitro and in vivo tests revealed that TS-IIA-PM was safe and biocompatible. Furthermore, it was observed that TS-IIA and prodrug micelle could produce synergistic antiatherosclerotic effect based on the results of the antioxidant study, which was further confirmed by a series of pharmocodynamics studies, such as in vitro DiI-oxLDL uptake study, oil red O staining, cholesterol efflux study, inflammatory cytokine analysis, in vivo CD68 immunostaining, and lipid disposition staining studies. Collectively, TS-IIA-PM holds great potential for the safe and efficient codelivery of TS-IIA and SAA for synergistic antiatherosclerosis.

Ce doped LaAlO3 pigments with high NIR reflectance and modification of thermal aging properties of polyvinyl chloride

Based on the modified weather resistance of PVC plastics, a series of La1-xCexAlO3 inorganic pigments were synthesized in this study. A single La1-xCexAlO3 (x varies from 0.00 to 0.20) phase replacement solid solution of rhombohedral crystal structure with the addition of more Ce3+ doping. The sample pigments demonstrated a curved rod to spherical particle morphology change as Ce doping amount increased. The analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) demonstrated that the cerium ion chemical valence states in the synthesized samples were + 3 and + 4. The carrier concentration and electron trap theory can be used to understand the variation in near-infrared reflectance of La1-xCexAlO3 pigment powder from 72.55% to 83.35%. Electric charge transfer (La 3d ↔ Ce 3d) can be used to describe how the La1-xCexAlO3 pigment shifts from white to orange to yellow. When PVC plastic is modified with pigment, the near-infrared reflectance varies from 52.87% to 61.63%. Inner surface temperature of La1-xCexAlO3/PVC composite plastics can be lowered by 8.5–13.7 °C, and the weather resistance of the modified PVC plastic is greatly increased. In conclusion, the modification of PVC plastics with La1-xCexAlO3 inorganic pigments can significantly reduce the surface temperature of plastics and prolong their service life.

Alternative dental impression fillers made of nanorod glutinous rice flour particles through precipitation

In this work, nanorod particles were synthesized from a locally available source, glutinous rice flour, using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) through a simple precipitation process. The synthesized nanofillers were then presented as an alternative organic filler for dental impression application to support the making of a diagnostic and working model. Dynamic Light Scattering, Scanning Electron Microscope, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, x-ray Diffraction, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric Analysis, and Differential Scanning Colorimeter were used to characterize the fillers. The particle size measurement, morphology interaction, and composition of glutinous rice flour nanorod particles were also investigated. The cell viability using 3T3L1 cells was assessed to determine the safety of nanorod particles using the MTT assay and trypan blue solution. All treated samples exhibit a change in particle morphology from polyhedral to rod. Additionally, a decrease in crystallinity, dehydration, and gelatinization temperature was observed. The functional group interacting with sodium hydroxide also changes slightly after size reduction. The samples treated with 3000 centrifugation speed without surfactant addition showed changes from the control sample’s 3931.71 nm to the smallest average width particle size of 73.26 nm with an average length of 865.15 nm. All of the treated samples with NaOH and NaOH-surfactant additions met the non-cytotoxicity acceptance criteria in the range of 73.54%–99.58%, according to the cell viability results. The incorporation of 15 wt% of the synthesized nanorod fillers resulted in a 20 μm continuous line as the impression materials specimen, yielding a satisfactory detail reproduction test result. In conclusion, nanorod particles with biocompatible properties have been successfully manufactured and can potentially be used in the future as an alternative dental impression filler materials.

Changes of Particle Size and Morphology of Prepared W/Mo Powders during Hydrogen Reduction Process with the Addition of ROH (R = Li, Na, K)

Changes of Particle Size and Morphology of Prepared W/Mo Powders during Hydrogen Reduction Process with the Addition of ROH (R = Li, Na, K)

Settlement of a swelling plastic particle in the hydrothermal environment

The knowledge of particle motion is vital for improving the conversion efficiency of hydrothermal reactors. Compared with evaporating or burning particles at gas ambient, the distinct thermophysical properties of the liquid fluid are expected to affect the motion of reactive particles. This work conducts an experimental study on the settlement of a plastic particle in hydrothermal conditions. A static hydrothermal process of particles is first performed to clarify particle morphology changes. Subsequently, in the dynamic settlement, all experimental particles are determined to be at a swelling stage, where the particle size increases by absorbing the fluid. The falling trajectory of particles shows an irregular spatial curve, and the eccentric position of the particle during the settlement also affects its size. Finally, the thermophysical properties of fluid and particle are also estimated based on the static experiment to predict the drag coefficient of falling particles. The results show that the drag coefficient of swelling particles in the tube is significantly larger than that of rigid particles, and the drag coefficient gradually decreases with the Reynolds number, especially in the case of small particles.

Regeneration of iron fuel in fluidized beds Part II: Reduction experiments

Direct reduction of combusted iron powders using renewable energy is one of the keys to ensure a carbon-neutral iron fuel cycle. Based on (de-)fluidization experimental study in Part I, reduction experiments of micron-sized combusted iron powders using hydrogen in a lab-scale gas-fluidized bed are conducted at temperatures ranging from 500 ∘C to 650 ∘C. The effects of temperature, hydrogen velocity and concentration on the reduction performance (including reduction degree, particle morphology and size change) and sintering/defluidization behavior are investigated. Overall, a reduction degree higher than 90% is reached at a lower temperature of 500 ∘C, whereas at higher temperatures the serious problem of particle sintering is encountered, which leads to quick defluidization and thus a relatively low reduction degree. Temperature has been found to have a pronounced effect on the sintering and reduction behavior, while the effect of gas velocity on the reduction process is negligible. SEM images show that the reduced powders are porous with the pore size increasing with temperature. These experimental findings provide insights for the design of industrial process of hydrogen-based regeneration of iron fuels.

Particle breakage and morphology changes of calcareous sands under one-dimensional compression loading

Particle breakage and the corresponding change of morphology are two key factors governing the mechanical behavior of calcareous sands in offshore geotechnical engineering constructions. To reveal the characteristics of these two factors, oedometer tests on calcareous sands have been performed in this study. The materials were sampled from the South China Sea with a homogenous composition but different particle size ranges and relative densities. In these tests, the dynamic imaging analysis (DIA) by Microtrac PartAn3D and acoustic emission (AE) techniques were employed to investigate the evolution of particle morphology and characteristics of AE signaling associated with the material deformations, respectively. The compressive deformation of calcareous sands was mainly induced by the particle rearrangement and particle breakage which are effectively irreversible plastic deformations. The irregular particle shape has led to strong interparticle filling and interlocking effects, which affected the particle slippage and rearrangement significantly during the deformation. The intensity and type of AE-triggering micro-mechanical behaviors were characterized by AE ringdown counts (RDC) and peak frequency, respectively. The RDC values concentrated primarily in the compression stage and increased rapidly under the normal stress of 400–3200 kPa. The RDC values increased with the increase of particle size but decreased with the increase of initial relative density. The compressive deformation and breakage characteristics of calcareous sands are consistent with the existing acoustic emission laws.

Ni-rich cathode material with isolated porous layer hindering crack propagation under 4.5 V high cut-off voltage cycling

This study reports on a preparation of novel Ni-rich cathode material with isolated porous layer and its application into cathode in lithium ion batteries extending cut-off potential into 4.5 V. Using intermittent addition of Al salt during co-precipitation of NixCo1-x(OH)2 (0 < x < 1), the isolated porous layer is easily formed inside the final active material particles maintaining overall mechanical integrity and their spherical shape without the change of external particle morphology. Even under severe cut-off potential of 4.5 V, volume expansion/contraction by anisotropic mechanical stress from hexagonal 2 to 3 (H2 → H3) phase transition is greatly reduced by hindering inner particle crack propagation into the external area at particle surface. Due to this phenomena, 227 mAh/g initial capacity at 0.1C was obtained upon 86 mol% of Ni content, with 75 % cathode capacity retention after 100 cycles under 1C, which is highest available capacity value among ever reported. Under full cell configuration, capacity retention at 100 cycles was 77 % and total available energy was increased into 15 % when compared with normal cycling condition of 4.3 V cut-off. From microtomic transmission electron microscope analysis, the porosity of inner particle was maintained as low as 6.67 % under 12 % increase of average primary particle size even after 100 cycles under 4.5 V cut-off voltage. From our advanced utilization of capacity and cut-off voltage, available energy in full cell application of our Ni-rich cathode material exhibited 20 % increase when compared with 4.3 V cut-off voltage.

CHARACTERIZATION AND DISSOLUTION RATE STUDIES OF INCLUSION COMPLEX OF GLIBENCLAMIDE AND HYDROXYPROPYL-Β-CYCLODEXTRIN USING CO-GRINDING METHOD

Objective: Glibenclamide belongs to the 2nd generation sulfonylurea group as an oral antidiabetic with low solubility in water and high bioavailability in systemic circulation (Biopharmaceutical Classification System class II). This study aimed to increase the solubility and dissolution rate of glibenclamide by preparing an inclusion complex of Glibenclamide and Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. Methods: Inclusion complexes were prepared by the co-grinding method in two ratios 1:1 and 1:2 mol. Characterizations of inclusion complex were carried out by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. Solubility test was carried out in CO2-free distilled water and dissolution rate was carried out in phosphate buffer pH 7.4. Results: The results of the SEM analysis showed changes in particle morphology. FT-IR spectroscopy shows a shift in wavenumber. DSC analysis showed a decrease in the melting point of the inclusion complex. XRD characterization results showed a decrease in the intensity of the inclusion complex. Solubility of inclusion complex of glibenclamide increased nine times 1:1 mol inclusion complex, twelve times 1:2 mol inclusion complex compared to intact glibenclamide. The dissolution of glibenclamide, inclusion complex 1:1, and inclusion complex 1:2 in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 medium at 60 min was 17.19%, 34.15% and 52.83% respectively. Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, it can be said that the glibenclamide inclusion complex with Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin successfully increases the solubility and dissolution rate of glibenclamide significantly.

Improving intestinal absorption and antibacterial effect of florfenicol via nanocrystallisation technology

To study the effects of nanocrystallisation technology on the intestinal absorption properties and antibacterial activity of florfenicol (FF). The florfenicol nanocrystals (FF-NC) were prepared by wet grinding and spray drying. Additionally, changes in particle size, charge, morphology, and dissolution of FF-NC in the long-term stability were monitored by laser particle sizer, TEM, SEM, paddle method, and the structure of FF-NC powder was characterised by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) test. The antibacterial activity, intestinal absorption and intestinal histocompatibility of FF-NC were investigated by the stiletto, mini broth dilution susceptibility test, in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion (SPIP) and haematoxylin–eosin (H–E) staining. After 12 months of storage, the particle size and zeta potential of FF-NC were 280.43 ± 8.21 nm and −19.64 ± 3.45 mV, and the electron microscopy results showed that FF-NC were nearly circular with no adhesion between particles. In addition, the drug loading, encapsulation efficiency, and dissolution of FF-NC did not change significantly during storage. The inhibition zone of FF-NC against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was 21.37 ± 1.70 mm and 25.17 ± 2.47 mm, respectively. Compared with the FF, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of FF-NC are reduced, and the absorption rate constant (K a) and efficient permeability coefficient (P eff) of FF-NC in the three intestinal segments were increased by 1.28, 0.25, and 9.10 times and 0.59, 0.17, and 6.0 times, respectively. The results of tissue sections showed that FF-NC had little damage to the small intestinal. Nanocrystallisation technology is an effective method to increase the intestinal absorption and antibacterial activity of FF.

Effect of Particle Size and MWCNTs Content on Microwave Absorption Characteristics of Cobalt

In today’s ever-developing electronic world, tremendous efforts are being made to develop highly efficient microwave absorbing materials with thin thickness and broad bandwidth while maintaining a simple manufacturing procedure. Since so much study is devoted to structural and component designing of microwave absorbers, the mechanism of microwave absorption still has potential for improvement. It is critical to have fundamental mechanistic knowledge of microwave absorption by absorbing materials with diverse types of geometries and components. It is also important to explore the influence of different physical/chemical characteristics of absorbing materials on microwave absorption performance. The methodical and thorough examination of these issues may provide internal information on the interaction of the microwave absorber’s components and subsequent structural design. Therefore, in this article, by taking cobalt (Co) as the base material, an attempt has been made to comprehend the microwave absorption mechanism of Co milled at various times, which results in changes in particle size and morphology. A significant change in the microwave absorption of Co has been observed with changed morphology after milling. The enhancement in microwave absorption characteristic of milled Co with the addition of different wt% of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) has also been analyzed. MWCNTs in milled Co increase interfacial polarization and multiple reflections in the sample, resulting in microwave attenuation. The prepared Co/MWCNTs composite samples yielded excellent bandwidth with low coating thickness. The effective bandwidth of 10 GHz (3.73–13.73 GHz) was obtained for the composite of 20 h wet-milled Co and 2 wt% MWCNTs, with a coating thickness of 2.5 mm. To further enhance the microwave absorption bandwidth and reduce coating thickness, a genetic algorithm (GA)-assisted multi-layering approach has been implemented for designing triple-layer microwave absorbers. The optimized triple-layer result for combination 5W4–10W1–20W2 shows an effective bandwidth of 13.65 GHz (4.35–18 GHz), with an overall coating thickness of 2.31 mm.

Investigation of the Effect of Different Synthesis Methods on the Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2: Comparison of Rutile and Anatase TiO2

In this study, the effect of the synthesis method (solid state, sol-gel and hydrothermal) on the photocatalytic activity of the anatase and rutile phases of TiO2 was evaluated. As a result of XRD, FESEM and BET analysis of pure phase TiO2 powders in anatase and rutile phases, the changes in particle structures, surface areas and morphologies were examined and the differences in both synthesis method and phase structures were evaluated with Photodegradation experiments. The results of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the TiO2 compound synthesized in the anatase phase and by the synthesized hydrothermal method exhibited a much smaller crystal size than the other synthesis methods and the rutile phase. Surface morphology examinations of the samples were made with scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), particle sizes were determined in the range of 90-200 nm, and their surface areas were examined by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis.The adsorption-desorption isotherms shown also support the XRD data of the highest surface area.The photocatalytic behavior of the compounds was investigated using methylene blue degradation.As a result of all the syntheses and characterization studies, it has been shown that TiO2 obtained by hydrothermal method exhibits the best photocatalytic activity.

Scanning Analysis of Sequential Semisolvent Vapor Impact To Study Naltrexone Release from Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) Microparticles.

Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)-based microparticle formulations have been a mainstay of long-acting injectable drug delivery applications for decades. Despite a long history of use, tools and techniques to analyze and understand these formulations are still under development. Recently, a new characterization method was introduced known as the surface analysis after sequential semisolvent impact using sequential semisolvent vapors. The vapor-based technique is named, for convenience, surface analysis of (semisolvent) vapor impact (SAVI). In the SAVI method, discretely controlled quantities of selected organic semisolvents in the vapor phase were applied to PLGA microparticles to track particle morphological changes by laser scanning confocal microscopy. Subsequently, the morphological images were analyzed to calculate mean peak height (Sa), core height (Sk), kurtosis (Sku), dale void volume (Vvv), the density of peaks (Spd), maximum height (Hm), and the shape ratio (Rs). Here, the SAVI method was applied to naltrexone-loaded microparticles manufactured internally and Vivitrol, a commercial formulation. SAVI analysis of these microparticles indicated that the two primary mechanisms controlling the naltrexone release were the formation of discrete, self-crystallized portions of naltrexone within the PLGA structure and the degradation of PLGA chains through nucleophilic substitution. The relatively higher amounts of naltrexone crystals resulted in prolonged release than lower amounts of crystals. Data from gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and in vitro release measurements all point to the importance of naltrexone crystal formation. This study highlights the utility of SAVI for gaining further insights into the microstructure of PLGA formulations and using SAVI data to support research, product development, and quality control applications for microparticle formulations of pharmaceuticals.

Impacts of Simulated Contrail Processing and Organic Content Change on the Ice Nucleation of Soot Particles

AbstractSoot particles may undergo cloud‐processing during atmospheric transport after which the particle porosity and surface wettability can be modified. Soot particles therefore show varying ice nucleation (IN) abilities via the pore condensation and freezing (PCF) mechanism, leading to poorly constrained effects on cirrus formation and climate. This study simulates a typical cloud‐processing condition (at 228 K) for size‐selected (200 and 400 nm) aviation soot proxies with different organic contents. Based on the particle size, mass and morphology changes, as well as the findings from parallel studies on similar soot samples, we demonstrate that cloud‐processing increases the particle compactness and water‐interaction ability. However, the pore availability change resulting from above property changes dominates the IN ability of cloud‐processed particles via PCF. Even originally organic‐rich and hydrophobic soot particles can nucleate ice via PCF if suitable pores can be generated after organic removal and cloud‐processing.

Manufacture of TiO2 nanoparticles with high preparation efficiency and photocatalytic performance by controlling the parameters of pulsed laser ablation in liquid.

This study proposes a method to improve the production efficiency and photocatalytic performance of TiO2 nanoparticles using the pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) method to optimise preparation parameters. In this study, the variation of particle size, morphology, preparation, and catalytic efficiency due to the increase in the number of pulses is studied. The mechanism of particle morphology change is analysed using thermodynamic simulation. The density functional theory (DFT) is used to calculate and characterise the reason why the special structure formed by particle breaking improves the photocatalytic performance. In addition, the influence of the law of solution height on particle breakage is summarised to obtain an optimised preparation parameter. The proposed method provides a reference for the selection of parameters in actual production.