Participation In Sporting Events Research Articles

유소년스포츠클럽 참여자의 운동동기와 신체적 자기효능감이 사회성 변화에 미치는 영향과 대회참여의 조절효과

유소년스포츠클럽 참여자의 운동동기와 신체적 자기효능감이 사회성 변화에 미치는 영향과 대회참여의 조절효과

Accumulating subcultural capital through sport event participation: The AFL International Cup

In this study, the authors use participant interviews to examine how participating in an international event enabled the accumulation of subcultural capital. The authors conducted interviews with players (N=9) in the Australian Football League (AFL) International Cup from Canada, USA, New Zealand, and Ireland. The AFL International Cup created a liminal state offering individuals with opportunities for: (a) national representation; (b) international competition and comparison; (c) cross-cultural learning and interaction; (d) sport subcultural engagement; and, (d) authentic game experiences. The resulting experience enabled participants a deeper connection with the sport subculture, which created the potential for sport advocacy in their home countries. Results will assist international sport event hosts in creating meaningful participant experiences that facilitate deeper personal attachments to the sporting subculture.

Premarathon Evaluations: Is There a Role for Runner Prerace Medical Screening and Education to Reduce the Risk of Medical Complications?

There is irrefutable evidence that regular participation in physical activity has substantial health benefits, and as such participation in mass community-based sports events should be supported. However, with the promotion of physical activity comes the potential risk of medical complications during an acute exercise session, with this risk varying according to the risk factor profile of an individual and the nature of the event. The demographics of marathon race entrants changed over the past two to three decades, and currently about 50% of runners are older than 40 yr. A consolidated view of previously published research shows that in a marathon with a field of 50,000 runners for example, the medical staff will, on average, encounter a sudden death every 2 to 3 yr, a sudden cardiac arrest every year, 25 runners that present with a serious medical complication requiring specialized management or hospitalization, and 1000 runners that require medical attention. Runners may have several intrinsic risk factors that can predispose them to serious acute cardiovascular or other serious noncardiac medical complications on race day. This intrinsic risk can be exacerbated by several extrinsic risk factors as well. As health care professionals, we are obliged to give the best medical advice to individuals who wish to participate in moderate- and high-intensity endurance activities, and at the same time reduce their risk of a medical complication during exercise. Preliminary data indicate that an online prerace medical screening and targeted educational intervention program can be successfully implemented and is effective in reducing the risk of acute medical complications during a race.

“We’ve never measured it, but it brings in a lot of business”

PurposeThis paper aims to examine participatory sport event organizers’ perspectives on potential connections between their events and tourism and destination marketing outcomes.Design/methodology/approachThis qualitative study entailed in-depth interviews with participatory sport event organizers in the United Kingdom, coupled with thematic analysis of event websites and social media. The paper uses Chalip’s (2004) model for host community event leveraging to interpret findings.FindingsEvent organizers focused on attracting participants and delivering positive experiences, rather than on stimulating tourism-related outcomes. However, organizers used a range of strategies to attract participants, such as emphasizing attractive and unique location features, which could also serve to entice active sport tourists and promote the event host destination.Research limitations/implicationsParticipatory sport event organizers may not prioritize or even sufficiently understand the potential for their events to generate tourism outcomes. For organizers confronted with operating constraints and event delivery challenges, it may be difficult to find the time, and practical ways, to satisfy the needs of tourism stakeholders.Originality/valueThe unique contribution of this paper is its focus on supply-side perspectives on the role of participatory sport events as tourism catalysts, and its examination of the potential for such small-scale events to contribute to sustainable tourism development. This paper also considers the nature of event organizers’ role in implementation of Chalip’s (2004) model for host community event leveraging.

Agility in Young Athletes: Is It a Different Ability From Speed and Power?

Negra, Y, Chaabene, H, Hammami, M, Amara, S, Sammoud, S, Mkaouer, B, and Hachana, Y. Agility in young athletes: is it a different ability from speed and power? J Strength Cond Res 31(3): 727-735, 2017-Agility is an important physical attribute for successful participation in team sports events. Illinois agility test (IAT) and T-test have been widely used within adult team sports players to assess agility performance. The purposes of this investigation are (a) to study the reliability and the sensitivity of both IAT and T-test scores and (b) to explore to what extend the agility is an independent physical ability from speed time and jumping ability. Competitive-level young soccer (n = 95) and handball players (n = 92) participated in this study (i.e., approximately 12 years old). Reliability analyses were established by determining intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC(3,1)) and typical error of measurement (TEM). The sensitivity of agility tests was revealed by comparing TEM to the value of the smallest worthwhile change (SWC). The second aim was examined by means of the principal component analysis. Results revealed that the scores of both IAT and T-test showed a high reliability (all ICC(3,1) > 0.90 and TEM < 5%) and sensitivity (all TEM < SWC). Principal component analysis resulted in one significant component for the soccer and handball group each that explained 72.18 and 80.16% of the total variance, respectively. Significant relationships were recorded between all the selected tests (r = -0.72 to 0.85, p < 0.001). Based on the results of this study, it was concluded that both IAT and T-test provided reliable and sensitive scores. Therefore, these tests could be strongly recommended to evaluate agility within young male competitive-level team sports athletes. In addition, it seems that agility, speed time, and jumping ability assess the same physical attribute in young competitive-level team sports players.

OLYMPIC TOURISM AND OLYMPIC LEGACY FROM A SOCIO-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE

In the recent years, we observe a growing popularity of sport tourism which includes travelling to practice sports outside one's living area, participating in sports events (both actively as an athlete, and passively as a spectator) as well as visiting sports related attractions such as sports museums or famous stadiums. Participation in major sports events, including the Olympic Games, has grown in popularity among the tourists, affecting the development of sport tourism. Olympic museums also become a major tourist attraction. Presently, many countries in the world compete to organize the Olympic event as it is widely believed that such enterprises result in an economic gain for tourist destinations and improve the attractiveness of regions as potential tourist destinations. Towns and countries more often choose sports events are a means of advertisement, to make an impression in the global media and to improve their global image. Organizing the Olympic Games brings about many social and cultural benefits as well, among others it enables multicultural communication and facilitates social integration. However, the majority of studies on sport tourism focus on the marketing and economic benefits of the major sporting events. The social and cultural impact still constitutes the minority of all the research on the subject matter, whereas it needs to be pointed out that similarly to the economic results, social and cultural impact is not solely positive. Presently, a number of negative effects of organizing major sporting events can be observed, this includes the economy, social and cultural influence as well as ecology – the reason for the above being the failure to apply the principles of sustainable development by the event organizers. Such negative effects can include, among others, too high economic cost of organizing a sporting event borne by the host-state, inappropriate behavior of spectators who intrude on the life of local societies, displacement of people due to land development for the investments required for the event, or the negative impact on the natural environment – for example, excessive deforestation related to the construction of Olympic Villages (i.e. as seen during the organization of the event in Sochi). Another issue is the use of sporting infrastructure after the event. Some olympic villages instead of becoming a tourist attraction are simply left to ruin. An example of such a situation being the facilities in Sarajevo or in Berlin (another problem is the improper use of football stadiums after the World or European Championship event). All this results in some countries becoming disinterested in hosting the Olympic Games – in the example of Sweden and Norway who withdrew from organizing the event in 2022. The aim of the present study is to perform a theoretical analysis of possible benefits and losses resulting from hosting a sporting event in the social and cultural perspective. Based on the literature on the subject available worldwide, it aims to present the impact of sport tourism, taking into account both participants – the tourists and the local populace. The analysis shall include the impact of participating in major sporting events on the individual, local populace, the nation as well as tourist destinations – moreover, the analysis includes selected examples of how hosting a major sporting event affects the development of tourism.

Service quality improving effects and recreational benefits for sports tourism—A case study

Service quality is one of many crucial items for sport event participants. Using Sun Moon Lake Swimming Carnival Event as an example, this study measures the perception of service quality for various participant groups and their associated recreational benefits from the demand model. Three service quality clusters, interaction and information, physical facility improving, and program and outcome, were extracted. Later, the contingent behavior method was used to measure the hypothetical benefits from service quality improvements. This study’s findings discover that the amenity of Sun Moon Lake and its surroundings at current status is not sufficient to make participants come back. Findings show that an improvement in the service quality of sports program and the outcome will result in an NT$85.78 million consumer surplus gain, with the facility improvement producing a gain of NT$72.90 million arising simply from the event in each year. Therefore, recreation managers may find it justifiable to improve an event’s service quality in this regard.

Examining the effect of experiential marketing on behavioral intentions in a festival with a specific sport event

ABSTRACTResearch question: Participation in sport events is a significant aspect of experience. So far very few analyses exist that shed light on the kind of experiences that satisfy participants within the context of sport events. Using an experiential marketing approach, a behavioral model was tested in which perceived experiences and attitudes were proposed to interact with satisfaction to predict behavioral intentions of participants in festival with a specific sport event.Research methods: The proposed model was tested by path analysis. The sample setting of this study was Dragon Fest, which is held in Turkey’s different cities. Data for the pilot study were collected from 358 Dragon Fest participants in 2013, while a different sample of 490 participants were included in the main study for the path analysis.Results and findings: The current study verified the value of incorporating an experiential approach into sport event modeling. The relative importance of hedonic and utilitarian attitudes on sport event evaluation decisions was also presented. This study is unique in considering the utility of both hedonic and utilitarian attitudes and 4E experiences in a sport event context.Implications: Sport event organizers should design their event programs to facilitate experiencing different types of experiences with regard to senses of feeling (entertainment), learning (education), being (esthetic), and doing (escapist). This may be a convenient tool for sport and leisure-marketing efforts because the more experience dimensions an event incorporates the more individuals become satisfied and repeat attendance behavior in the future.

A distance-running event and life satisfaction: The mediating roles of involvement

The increasing popularity of mass participant sport events has provided sport event managers and scholars with an opportunity to contribute to a broader conversation on ways to promote population health. Theoretically, these managed sport services should have the capacity to enhance event participants’ well-being; however, the empirical link between event participation and well-being remains inconclusive. By comparing individuals who participated in a distance-running event with individuals who did not participate in the event, this study examined the contributions of the distance-running event, behavioural loyalty, and psychological involvement to life satisfaction, an indicator of mental health and well-being. Participants (N=742) were recruited from a 10-mile running event held in the United States. The results revealed that participation in a distance-running event was positively associated with weekly running activity, an indicator of behavioural loyalty. In addition, the two facets of psychological involvement in running—pleasure and sign—mediated the relationship between weekly running activity and life satisfaction. These findings provide empirical support that distance-running events can serve as environmental correlates of participants’ behavioural loyalty and that the contribution of behavioural loyalty to life satisfaction lies in whether event participants identify pleasant and symbolic aspects of the activity.

Charitable Sporting Events as a Context for Building Adolescent Generosity: Examining the Role of Religiousness and Spirituality

Previous research demonstrates an association between religiousness, spirituality, and generosity in adolescents, but few studies have tested the mechanisms by which religion might facilitate the development of generosity in real-world contexts. In this paper, a theoretical model is presented describing the potential mechanisms by which engagement in transformational contexts (i.e., participating in charity marathon training) may lead to the development of generosity in adolescents. Participation in charity sporting events is theorized to increase generosity through both higher-order mechanisms, such as sanctification and the development of transcendent identity, and lower-order mechanisms, such as increased entitativity, positive emotions, and dissonance reduction. An empirical strategy for testing the model is presented; suggested methods for inquiry are longitudinal mixed method designs incorporating observations, questionnaires, and qualitative interviewing. Additionally, a case study of ongoing research on adolescents running with Team World Vision is described as an application of the model to an actual research context.

Bringing Personal Character Strengths into the Production of the Leisure Experience

ABSTRACTThis study explores opportunities for character strength activation through the leisure context of charity sport events. Character strengths are a core aspect of positive psychology, and their activation increases wellbeing. Based on a card sorting procedure and semi-structured interviews, respondents identified which strengths they used during charity sport event participation. Results indicate that kindness/generosity, citizenship, loyalty and teamwork, hope and optimism, and passion and enthusiasm were all core event-related strengths. The findings provide insights regarding the relationship between leisure participation and wellbeing, as we know that (i) leisure frequently leads to increased wellbeing, (ii) this leisure context provides an opportunity to activate specific character strengths, and (iii) these specific character strengths are known to increase wellbeing. Therefore, it may be that the activation of these event-specific character strengths provides a mechanism to derive wellbeing outcomes from leisure participation, and should be further explored in the design of charity sport events.

Managing Mass Sport Participation: Adding a Personal Performance Perspective to Remodel Antecedents and Consequences of Participant Sport Event Satisfaction

The current study was an investigation of the role of personal performance, an internal assessment of timegoal achievement, on participants’ event satisfaction that would contribute to positive outcomes. Multiattribute online surveys were distributed to participants at two distance participant sport events held in the Southeast and Northeast United States (N = 3,476 and 4,828). A multidimensional Participant Sport Event Attribute and Service Delivery (PSEASD) scale was developed to capture a spectrum of service touch points encountered during the event experience. Empirical results using covariance-based structural equation modeling was used to test and support a proposed model revealing that personal performance was a stronger positive determinant of event satisfaction than traditional service quality and perceived value. A significant negative interaction effect between service quality and personal performance was also revealed. Collectively, the model explained 41% of variance in event satisfaction, and 26% of behavioral intentions. Based on the findings, we suggest managing personal performance expectations is important to holistically manage and promote overall event satisfaction in a participant sport event setting.

Comparison of sport tourists’ and locals’ motivation to participate in a running event

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is two-fold. First, the authors compared tourists with local participants to determine if motivations to participate in a mid-scale marathon event varied based on participant type, and if they perceived the event differently. Second, Kaplanidou and Vogt suggested further testing and validation of their scale to measure meanings people attach to sport events was warranted, and the current investigation provides such evaluation.Design/methodology/approach– Working with the event organizer, the authors distributed an online questionnaire to marathon participants in a mid-scale event. The questionnaire included the Sport Motivation Scale-II, Sport Event Evaluation Scale, and demographics.Findings– Results indicated no differences between sport tourists and residents in motivation and meanings attached to the event; however, differences in perception did exist. Data further validated the Sport Event Evaluation Scale.Research limitations/implications– The study established self-determination theory (SDT) as a viable theoretical framework to understand sport event participants motivations. It demonstrated a possible link between the individuals’ motivations and the meanings they associate with the event.Practical implications– The paper provides data to support marketing the healthy benefits of participating in a marathon event as well as the need to include the fun and entertaining components of the event as well.Originality/value– The study is a unique application of SDT as well as applies a theoretical framework to an area of study that has largely focussed on categorizations. Additionally, the findings establish initial findings that local participants and sport tourists possess similar forms of motivation and attach similar meanings to event participation.

Bifactor analysis of motivation for charity sport event participation

The purpose of this study was to examine the utility of the existing subscales of charity sport events (CSEs) participation motivation by adopting both a second-order modeling and a bifactor modeling approaches. The results with 488 college students revealed that the bifactor model provided a better interpretation of the data compared to second-order model. The five-factor CSE motivation significantly predict the intention to participate in CSEs along with two domain-specific motivations, namely ‘sport and event’ and ‘cause’ while other three domain-specific motivations including ‘philanthropic’, ‘social interaction’, and ‘reference group’ are not statistically significant predictors. The results suggest that the bifactor model is more useful in predicting this group’s participation in charity sport events.

“Community Cup, We Are a Big Family”: Examining Social Inclusion and Acculturation of Newcomers to Canada through a Participatory Sport Event

While sport is widely understood to produce positive social outcomes for communities, such as the inclusion of diverse and marginalized groups, little researched has focused on the specific processes through which these outcomes may or may not be occurring. In this paper, we discuss the Community Cup program, and specifically a participatory sport event which seeks to connect newcomers to Canada (recent immigrants and refugees) in order to build capacity, connect communities, and facilitate further avenues to participation in community life. For this research, we worked collaboratively with the program to conduct an intrinsic case study, utilizing participant observation, document analysis, focus group, and semi-structured interviews. We discuss how the structure and organization of the event influences participants’ experiences and consequently how this impacts the adaptation and acculturation processes. Using Donnelly and Coakley's (2002) cornerstones of social inclusion and Berry’s (1992) framework for understanding acculturation, we critically discuss the ways that the participatory sport event may provide an avenue for inclusion of newcomers, as well as the aspects of inclusion that the event does not address. While exploratory in nature, this paper begins to unpack the complex process of how inclusion may or may not be facilitated through sport, as well discussing the role of the management of these sporting practices. Furthermore, based on our discussion, we offer suggestions for sport event managers to improve the design and implementation of programming offered for diverse/newcomer populations.

FROM THE EXPERIENCES OF TEACHING AIDS «PHYSICS IN SPORTS» FOR STUDENT-ATHLETES

A small number of audience hours (6 hours of lectures and 10 hours of practical training), provided for the study of the discipline «Natural scientific basics of physical culture and sports: Physics» student-athletes who are forced not to attend classes because of their participation in sports events and competitions, is not always enough for a complete mastery of their respective standard competencies. The way out of this situation may be the use of new methodological approaches, remote technologies, innovative teaching tools such as, for example, «Physics in sport» - designed by us as teaching methodical aid. The formulation of this allowance based on the idea of modular integration, the activity, the competency, concentrated, historical, personal and multi-dimensional approaches. As a result, the precise structure of the textbook, each topic which includes specific components (problem, unit upgrades, historical block, the theoretical block, generalization and systematization, block expansion and deepening, block of individual works, literature), allows student-athletes to study the laws physics in relation to the sport that allows you to use and transform the physical culture of the laws of natural science disciplines. The teaching methodical aid can be used with success for students of other directions, for example, «Adaptive physical education».

Maintaining physical activity post-event? Case of the Tour of Flanders Cyclo in Belgium

Social ecological theory describes how physical activity participation is influenced by various systems and targets. This study conceptualizes the organization of a participatory sport event as one such target and seeks to understand what other elements of the individual and community systems are important for event participants to be physically active. The case of the Tour of Flanders Cyclo, Belgium's most popular participatory cycling event, is examined. Data were collected from participants through an online survey both before (N = 1091) and after the event (N = 639). Although the individual profile of event participants was homogeneous, significant differences – especially in terms of physical activity participation – were found between the different event distances of 83, 133 and 259 km. Individual behaviour and community resources were important to facilitate engagement with physical activity, which has implications for organizing participatory sport events in conjunction with other community targets.

Exploring the properties of community among charity sport event participants

The purpose of this research is to analyze the sense of community derived among charity sport event participants by exploring and applying the six structural and cultural properties of Gemeinschaft among participants: dense and demanding social ties; social attachments to and involvement in institutions; ritual occasions; small group size; perceptions of similarity with others; and common beliefs in an idea system, moral order, institution, or group. Specifically, an assessment of the structural and cultural properties of community was made allowing for an initial exploration of the extent to which this community can achieve desired social outcomes on behalf of a charitable organization. Semi-structured interviews (n = 46) were conducted with 2009 Lance Armstrong Foundation LIVESTRONG Challenge participants. Results reveal that five of the six properties of community were present among participants. While a sense of community was found to be present, challenges within this community are identified that may constrain the charity from achieving the desired social change. These concern consistency in participant involvement with the charity as well as similarities and common beliefs creating too much sameness within the community. Suggestions are made for charitable organizations to provide training and mentoring to event participants to facilitate consistent and effective advancement of the charity's mission. Specific actions are outlined to confront these challenges and assist the organization in advancing social change.

Differences in travel behaviors of small and large cycling events participants

Tourism has been and will continue to be one of the biggest and most profitable industries in the world. Sport is obviously a very important aspect of society in many different ways: culturally, economically and socially. Like in the past, local authorities continue to regard all sporting events as a way of promoting and positioning their destination. Participation in sport events relates to tourism because it also involves travelling to host destinations. Therefore, the aim of our study is to compare participation in small and large sport-for-all events in relation to tourism in Slovenia. We analysed the factors determining differences in the travel behaviours of sport event participants and certain aspects of participation (travel behaviour, frequency of sport event participation, reasons for participation) at the largest cycling event in Slovenia (the Franja cycling marathon) and two smaller cycling events (the “Three hearts Radenci” recreational cycling marathon and the “Around the region of Prlekija” recreational cycling marathon). The study analysed the active participants of different cycling sport events. The sample of respondents consisted of 382 participants. We found that over the third of the participants take on the role of a sport tourist in their travels. They are also very sport-active in their leisure time. The majority of them are engaged in sport activities more than three times a week. The results indicate differences in travel behaviour and sport-active lifestyles among the participants of different types of small and larger sport events.

Recreational Physical Activity of International Sports Events Fans

Abstract Introduction . There are currently no studies published on the relationship between participation in international sports events and physical activity of the fans. This inspired the authors to examine this subject. The aim of the study was to estimate the level of physical activity of Polish national teams' supporters of selected sports disciplines. Material and methods . The study was conducted on randomly selected group of fans during the Polish national level football, basketball and volleyball games. The study used the diagnostic survey method with a questionnaire of the authors' own design. In this report there were questions concerning physical activity modelled on the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Results . Physical activity is usually practised by fans of basketball and football who are 19-35 years old. Fans who are not physically active are mainly the fans of volleyball and football who are 36-55 years old. A significant correlation was noted between fans' sex and the willingness to practice sport (p=0.016). 58% of women and 72% of men declared that they practice some recreational physical activities. The most active were the basketball fans; the least active were the volleyball fans. The greatest diversity in terms of physical activity depending on participants' sex was revealed among the fans at international football games. Additionally, a significant correlation was noted between fans' age and their willingness to practice sports in their free time (p&lt;0.001). Conclusions . The majority of fans at international sports events are physically active. In the research groups analysed the weekly volume of physical activity varied significantly. The basketball fans spent the greatest amount of time on physical activity and the volleyball fans the lowest. The average frequency of physical activity was the same in all groups.