Cooperative Participation Research Articles

Presenting a Paradigm Model of Home Business Development in Rural Areas of Isfahan Cities Based on Grounded Theory

Purpose- Employment and unemployment, which are very important issues in rural areas, can be solved in general through home-based businesses and their development. The issue of home-based businesses can be very influential in creating employment in rural areas The main purpose of this study is to provide a paradigmatic model of home business development in rural areas of Isfahan province based on basic theory. Design/Methodology/Approach- This study was conducted in 2020. The present research is among the basic and qualitative researches that have been done with the approach of the foundation data theory approach. The interview collection tool was structured. The interviews were conducted among experts and experts in the field of home-based jobs, and the opinions of the interviewees were theoretically saturated from the 29th interview. Findings- After the emergence of concepts (139 references) and open, central and selective coding, it led to the design of the conceptual framework of the research model and the presentation of the paradigm model. Based on the results of the Grounded Theory, the pattern of home-based businesses to achieve development in rural areas of Isfahan province has been drawn. This model includes causal conditions (including managerial factors and comprehensive policy system), intervening conditions (educational-promotional factors, motivational factors and attitudinal factors), contextual conditions (infrastructure factors, marketing, skill factors and promotion of financial and credit resources). This includes strategies (stakeholder participation, information system and support factors) and social consequences (increasing the level of participation and sense of responsibility and cooperation among residents, reducing social harms, empowering local people, Reduce the migration of local people to the city, move towards sustainable development) and economic consequences (rural growth and development, reducing the dependence of local people on government credits and facilities and assistance such as subsidies, promoting economic welfare, improving local livelihoods) has it. Research limitations/implications- The limitations of the present study include the following: Research is time consuming, some people are not cooperating to collect data, it is difficult to assess the relative importance of the components and factors of the proposed theory.

Participação democrática digital em cooperativas de crédito

A revolução digital está transformando a sociedade. Diferentes setores são alterados, desde a educação até a saúde, as instituições financeiras, e, claro, as cooperativas. Alguns ramos de cooperativas já têm feito investimentos importantes na digitalização dos seus negócios, mas pouco tem se evoluído no uso da tecnologia para o desenvolvimento do quadro social e a promoção do pilar social do cooperativismo. Diante dessa realidade, este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar aspectos da participação democrática em cooperativas de crédito na era digital, propondo formas para sua efetivação. Para isso, realizou-se uma pesquisa quantitativa com 52 cooperativas de um sistema cooperativo de crédito e, em uma segunda etapa, uma pesquisa qualitativa, na qual foram analisadas experiências já realizadas por elas. Como resultados, identificou-se três experiências digitais diferentes de assembleias e uso de ferramentas informais para relacionamento com o cooperado. De maneira ampla, o trabalho aponta experiências digitais ainda pouco descritas na literatura, mas principalmente, destaca que o desafio da era digital para as cooperativas não é a tecnologia em si, mas a mudança cultural necessária para potencializar a participação dos sócios por meio da digitalização e a mudança de conceitos que uma era que pode ser realmente colaborativa propõe às cooperativas.

Keeping It Quiet? The Micro-Politics of Employee Voice in Company Strategic Decision-Making

Employee voice in company strategic and governance decision-making in Anglophone countries commonly has few formal channels. This article’s investigation of labour’s (collective employees) interest expression in Australia and New Zealand finds that labour actors engage with company actors to craft a range of channels of expression and participation. In addition to actors’ utilisation of formal institutional provisions for adversarial collective bargaining and cooperative participation, actors utilise other ‘at the table’ arrangements that are typically of low salience. These include non-formal, inter-actor arrangements that facilitate contribution to decisions that can include matters of strategic importance. Labour actors engage with company actors in intricate micro-political relations to contribute influence in framing understandings and horizons of decisions and norm-building. Their quiet activities contribute regulatory effect in company decision-making.

Evaluating Hungary’s Participation in the European Union’s Common Security and Defence Policy

Abstract Hungary joined the European Union in 2004 but started to participate in EU crisis management operations well before. Since the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) was a new policy area at that time, it was an extraordinary experience for Hungary to be integrated into a policy still under development. Aft er briefly detailing the foreign and security policy options Hungary faced right after the transition from communism, this paper analyses Hungary’s contribution to the CSDP. The CSDP is based on two pillars — one operational and the other related to capability-building. The paper first analyses Hungary’s participation in the civilian and military operations launched in the framework of the CSDP. Specifically, it explores the operations Hungary has joined, the kind of capacities it has contributed and the deficiencies and problems that have emerged in this sphere. Second, the paper addresses Hungary’s perspectives and aspirations regarding capability development. Specifically, it looks at how Hungary views the future of the CSDP, especially in light of the country’s participation in permanent structured cooperation (PESCO), the central element in the EU’s joint defence capability development. Methodologically, the paper employs qualitative content and discourse analysis, drawing on relevant secondary literature and analyses of official EU and Hungarian (legislative and non-legislative) documents. Surveying Hungary’s participation in EU crisis management operations since the beginning of the CSDP, the paper finds it has joined 42 per cent of civilian and 70 per cent of military operations. These have been in the immediate neighbourhood but also distant locations (Africa, Central Asia, and the Near East). At the same time, distinct challenges have hampered Hungary’s contribution to certain operations, such as a dearth of foreign language skills and a lack of strategic airlift and mobile logistics capabilities. The paper also finds that regional defence cooperation was not the central driver of cooperation within PESCO projects. Overall, Hungary is somewhere in the middle of the pack in terms of the number of PESCO projects it participates in.

Enhancing the application of organic fertilisers by members of agricultural cooperatives

Scientific literature has reported that participation in agricultural cooperatives has positive effects on small farmers' preference for organic fertilisers over chemical fertilisers. However, there is limited focus on enhancing the voluntary use of organic fertilisers by small farmers who have joined an agricultural cooperative. This paper describes an agent-based model for simulating small farmers' decision-making with regard to fertiliser selection. Ninety six farmers (members) of one of the largest strawberry production cooperatives in China were assessed to understand their willingness to use different fertilisers and their socioeconomic characteristics. Simulation results showed that for farmers belonging to the agricultural cooperative who earn higher marginal profits, variations in the prices of the agricultural produce had no significant effect on their behaviour in terms of the use of organic fertilisers. The number of farmers using organic fertilisers at the beginning of the first year has a positive relationship with the increase in the rate at which farmers use organic fertilisers. However, the count does not alter the final number of farmers who use organic fertilisers after several years. Moreover, farmers' willingness to use organic fertilisers enhances the increasing speed and final number of farmers using organic fertilisers simultaneously. The design of strategies (increasing the number of farmers using organic fertilisers at the beginning of the first year and enhancing farmers’ willingness to use organic fertilisers) has a significant effect on the promotion of organic fertiliser application by agricultural cooperatives in China.

Impact of Cooperative Membership on Rural Income Generation in Southwest, Nigeria

This study examines the impact of cooperative membership on rural income generation. It also analyzes the factors influencing participation in cooperatives among rural households in Southwest, Nigeria. The study was designed to account for selection bias into cooperative organizations. Rural household survey data were used and the estimates were based on both the Probit model and non-parametric propensity score matching method. The findings show that income generated through cooperative membership is approximately 10% higher than those generated by noncooperative members. Empirical estimates of determinants of cooperative membership indicate that years of education, age and land size have significant influences on the decision to join cooperatives.

Nature protection law of Ukraine in the context of globalization challenges

law of Ukraine in the context of globalization challenges. Attention is focused on both the opportunities and the constraints associatedwith globalization, in its impact on the development trends of nature protection law in Ukraine. This branch of Ukrainian law asa whole is formed, both in the general norms of ecological law, as well as in the land, water, subsoil, forest, floristic legislation, andalso in the territorial planning legislation. At the same time, new globalization challenges related to the need to address nature conservationand biodiversity protection are prompting an increasingly active shift in the legal regulation of relevant relations from the localand national to the international level. And nature protection legislation in its development must take into account appropriate approa -ches. The general structural and systemic factors of the Ukrainian national legislation cannot be neglected. The article analyzes Ukraine's participation in international cooperation in the field of nature protection and biodiversity conservation. Important factors that motivateUkraine’s environmental law to further development are related to Ukraine’s European integration. One of the main aspects ofUkraine's implementation of the Association Agreement is the approximation of Ukrainian legislation to EU law. Moreover, "natureprotection, in particular biological and landscape diversity (eco-networks) conservation and protection" stands out among the principalareas of environmental cooperation between Ukraine and the EU. International and European environmental requirements cannot beimplemented mechanically, but thoughtfully, comprehensively analyzing the possible consequences for the law-making and lawenforcementsphere of Ukraine. It is from such positions that the article critically evaluates the Draft Law of Ukraine "On the Territoriesof the Emerald Network" in order to fulfill the Ukrainian obligations under the Association Agreement.

About some trends in the development of agricultural cooperatives in Canada

The article presents the results of the analysis and generalization of the experience of the development of agricultural cooperatives in Canada (a country with a centuries-old history of agricultural cooperation), its successful cooperative practices at various historical stages (including the present). Within the framework of the presented study, a number of important scientific conclusions were obtained, including: 1) generalization of trends in the evolution of Canadian farms (as active participants in agricultural cooperation) and characteristics of their current state; 2) specification of technological and organizational innovations undertaken by Canadian agricultural cooperatives to strengthen their competitive position; 3) identification of promising trends in the development of agricultural cooperation in Canada, reflecting both the essential transformations of the phenomenon under consideration (agricultural cooperative), and fluctuations of its environment; 4) determining the importance of using foreign (Canadian) cooperative experience for the development of agricultural cooperation in Russia. The presented material is distinguished by the novelty of approaches, the adequacy of the research tools used, and the representativeness of the statistical data used. The factors of the effective functioning of Canadian agricultural cooperatives scientifi cally substantiated in the study, as well as the basic principles of their modern models, are advisable to use (as international experience) in the development of the domestic system of agricultural cooperation in a modern (global, mobile, unstable, unpredictable) environment, taking into account its new challenges. The conclusions obtained in the course of the work and the conclusions proposed by the authors are of both scientific interest (for further theoretical and empirical research) and practical significance (for specialists interested in the creation and successful functioning of domestic agricultural cooperatives).

Impact of Agricultural Cooperatives on Income of Households: The Case of Ejere District, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia

Agricultural cooperative is widely considered as a vital foundation that can help smallholder farmers to overcome the constraints that hinder them from taking advantages of their business. The major concern of this study is, to evaluate the impact of agricultural cooperative on total annual income of participant households in Ejere district of West Shewa Zone, Ethiopia. To meet the objectives of study a total of 430 sample households were randomly interviewed. Descriptive statistics, logistic regression and propensity score matching were used to analyze data. The logistic regression output showed that access to extension services, marital status, clarity of cooperative objectives, perception and access to credit service were positively and significantly influenced the participation of household head in agricultural cooperative at (P<0.01) whereas access to market information and total livestock unit positively and significantly influenced the participation of household head in agricultural cooperatives at (P<0.05). Propensity score matching estimation result significant difference between agricultural cooperative participant and non-participant in terms of total annual income. That is, the total annual income of agricultural cooperative participants is 14,990.076Birr higher than that of non-participants. Thus, policy makers should focus on providing extension services, raising market information as well as increasing access to credit services of cooperatives in the study area. Keywords: Annual income, Cooperatives, Impact, logistic, outcome JEL: M2 L3 R2 DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/13-9-03 Publication date: May 31 st 2021

СОЦІАЛЬНО-ПСИХОЛОГІЧНИЙ АСПЕКТ НАЛАГОДЖЕННЯ ВЗАЄМОДІЇ УЧАСНИКІВ КЛАСТЕРНОГО УТВОРЕННЯ

Анотація. Представлено дослідження сутності поняття «кластер». Виокремлено ключові ознаки кластерного утворення: географічна локалізація, наявність групи компаній, кооперування і наявність конкуренції всередині кластера, інноваційна спрямованість. Обгрунтовано, що інноваційність є ключовою ознакою відмінності кластерів від мережевих об’єднань підприємств і доведено необхідність орієнтації кластерного утворення на виробництво кінцевої інноваційної продукції (у тому числі матеріальної та/або нематеріальної), постійного моніторингу шляхів підвищення своєї конкурентоздатності. Досліджено соціально-психологічні аспекти налагодження кластерної взаємодії. Дослідження показало, що особливу роль при формуванні кластера відіграють соціально-психологічні прояви людей, перш за все керівників компаній, адже саме вони ухвалюють вольове рішення про налагодження кластерної взаємодії. Проаналізовано соціально-психологічні перешкоди, упередження, а також спонування щодо кластерної взаємодії, які характерні для керівника лідируючої в кластері компанії, керівника підприємства, що відповідає спеціалізації кластера, але не є лідером на ринку, працівників зазначених компанії; керівника і працівників наукових установ, влади, громадськості. Установлено, що збереження конкурентної боротьби між учасниками кластеру є ключовим аспектом, що викликає найбільшу кількість соціально-психологічних конгнітивних упереджень при налагодженні кластерної взаємодії. У дослідженні окреслено, що розуміння синергетичного ефекту від кластерної взаємодії допомагає спростувати відповідні психологічні упередження потенційних учасників щодо налагодження співпраці. Ключові слова: кластер; синергія; соціальна психологія; когнітивні упередження; психологічні спонування; взаємодія. Формул: 0; рис.: 1; табл.: 2; бібл.: 14.

Sharing economy and optimal investment decisions for distributed solar generation

This paper presents three different models to address the distributed solar photovoltaic (PV) investment problem: the status-quo of net-metering, a sharing economy model, and a cooperative PV decision problem faced by an aggregator participating in wholesale electric markets. In the status-quo case, firms can sell back their excess generation to the utility at a retail tariff. This case is subject to the constraint that firms cannot be net producers of electric on an annual basis. In our sharing economy model, firms can pool their excess generation and trade it in a spot market among themselves. However, the collective does not get paid for selling electric back to the utility. In the cooperative case, an aggregator decides where to optimally invest PV among the participants. Our main goal in studying these three cases is that net-metering (also referred as feed-in) programs are under threat and being phased out, which places future distributed PV investment at risk. In this event, we show that new business models, such as the sharing economy model or a cooperative participation, offer a plausible pathway to maintain and even accelerate PV investment. Several case studies with numerical results are presented to discuss the characteristics of the three proposed models.

Who wants to get involved? Determining citizen willingness to participate in German renewable energy cooperatives

This paper analyzes the potential for citizen participation in renewable energy cooperatives and the energy transition process in Germany. We consider representative survey data for 4,210 financial decision-makers in German households and analyze (i) differences between members and non-members of renewable energy cooperatives, (ii) non-members’ willingness to participate in energy cooperatives, and (iii) factors determining citizen participation in terms of not only volunteering but also making private investments. We find that the lack of familiarity with energy cooperatives among non-members is a strong limiting factor for the expansion of citizen participation, a finding that indicates the potential of information campaigns. However, we also reveal a substantial participation potential, as about half of the non-members who are familiar with the term “energy cooperative” express a high willingness either to volunteer or to invest. Our econometric analysis based on ordered probit models complements the current state of research on community renewable energy by showing the relevance of not only economic preferences such as patience, altruism, and negative reciprocity but also political preferences and the habit of talking about investments. In addition, we confirm the findings of earlier work with regard to the relevance of economic incentives, environmental values, and social norms.

Collective reflections on the first cycle of a collaborative learning platform to strengthen rural primary healthcare in Mpumalanga, South Africa

BackgroundFrontline managers and health service providers are constrained in many contexts from responding to community priorities due to organizational cultures focused on centrally defined outputs and targets. This paper presents an evaluation of the Verbal Autopsy with Participatory Action Research (VAPAR) programme—a collaborative learning platform embedded in the local health system in Mpumalanga, South Africa—for strengthening of rural primary healthcare (PHC) systems. The programme aims to address exclusion from access to health services by generating and acting on research evidence of practical, local relevance.MethodsDrawing on existing links in the provincial and national health systems and applying rapid, participatory evaluation techniques, we evaluated the first action-learning cycle of the VAPAR programme (2017–19). We collected data in three phases: (1) 10 individual interviews with programme stakeholders, including from government departments and parastatals, nongovernmental organizations and local communities; (2) an evaluative/exploratory workshop with provincial and district Department of Health managers; and (3) feedback and discussion of findings during an interactive workshop with national child health experts.ResultsIndividual programme stakeholders described early outcomes relating to effective research and stakeholder engagement, and organization and delivery of services, with potential further contributions to the establishment of an evidence base for local policy and planning, and improved health outcomes. These outcomes were verified with provincial managers. Provincial and national stakeholders identified the potential for VAPAR to support engagement between communities and health authorities for collective planning and implementation of services. Provincial stakeholders proposed that this could be achieved through a two-way integration, with VAPAR stakeholders participating in routine health planning and review activities and frontline health officials being involved in the VAPAR process. Findings were collated into a revised theory of change.ConclusionsThe VAPAR learning platform was regarded as a feasible, acceptable and relevant approach to facilitate cooperative learning and community participation in health systems. The evaluation provides support for a collaborative learning platform within routine health system processes and contributes to the limited evaluative evidence base on embedded health systems research.

Asymmetric effects of social and economic incentives on cooperation in real effort based public goods games.

Many practitioners as well as researchers explore promoting environmentally conscious behavior in the context of public goods systems. Numerous experimental studies revealed various types of incentives to increase cooperation on public goods. There is ample evidence that monetary and non-monetary incentives, such as donations, have a positive effect on cooperation in public goods games that exceeds fully rational and optimal economic decision making. Despite an accumulation of these studies, in the typical setting of these experiments participants decide on an allocation of resources to a public pool, but they never exert actual effort. However, in reality, we often observe that players’ real effort is required in these public goods game situations. Therefore, more analysis is needed to draw conclusions for a wider set of incentive possibilities in situations similar to yet deviating from resource allocation games. Here we construct a real effort public goods game in an online experiment and statistically analyze the effect different types of incentives have on cooperation. In our experiment, we examine combinations of monetary and social incentives in a setting aimed closer to practical realities, such as financial costs and real effort forming part of the decision to cooperate on a public good. In our real effort public goods game participants cooperate and defect on image-scoring tasks. We find that in our setting economic and social incentives produce an asymmetric effect. Interestingly economic incentives decreased the share of highly uncooperative participants, while social incentives raised the share of highly cooperative participants.

Method of Partnership with the Private Sector in Iraq

The topic of public-private partnerships has been received with great interest by governments, societies and research centers around the world. After it became clear that the process of economic and social development is based on mobilizing and gathering all the potentials of society, including the energies, resources and experiences of both the public and private sectors, to participate in the institutional organizations that deal with the establishment and operation of projects of various kinds after the institutional arrangements faced separate and independent sectoral challenges and difficulties. In achieving the goals of development levels is an ambitious goal. Therefore, developed countries seek to develop institutions, legislation and institutional systems to adopt participatory organizations in which all sectors of society contribute to directing, managing and operating projects and businesses, developing and developing them in order to serve their purposes on the basis of cooperative participation, good governance, transparent accountability and mutual benefit.
 The success of the partnership is not limited to ensuring legislation and regulations only, but links must be established between it and the concept of governance. Both have multiple aspects related to administrative, legal, economic and social dimensions that meet at common points based on the principles of transparency, disclosure and accountability, and equal rights of stakeholders and responsibilities in order to raise the efficiency of resource use, enhance competitiveness, attract funding sources, and expand projects to create new job opportunities and support economic stability.
 The topic of public-private partnerships has been received with great interest by governments, societies and research centers around the world. After it became clear that the process of economic and social development is based on mobilizing and gathering all the potentials of society, including the energies, resources and experiences of both the public and private sectors, to participate in the institutional organizations that deal with the establishment and operation of projects of various kinds after the institutional arrangements faced separate and independent sectoral challenges and difficulties. In achieving the goals of development levels is an ambitious goal. Therefore, developed countries seek to develop institutions, legislation and institutional systems to adopt participatory organizations in which all sectors of society contribute to directing, managing and operating projects and businesses, developing and developing them in order to serve their purposes on the basis of cooperative participation, good governance, transparent accountability and mutual benefit.
 The success of the partnership is not limited to ensuring legislation and regulations only, but links must be established between it and the concept of governance. Both have multiple aspects related to administrative, legal, economic and social dimensions that meet at common points based on the principles of transparency, disclosure and accountability, and equal rights of stakeholders and responsibilities in order to raise the efficiency of resource use, enhance competitiveness, attract funding sources, and expand projects to create new job opportunities and support economic stability.
 Many researchers believe that the issue of partnership is still in its early stages of developing unified principles, rules and regulations that govern and regulate the various forms of partnerships between the public and private sectors to include all economic and social sectors as major topics. The concept, principles and standards are still being sought to develop, elaborate and categorize them in order to be placed in specific rules and frameworks.

Концепция достижения максимального синергетического эффекта в производстве

The article considers a concept of achieving the maximum synergistic effect in production on the basis of a new organizational form of cooperative activity, which allows to purposefully obtain an emergent result. There is a problem of measuring the synergistic effectiveness, which is explained by the variety of ways to assess the synergistic effect in general and in individual areas of human activity. Creativity in production activities, associated with intuitive thinking, can manifest itself in the form of global innovations, which differ in scale in time and in the degree of distribution in the areas of production, and have methodological significance for the laws of management in this activity. There have been discussed several global innovations in the field of process management to achieve production efficiency (division of labor; in-line production; flexible automated production; virtual production) with the division of labor. These global innovations are not connected to each other in a formal way and are the result of human creative activity based on intuitive thinking. The division of labor simultaneously leads to cooperation. The pattern of routine-creative transformation allows us to describe a new form of labor organization based on the so-called ergodynamic cooperative, the peculiarity of the structure of which is that cooperative activity has an integral part that provides a synergistic effect. There appears an inverse method of achieving emergence, from developing the emergence of the emergence property due to the inventive activity of the creative subject to the realization of this property in the product due to the cooperative activity of the cooperative participants. It is formally proved that the ergodynamic cooperative is an emergent-producing system that functions within the traditional paradigm of production efficiency, that is, belongs to global innovations.

China’s Approach to the Institutionalization of Trilateral Economic Cooperation

In 2019, Trilateral Cooperation celebrated its 20th anniversary. As China, Japan and South Korea are close trade partners, economic cooperation is a focal point in Trilateral Cooperation. This paper endeavours to examine and explain China’s approach towards the institutionalization of trilateral economic cooperation from 1999 to 2019. The findings indicate that China was supportive towards institutionalizing trilateral economic cooperation, but it was less proactive in recent years. This is explained by two factors, namely, (a) the declining economic interdependence between China and other member states and (b) the shift in China’s regional strategy with the introduction of new regional initiatives by China, especially the Belt and Road Initiative. The findings of this study cast doubt on the critical juncture approach and the alternative explanation on balancing which perceives China’s participation in Trilateral Cooperation primarily through the lens of Sino-US relations.

Women’s Participation in Agricultural Cooperative Activities in the Era of Liberalization in the North West and South West Regions of Cameroon

This study was carried out from February 2019 to May 2020 in the North West and South West Regions of Cameroon. The objective of the study was to examine women’s participation in agricultural cooperatives’ activities in the era of liberalization. A simple random sampling technique was used in selecting 350 farmers from the purposefully selected 52 agricultural cooperatives. Data was collected through the use of structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, frequency and percentages) and inferential statistics (Chi square). Eighteen interviews were conducted with officials of agricultural cooperatives and public extension organizations beside 5 focus group discussions. A five-point Likert scale was used to measure the extent to which women participate in agricultural cooperative and the extent to which cooperatives have succeeded in making women participative agents in cooperative activities. The findings of the study show that 90% of the respondents agreed that women do participate in agricultural cooperative activities and the extent to which women participate is ‘much’ as declared by 33.7% of the respondents. Seventy two percent of the respondents accepted that there are factors that hinder women’s participation in agricultural cooperatives, prominent among which are: low level of education, domestic and child care responsibilities and cultural constraints with low level of education being the major factor. However, 80.9% of the participants of the study declared that agricultural cooperatives have succeeded in making women participative agents in agricultural cooperatives. Women are members of Board of Directors, treasurers, vendors of agricultural products and farmers on their own right. Conclusively, women’s participation in agricultural cooperatives in the era of liberalization is not nominal, passive or a mere formality but interacting participation as women have a voice and influence decisions in their cooperatives.

‘Fact’ as a Lexico-Syntactic Marker of the Character’s Linguistic Personality

The role of the attitude in the formation of the lexical-syntactic marker of the character’s linguistic personality is considered. An attempt is made to show how, due to the attitude, the same word (namely, the word ‘fact’) in different syntactic uses serves to create a lexical-syntactic marker used by word artists in order to identify and characterize different characters as linguistic personalities. The relevance of the study is to demonstrate that considering the pragmatic level of a linguistic personality makes it possible to differentiate different characters in whose speech the same lexical-syntactic marker prevails. The novelty of the research lies in the explanation of how the lexical-syntactic marking of the linguistic personality of different characters is carried out on the basis of the same verbal element. Based on the play by M. Gorky “Summer Residents” (Basov’s linguistic personality) and M. A. Sholokhov’s novel “Virgin Soil Upturned” (Davydov’s linguistic personality), it is shown that the speech individualization of different characters through the word ‘fact’ is due to the inclusion of this word in different dominant varieties of lexicon the syntactic marker is a ‘fact’, correlation with different attitudes both “from the author” and “from the character”, unequal participation in character speech cooperation.

The research characteristics of China and South Korea FTA in Chinese academic circle -- Visual analysis based on CiteSpace

China and South Korea jointly agreed to start the research of Free Trade Agreement(FTA) in 2004, and officially signed the China · Korea FTA in 2015 which promoted entering a new era of free trade between the two countries. Meanwhile, scholars of the two countries have paid attention through the whole process, from joint research, signing of the agreement, taking effects to current second phase of free trade negotiation. Scholars’ academic research on China · Korea FTA has played an important guiding role in promoting the long-term economic and trade development, and in deepening free trade between the two countries. This paper, based on the database of CNKI and CiteSpace 5.1.r8 SE statistics software, conducted a statistical study of relevant literature of China · Korea FTA from 2001 to 2018, and operated a visualization to analyse its research characteristics. The study found that most of relevant domestic research institutions are located in the coastal and Northeast China, which are scattered and lack of interaction, and have a low degree of participation in international cooperation. Chinese academic community has not formed core scholars with high output and lack of long-term cooperative research teams. Chinese academic research’s key words are such as ‘free trade zone’, ‘agricultural products’, ‘regional economic integration’, ‘China, Japan and South Korea’, etc; The academic research has gone through four stages: exploratory stage —development stage —flourishing stage --later stage. These research outputs have different characteristics in each stage, and their development trajectories are basically synchronized with the development process of China · Korea FTA.