Particle Board Research Articles

Effect of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) shell ash on the properties of periwinkle shell, sawdust and cement-bonded particle boards

Effect of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) shell ash on the properties of periwinkle shell, sawdust and cement-bonded particle boards

The Usage of Dried Breadfruit Leaves as Particle Board Material

Breadfruit plant also known as Artocarpus altilis, is a plant that lives in tropical climate. This plant has various advantages neither for consumption nor health. This makes some people interested in growing breadfruit plants. However, most people still do not know breadfruit leaves can be beneficial, so it often ends up as organic waste or compost. From the problem that has been mentioned, dried breadfruit leaves have the potential to be used for other things such as particle board material. Particle board is made from wood chips and adhesive such as resin that are processed at high temperature also pressed until it become a board. The theory and method that are used in these experiments is quantitative to know whether dried breadfruit leaves have a good quality as particle board material or not. The experiments use different variables and will be compared to determine which experiments have the best quality. With this experiments method, the expected result is that dried breadfruit leaves can be used as particle board material with a good strength and density.

Study on preparation of high-performance binderless board from Broussonetia papyrifera

Binderless particleboards were prepared without any resin adhesives from Broussonetia papyrifera trunk by hot pressing. The effects of particle size, pressing time, pressing temperature and board density on the physical and mechanical properties of binderless boards were investigated. The effects of chemical changes in Broussonetia papyrifera binderless particleboards on the board properties were investigated by chemical, spectroscopic and cellulose crystallinity analyses. The bonding performance of the latex of Broussonetia papyrifera was discussed. The results showed: (1) the smaller size of the particle, the higher internal bonding (IB) strength and lower thickness swelling (TS) of the binderless board had. The modulus of rupture (MOR), the modulus of elasticity (MOE) and the IB values of the boards increased with the increase of board density. Within a certain range, the binderless boards manufactured at higher temperature and longer pressing time had better properties. Under the optimum board manufacturing condition of 220 ℃/30 min/1.0 g/cm3, the Broussonetia papyrifera binderless board recorded a MOR 28 MPa, MOE 5.3 GPa, IB 2.74 MPa and 24 h TS of 7.4%, which met the performance requirements of Chinese national standard for heavy-duty particleboard. (2) The degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose during hot pressing resulted in decrease of cellulose and hemicellulose content and increase of extractives. Some of the degradation products form new bonding to increase the bonding strength and dimensional stability of the binderless boards. (3) The formation of pseudo-lignin and increased C–O–C and cellulose crystallinity of the boards during hot pressing contributed to high quality of the binderless boards. (4) The poplar veneers bonded with the latex of Broussonetia papyrifera had a certain bonding strength (0.6 MPa), indicating the latex played a positive role in self-bonding of the Broussonetia papyrifera particleboard.

The impact of the share of waste lignocellulosic biomass from apple orchards on the susceptibility to drilling of produced particleboards

The impact of the share of waste lignocellulosic biomass from apple orchards on the susceptibility to drilling of produced particle boards. Every year, care cuts are carried out in the orchards, which result in a significantamount of waste. This waste is a valuable source of lignocellulosic material for particleboards production. As part of this study, the influence of the share of waste apple wood on the susceptibility to drilling of particleboards was investigated. Three-layer particle boards with share of lignocellulosic waste biomass from apple orchards (0%, 25%, 50% and 75%) and density level at 650 kg/m3and 550 kg/m3 were made. The particleboards were examined for the axial force and torque that occurs during drilling. The highest value of the axial force during drilling was notice for particleboard without apple wood and a density of 650 kg/m3. While the lowest axial force during drilling was recorded for particleboard with 50% share of apple wood and density of 550 kg/m3. The obtained results allow to conclude that density of the produced particleboards and the share of apple wood waste have a statistically significant effect on the axial force during drilling. While the share of apple wood do not statistically affect the torque during drilling. In the case of the pressing unit pressure used in the particleboards production process, no statistically significant influence on the axial force and torque during drilling was found

QUALITY EVALUATION OF UHF RFID ANTENNAS AND PASSIVE TAGS ON PAPER SUBSTRATES

The effect of antenna design modification, paper substrates and relative electrical permittivity of background materials on the reflection coefficient of UHF RFID antennas was studied. Simulation software was used to modify the design and calculate the reflection coefficient of the antennas. By modifying the coupling of the dipole with the induction loop of the antennas, areduction of the simulated reflection coefficient was achieved compared to thecommercial antenna. The positive effect of antenna modification was also confirmed by measuring thereflection coefficient of antennas printed on paper by thermal transfer printing, placed on extruded polystyrene and particle board. The reflection coefficient of the modified antennas was lower when placed on extruded polystyrene, whose relative electrical permittivity was lower than particle board. After installing the memory chip to the antennas printed on paper and paperboard, the identification, reading and recording range of passive UHF RFID tags were measured after they were placed on thicker paperboard, extruded polystyrene and particle board. The positive effect of antenna modification on improving the communication quality of passive UHF RFID tags placed on background materials with a relative electrical permittivity of 2.4 to 6.7 wasconfirmed.

Emerging 3D printed thermal insulating materials for sustainable approach: A review and a way forward

AbstractThermal insulating materials are such materials that do not allow the movement of heat through themselves. The material must have lower thermal conductivity to work efficiently as an insulator. Conventionally glass wool, calcium silicates, concrete, and processed wood particle boards are well‐known thermal insulators used for construction purposes. The thermal conductivity of glass wool is near about ~0.02–0.04 W/mK, and calcium silicates are also around ~0.08 W/mK. In contrast to these fabrication techniques, 3D printing or additive manufacturing has emerged as the most in‐demand fabrication method. The scope of versatility in shapes, design, dimension, and finish that 3D printing yields are enormous, and their performance is significantly comparable and, in some cases, better than conventionally prepared materials. 3D printing includes various methods such as FDM, SLA, SLS, DIW, and so on. Recent literature has shown the fabrication of thermally insulating material using raw materials like silk fiber, fly ash, cement, polymer composite, metal oxides, and so on, through additive manufacturing. These materials have very low thermal conductivity, as low as 0.03–0.08 W/mK for SLA and DIW printed silivoxel, cellulose nanocrystals composites having 0.08–0.09 W/mK and 0.04 for PU and cork composites. The low thermal conductivity values indicate their possible and efficient application as thermal insulators.

Bio-Based Phosphate-Containing Polyester for Improvement of Fire Reaction in Wooden Particleboard.

A new phosphate-containing bio-polyester based on glycerol and citric acid was synthesized and evaluated as fire-retardant (FR) in wooden particleboards. Phosphorus pentoxide was used to first introduce phosphate esters in the glycerol followed by esterification with citric acid to produce the bio-polyester. The phosphorylated products were characterized by ATR-FTIR, 1H-NMR and TGA-FTIR. After polyester curing, they were grinded and incorporated in laboratory produced particleboards. The fire reaction performance of the boards was evaluated by cone calorimeter. An increased char residue was produced depending on the phosphorus content and the THR (Total Heat Release), PHRR (Peak of Heat Release Rate) and MAHRE (Maximum Average of the Rate of Heat Emission) were considerably reduced in presence of the FRs. Highlights: Phosphate containing bio-polyester as fire retardant in wooden particle board; Fire performance is improved; Bio-polyester acts in the condensed and gas phases; Additive effectiveness similar to ammonium polyphosphate.

Geometrical and environmental effect on fire behaviour of polyurethane foam slabs

AbstractThis study presents the results of a set of large‐scale fire tests performed on horizontal polyurethane foam slabs. Slab thickness, ignition location, and environment (free burn or corner wall) were varied over 23 individual tests. In a continuation of a previous study by the authors, four different slab thicknesses, five different ignition locations, and three environmental modification combinations were tested to examine the potential effects these parameters may have on the test outcomes. Wall configurations were composed of either gypsum plaster board or particle board wall linings and enclosed two sides of the foam slabs. The results obtained were heat release rate, peak HRR, total heat release, and effective heat of combustion, smoke production rate, total smoke production, specific extinction area and soot yield along with flame spread rate calculations obtained using a specifically designed sample tray. These were then analysed to quantify the effects of the test input parameter changes. Results highlight the influence of test input parameter changes on almost all the chosen fire metrics analysed. Slab thickness showed relatively straight forward linear changes to global metrics such as total heat release and total smoke production, while effective heat of combustion showed no change. The smoke production parameters of specific extinction area and soot yield showed minor trends towards higher values with increased slab thickness. Flame spread rates also showed an increased velocity with thicker slabs. Changes to the environment surrounding the foam slabs, from a free‐burning scenario to a corner wall configuration that obstructed two sides of the foam slab generally resulted in faster growth of HRR and higher peak values when compared to the free‐burn tests. This outcome was most obvious for the wall tests using combustible materials, where growth rates were comparative to an ultra‐fast t^2 fire, and peak HRR value rose to over triple that of the free‐burn test results. Flame spread rates were highly impacted by the addition of a corner wall, spread rates increased, and the overall pattern of spread rates across the face of the slabs changed entirely. The influence on smoke production values was minor, and for other smoke metrics, the scenario changes showed little influence. However, the values obtained for soot yields were approximately an order of magnitude lower than those given in standard reference books, such as the SFPE handbook for flexible polyurethane foam. This was an interesting additional finding as soot yield values are often directly used in CFD models to simulate smoke spread and determine life safety criteria in fire safety engineering (FSE).

Population genetic structure of a recent insect invasion: a gall midge, Asynapta groverae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in South Korea since the first outbreak in 2008

Outbreaks of Asynapta groverae, an invasive mycophagous gall midge, in South Korea have been repeatedly reported since the first occurrence in 2008. This species is a nuisance to residents owing to its mass emergence from newly built and furnished apartments. Here, the levels of genetic diversity, divergence, and structure of invasive A. groverae populations were investigated to understand their ability to survive in novel locations. Population genetic analyses were performed on seven invasive populations, including the first outbreak, sporadically emerged, and two laboratory-isolated (quarantined) populations, using the mitochondrial COI sequences and the ten novel microsatellite markers developed in this study. Non-indigenous A. groverae managed to maintain their populations for 12 years despite decreased genetic polymorphisms resulting from multiple incidences of founder effects by a small number of colonists. Additionally, the advantageous sustainability of A. groverae in the particle boards from which they emerge suggests that human-mediated dispersal is plausible, which may allow for the successful spread or invasion of A. groverae to new locations. This study is one of the few examples to demonstrate that an insect species successfully invaded new regions despite exhibiting decreased genetic diversity that was maintained for a decade. These findings indicate that the high genetic diversity of the initial founding population and asexual reproduction would contribute to the successful invasion of A. groverae in novel environments.

Converting flax processing waste into value added biocomposites

Flax fibers have excellent strength and other properties preferable for textile, composites and other applications. In addition to being an important industrial crop, many studies have been reported on the use of flax fibers, flax fabrics and other flax based products as reinforcement for composites. Processing flax fibers into yarns generates considerable (up to 25%) amounts of fibrous and non-fibrous waste which is generally discarded or used for low value applications. Pure flax fiber have current selling price between 6.5 and 7 Euro/kg compared to 0.16–0.19 Euro/kg for the flax waste used in this study which could make the composites highly affordable. To realize the unique properties of flax fibers such as its relatively high strength and add value to the waste, flax processing waste were used as reinforcement for polypropylene (PP) composites. Flax waste was separated into fibrous and non-fibrous (powder) components and combined in various ratios with poly(propylene) as the matrix. A compatibilizer (maleated polypropylene) (MAPP) was used to improve the surface interaction and adhesion between reinforcement and matrix and enhance the properties. Substantial increase in strength and modulus were observed due to the addition of the compatibilizer. A compatibilizer content of 3% was found to be optimum when the tensile strength was highest at 27 MPa and tensile modulus was 1212 MPa. The thermal conductivity and noise insulation properties also showed an improvement from 0.050 to 0.039 W/mK and 0.05–0.35 respectively after the addition of the compatibilizer. Flax-PP composites have properties surpassing that of commercially available medium density particle boards and that of neat PP.

Fabrication of chitosan-flax composites with differing molecular weights and its effect on mechanical properties

An aqueous fabrication method is investigated for a composite reinforced with chitosan and flax fibers. The composite is characterized structurally, mechanically and chemically. A strong influence of molecular weight (MW) is identified on the composite properties. A strong fiber-matrix interface, which is associated with porosity and effective fiber impregnation, is achieved by applying low molecular weight (LMW) solution followed by casting using LMW or medium molecular weight (MMW) solution. Porosity is analyzed using μ-CT analysis. Increasing porosity with increasing molecular weight results in a decline of the tensile and flexural properties of the composites. The chitosan-flax composites have a low density compared to synthetic and natural fiber composites, which is a competitive advantage as a replacement material for particle board or plyboard in suspended ceilings, furniture compartments, sports or leisure equipment. A multiscale simulation is carried out to compute the directional effective elastic properties and predicts a potential 21% improvement of the tensile modulus if the process is optimized. This work shows the potential of chitosan-flax composites as a sustainable green material with an aqueous fabrication procedure and useful mechanical properties.

Influence of Isocyanate Content and Hot-Pressing Temperatures on the Physical–Mechanical Properties of Particleboard Bonded with a Hybrid Urea–Formaldehyde/Isocyanate Adhesive

Particleboard (PB) is mainly produced using urea–formaldehyde (UF) adhesive. However, the low hydrolytic stability of UF leads to poor water resistance by the PB. This research aimed to analyze the effect of hot-pressing temperatures and the addition of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) in UF adhesive on the physical and mechanical properties of PB. The first experiment focused on pressing temperature treatments including 130, 140, 150, and 160 °C. The particles were bonded using a combination of UF and MDI resin at a ratio of 70/30 (%w/w). Furthermore, the second experiment focused on UF/MDI ratio treatment, including 100/0, 85/15, 70/30, and 55/45 (%w/w), and the particles were pressed at 140°C. All of the single-layer particleboard in this research were produced in 250 × 250 mm, with a target thickness and density of 10 mm and 750 kg/m3, respectively. This research used 12% resin content based on oven-dry weight wood shaving. The pressing time and pressing pressure were determined to be 10 min and 2.5 N/mm2, respectively. Before the tests, the board was conditioned for 7 days. When studying the effect of treatment temperature, good physical properties (thickness swelling and water absorption) and mechanical properties (MOR and MOE) were obtained at 140 °C. However, no significant difference was observed in the UF/MDI ratio between 85/15 and 55/45 using the same temperature. The increase in the MDI adhesive ratio improves the MOE and MOR values. However, the internal bond was the contrary. This study suggests that a combination of UF/MDI at a ratio of 85/15 and hot-pressing temperature at 140 °C could produce a PB panel that meets a type 8 particleboard according to the JIS A5908-2003 standard and type P2 according to the EN 312-2010 standard.

Particle board using rice husk and coconut fibre

Particle board using rice husk and coconut fibre

Adhesives free bark panels: An alternative application for a waste material.

The proportion of bark in tree trunks is in the range of ~ 10-20%. This large amount of material is currently mainly considered as a by- or even waste-product by the timber processing industry. Recently, efforts towards the use of bark have been made, e.g. as a raw material to harvest different chemical compounds or as an additive for wood particle boards. Our motivation for this work was to keep the bark in an almost natural state and explore alternative processes and applications for use. The traditional method of de-barking tree trunks by peeling was used to harvest large bark pieces. Two pieces of peeled bark were placed crosswise, with the rhytidom side (outer bark) facing each other. After different conditioning steps, bark pieces were hot pressed to panels without adding adhesives. These experiments on bark samples of different Central European tree species suggest that production of panels with species dependent properties is possible and feasible. This is a step towards producing sustainable panels by using a natural waste material, while retaining its beneficial structure and its natural chemical composition.

Real-Time Degradation of Indoor Formaldehyde Released from Actual Particle Board by Heterostructured g-C3N4/TiO2 Photocatalysts under Visible Light

Indoor formaldehyde pollution causes a serious threat to human health since it is uninterruptedly released from wooden furniture. Herein, we prepared a g-C3N4-modified TiO2 composite photocatalyst and coated it on the surface of a commercial artificial particle board with the assistance of melamine formaldehyde adhesive. The g-C3N4/ TiO2 coating was then used to degrade formaldehyde which was released in real-time from the particle board under the irradiation of visible light. The results showed that compared with pure TiO2, the g-C3N4/ TiO2 composite with a heterojunction structure had a lower band gap energy (~2.6 eV), which could effectively capture luminous energy from the visible light region. Under continuous irradiation, the g-C3N4/ TiO2 photocatalytic coating was capable of degrading more than 50% of formaldehyde constantly released from the particle board. In the meantime, the photocatalytic coating also exhibited promising catalytic stability towards various formaldehyde release speeds, air flow velocities and environmental humidities. The hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical were found to be the predominant active species which triggered formaldehyde degradation. This study provides a feasible and practical approach for the improvement in indoor air quality through photocatalyst surface engineering.

Greenhouse gas footprint assessment of wood-based panel production in China

China is one of the largest manufacturers, consumers, and traders of wood-based panels (WBPs) globally. The Chinese manufacturing process for WBPs is significantly different from that used in other countries and the greenhouse gas (GHG) footprint assessment of this process has not yet received attention. And a comprehensive evaluation of the effect of different approaches to estimate the delayed emission of biogenic carbon on the GHG footprints of different WBP types is still missing. This study aims to quantify: i) the GHG footprint of WBPs produced in China, and ii) the influence of different methods to assess the delayed emission of biogenic carbon. Cradle-to-gate life cycle models are developed for plywood (PLY), fiberboard (FB), particleboard (PB) and oriented strand boards (OSB). Based on two common end-of-life (EoL) destinations (i.e., incineration and landfill), three approaches to the estimation of the delayed emissions of biogenic carbon in cradle-to-grave assessments are compared. The cradle-to-gate results show that the GHG footprints of PLY, FB, PB and OSB without considering biogenic carbon storage are 538 kg CO2 e/m³, 406 kg CO2 e/m³, 348 kg CO2 e/m³ and 552 kg CO2 e/m³, respectively. For the four types of WBPs, resources extraction stage provides the largest contribution to the GHG footprints (55%–81%), followed by the production process (18%–31%) and raw material transportation (1%–18%). The methodologies used to assess delayed emissions in cradle-to-grave WBP GHG footprint assessments play an important role, especially for incineration scenarios. Finally, emission reduction measures are proposed based on reducing the consumption of adhesives and of energy use in the production process.

The Impact of Wood Fibers in Composite Panels Made from Recycled Fiberglass Wind Turbine Blades

The utilization of wind power has increased almost exponentially during the last decade, leading to the growth in both the number and size of wind turbines. Modern turbine blades are typically made of fiberglass sandwiched around a balsa wood (BW) core. With an increase in the use of wind energy a collateral issue of what to do with the large and voluminous wind turbine blades (WTB) that reached end-of-life has arisen. Through previous research, we developed a recycling process that will keep these turbine blades out of the landfill by considering recycled wind turbine blades as a feedstock for second generation composite panels. The objective of this research is to further the research by understanding the effect that different compositions of wood and fiberglass have on the properties of these panels. Through testing, it was found that the addition of balsa wood increases the modulus of rupture (MOR) and the modulus of elasticity (MOE). The internal bonding (IB) strength values are well above that of typical particle board. All panels tested were visibly more resistant to water sorption than typical particle board. The thermal conductivity for all samples was within the typical range for particleboard. Fire test result indicates that the addition of balsa wood increases the heat and visible smoke release rate of composites.

Effect of Adhesive Content on Physical Properties Particleboard Made from Bamboo and Sugar Palm Waste (Arenga Pinnata (Wurmb.) Merr)

Currently, need for wood as a raw material for making boards has increased, which has reduced the availability of forest resources. To overcome this problem, industrial waste or other lignocellulosic materials are used to make particle board with the aim of efficient use of wood. Particle board has advantages, namely the use of raw materials can be either wood or non-wood waste. Therefore, particle board processing can overcome the problem of handling wood waste which has not been optimally carried out. This research aimed to analyze the physical properties of particle board made from bamboo and sugar palm waste. This study used an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD) with one factor (adhesive content), namely 10%, 12%, and 14%. The results of this study showed that physical properties of bamboo particle board at adhesive content of 10%, 12%, and 14% ranged from, respectively: water content (10.26%, 9.96%, dan 9.79%); density (0.69 gr/cm3, 0.68 gr/cm3, dan 0.71 gr/cm3); thickness swelling (21.57%, 20.07%, dan 19.23%). While the palm sugar particle board with adhesive content of 10%, 12%, and 14% respectively: water content (11.29%, 10.91%, dan 10.22%); density (0.70 gr/cm3, 0.69 gr/cm3, dan 0.71 gr/cm3); thickness swelling (26.00%, 22.90%, dan 22.85%). From the physical properties of the two types of particle board, the water content and density of particle board fulfilled JIS A-2003 standard, while thickness swelling did not fulfilled JIS A-2003 standard. Based on the value of moisture content and density, the use of bamboo particle board and palm sugar is suitable for interior materials.

Evaluation of the factors affecting opening-closing performance of wooden cabinet doors

This study determined the deflection performance of wooden cabinet doors during opening and closing by using different material types, opening-closing angle, and load force. The independent variables consisted of material type, opening-closing angle, and load force, and the dependent variable was determined as deflection value. Medium density fiberboard (MDF) and particleboard (PB), both melamine faced, were used as two different material types. Opening and closing angles and directions of forces were performed as directed in BS EN 16122 (2012) and TSE EN 9215 (2005) and the doors were loaded by forces of 300N, 375N and 450N. The factors affecting deflection value and the interaction between them were investigated by multivariate analysis of variance. The results showed that the material type, angle, load force, and the mean between the material type and load force was significant. As the loading force increased, the deflection value increased. As the moisture increased, the deflection value increased, and as the material density increased, deflection value decreased. The adequacy of models was evaluated by the R-square (R²) and Adjusted R-square (Adj-R2) values. The results for these values were 88.23% and 86.58%, respectively.

Development of a non-wood composite from whole jute plant

Wood-based panel industries seek an alternative biomass to wood chips due to deforestation. This leads to the use of non-wood ligno-cellulose plant residues for the development of medium density particle board. Jute sticks after being extracted from jute fibre are used for the production of medium density particle board and charcoal; similarly, the whole jute plant is residual biomass after harvesting the jute seed and is used as household fuel. Being lignocellulosic residuals, they also have the potential for the development of particle board. Natural resin is being used for the binding of the particles. However, they lack bonding efficiency and dimensional stability due to their hydrophilicity. The objective of this study is to develop a medium density particle board with desirable mechanical properties from whole jute plant particles and rosin/phenol formaldehyde resin combination through optimization of processing protocols, i.e., size of particle (12.5, 25 & 50 mm), amount of mat feed (900, 1000 & 1100gm), amount of resin (15, 20 & 25 % owm) and the rosin/PF resin combination (70/30, 80/20 & 90/10 %). The density and modulus of rupture of particle boards were evaluated as per IS standards and the results were analyzed as per Taguchi model in Minitab 18.0 software. Statistical analysis revealed that there is a very good agreement between the predicted and actual values of the experiment, with an R2 value of > 0.95 in density only. To attain the desirable particle board with maximum 35 MPa modulus of rupture and a 0.50 gpcc density, the response optimizer identified the 26 mm particle size, 1100 gm particle weight, 25 % resin, and 70/30 rosin/PF combination as optimized condition with > 0.99 individual and 0.99 composite desirability.