Partial Understanding Research Articles

Moral Emotions and Unnamed Wrongs: Revisiting Epistemic Injustice

Current discussions of hermeneutical injustice, I argue, poorly characterise the cognitive state of victims by failing to account for the communicative success that victims have when they describe their experience to other similarly situated persons. I argue that victims, especially when they suffer moral wrongs that are yet unnamed, are able (1) to grasp certain salient aspects of the wrong they experience and (2) to cultivate the ability to identify instances of the wrong in virtue of moral emotions. By moral emotions I mean emotions like indignation that reflect an agent’s ethical commitments and bear on her ethical assessments. Further, I argue that victims can impart their partial understanding of the wrong they suffer to others who are not similarly situated by eliciting moral emotions such as pity that are tied to broad notions of justice and fairness.

Towards Sustainability: Mapping Interrelationships among Barriers to Circular Bio-Economy in the Indian Leather Industry

Increasing environmental awareness and stringent environmental norms of developed countries have demanded eco-friendly industrial practices from the leather industry. On the path to achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs), the concept of circular bio-economy (CBE) practices has gained significant attention from the leather industry with regards to waste management. CBE practices encourage the potential of recovering value from leather waste. However, the CBE concept has not been well received by the leather industries of developing countries for various reasons. Hence, this study aims to identify and evaluate various barriers to CBE practices from the context of the Indian leather industry. Twenty-five barriers to CBE practices in the leather industry are identified through literature review and interaction with managers. Then, a rough decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (R-DEMATEL) was utilized to reveal the interrelationships among the barriers to CBE practices. Restrictiveness to change, difficulty in forming a reliable supplier network, difficulty in developing customers, lack of vision, and unclear and partial understanding of the CBE concept have been identified as the five most critical barriers to CBE practices in the leather industry. Furthermore, in the current study, nine barriers fall into the cause group and sixteen barriers fall into the effect group. The outcome of the study reveals the causal interrelationships among the barriers to CBE practices to the industrial management and policymakers. This study is the first of its kind to analyze the barriers to CBE practices in the Indian leather industry context.

Which neural networks can be computed by an algorithm? – Generalised hardness of approximation meets Deep Learning

AbstractClassical hardness of approximation (HA) is the phenomenon that, assuming P ≠ NP, one can easily compute an ϵ‐approximation to the solution of a discrete computational problem for ϵ > ϵ0 > 0, but for ϵ < ϵ0 – where ϵ0 is the approximation threshold – it becomes intractable. Recently, a similar yet more general phenomenon has been documented in AI: Generalised hardness of approximation (GHA). This phenomenon includes the following occurrence: For any approximation threshold ϵ1 > 0, there are AI problems for which provably there exist stable neural networks (NNs) that solve the problem, but no algorithm can compute any NN that approximates the AI problem to ϵ1‐accuracy. Moreover, this issue is independent of the P vs NP question and thus is a rather different mathematical phenomenon than HA. GHA implies that the universal approximation theorem for NNs only provides a partial understanding of the power of NNs in AI. Thus, a classification theory describing which NNs can be computed by algorithms to particular accuracies is needed to fill this gap. We initiate such a theory by showing the correspondence between the functions that can be computed to ϵ‐accuracy by an algorithm and those functions that can be approximated by NNs which can be computed to ϵ̂‐accuracy by an algorithm. In particular, the approximation thresholds ϵ and ϵ̂ cannot differ by more than a factor of 12. This means that computing function approximations through NNs will be optimal – in the sense of best approximation accuracy achievable by an algorithm – up to a small constant, compared to any other computational technique.

Patients acceptance and comprehension to written and verbal consent (PAC–VC)

BackgroundAcute myocardial infarction (AMI) research is challenging as it requires enrollment of acutely ill patients. Patients are generally in a suboptimal state for providing informed consent. Patients’ understanding to verbal assents have not been previously examined in AMI research. Patients Acceptance and Comprehension to Written and Verbal Consent (PAC–VC) compared patients’ understanding and attitudes to verbal and written consents in AMI RCTs.MethodsPAC–VC recruited patients from 3 AMI trials using both verbal N = 12 and written N = 6 consents. We compared patients’ understanding using two survey questionnaires. The first questionnaire used open-ended questions with multiple choice answers. The second questionnaire used a 5-point Likert scale to measure patients understanding and attitudes to the consent process. Overall answers average scores were categorized into three groups: Adequate understanding (71–100) %, Partial understanding (41–70)% and Inadequate understanding (0–40)%.ResultsResponses showed patients with verbal assent had adequate understanding to most components of informed consent, close to those of written consent. Most patients did not read written information entirely and believed that it is not important to make a final decision. Patients favoured to have written information be part of the consent but not necessarily presented during the initial consent process. Patients felt less pressured in the verbal assent arm than those of written consent.ConclusionPatients had adequate understanding to most components of verbal assent and comparable to those of written consent. Utilizing verbal assents in the acute care setting should be further assessed in larger trials.

The Research on the Causes and Countermeasures of Shame in Women's Menstrual Period

Menstruation is supposed to be a normal physiological phenomenon for women, but even with the advancement of science and technology, the public has a partial understanding of the physiology of menstruation, while at the same time the stigma of menstruation still affects every woman. Menstrual shame is not only a physiological phenomenon, but also a social phenomenon with social connotations. This article summarises the menstrual shame that women experience in everyday life, and describes the direct and indirect negative effects of menstrual shame on women in terms of their physiology and psychology, work and study, as well as the negative effects of menstrual shame on society. The paper also examines the causes of menstrual shame, ranging from historical misconceptions to the lack of sex education and inappropriate media content due to the shame of “sex” in modern society. The lack of proper knowledge about menstruation can make it easier for people's attitudes towards menstruation to be influenced by societal attitudes. This paper also seeks to propose countermeasures: to popularise the physiological significance of menstruation through sex education and to guide positive attitudes towards menstruation through a proper understanding of menstruation. The paper also attempts to strengthen the regulation of menstruation-related content and to encourage talk about menstruation in public places.

Quantifying heterogeneities in arbovirus transmission: Description of the rationale and methodology for a prospective longitudinal study of dengue and Zika virus transmission in Iquitos, Peru (2014-2019).

Current knowledge of dengue virus (DENV) transmission provides only a partial understanding of a complex and dynamic system yielding a public health track record that has more failures than successes. An important part of the problem is that the foundation for contemporary interventions includes a series of longstanding, but untested, assumptions based on a relatively small portion of the human population; i.e., people who are convenient to study because they manifest clinically apparent disease. Approaching dengue from the perspective of people with overt illness has produced an extensive body of useful literature. It has not, however, fully embraced heterogeneities in virus transmission dynamics that are increasingly recognized as key information still missing in the struggle to control the most important insect-transmitted viral infection of humans. Only in the last 20 years have there been significant efforts to carry out comprehensive longitudinal dengue studies. This manuscript provides the rationale and comprehensive, integrated description of the methodology for a five-year longitudinal cohort study based in the tropical city of Iquitos, in the heart of the Peruvian Amazon. Primary data collection for this study was completed in 2019. Although some manuscripts have been published to date, our principal objective here is to support subsequent publications by describing in detail the structure, methodology, and significance of a specific research program. Our project was designed to study people across the entire continuum of disease, with the ultimate goal of quantifying heterogeneities in human variables that affect DENV transmission dynamics and prevention. Because our study design is applicable to other Aedes transmitted viruses, we used it to gain insights into Zika virus (ZIKV) transmission when during the project period ZIKV was introduced and circulated in Iquitos. Our prospective contact cluster investigation design was initiated by detecttion of a person with a symptomatic DENV infection and then followed that person's immediate contacts. This allowed us to monitor individuals at high risk of DENV infection, including people with clinically inapparent and mild infections that are otherwise difficult to detect. We aimed to fill knowledge gaps by defining the contribution to DENV transmission dynamics of (1) the understudied majority of DENV-infected people with inapparent and mild infections and (2) epidemiological, entomological, and socio-behavioral sources of heterogeneity. By accounting for factors underlying variation in each person's contribution to transmission we sought to better determine the type and extent of effort needed to better prevent virus transmission and disease.

The Influence of Taxpayer Awareness, Tax Sanctions, and the Level of Understanding of Taxpayers on Individual Taxpayer Compliance at KPP Pratama Gianyar

This study entitled The Effect of Taxpayer Awareness, Tax Sanctions, and the Level of Understanding of Taxpayers on Individual Taxpayer Compliance at KPP Pratama Gianyar. The problems studied in this study are: how is the influence of taxpayer awareness, tax sanctions, and the level of partial understanding of taxpayers on individual taxpayer compliance at KPP Pratama Gianyar. This study aims to determine the awareness of taxpayers, tax sanctions, and the level of partial understanding of taxpayers on individual taxpayer compliance at KPP Pratama Gianyar. The research sample is 100 respondents. The primary data collection was carried out using a questionnaire. The data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression. The results of this study show that there is a positive and significant effect partially from taxpayer awareness, tax sanctions, and the level of understanding of taxpayers on individual taxpayer compliance at KPP Pratama Gianyar.

‘The Genome Is the Brain of the Cell!’ How Japanese English Learners Mediate Understanding of Academic Content through Metaphor

ABSTRACT This study investigates metaphor in its role to mediate concepts in academic textbooks and promote content understanding in the English-medium instruction (EMI) context. Of particular interest is how the language of the discourse affected and possibly hindered metaphor comprehension. Drawing on the theoretical insights found in sociocultural theory and cognitive linguistics, a stance was assumed in which language is treated as embodied and contextual, and verbalizing thoughts (languaging) assists understanding. Three pairs of Japanese students with varying English proficiency levels were invited to participate in online group-based think-aloud protocols where they read and discussed selected paragraphs taken from two social and two natural science textbooks written in English. After accessing the participants’ general knowledge about the main topic of each paragraph, content understanding was accounted for in form of prompts during the think-aloud sessions and a 3-week delayed posttest. In total, over 8 hours of video data were collected, transcribed, and treated with the metaphor identification procedure MIPVU. Qualitative inspections of charged moments in discourse pinpoint metaphor as an important tool for compressing abstract entities or processes into meaningful, dense bundles of information. Participants also created their own analogies and expanded on found metaphoric expressions in textbooks when attempting to make sense of abstract phenomena in science. Further, this study confirms that the lack of English proficiency or schematic knowledge can result in non-understanding, misunderstanding, or partial understanding of metaphoric expressions which has implications for the EMI context.

Detecting Epileptic Seizures Using Hand-Crafted and Automatically Constructed EEG Features.

Epileptic seizure detection aims to replace unreliable seizure diaries by a model that automatically detects seizures based on electroencephalography (EEG) sensors. However, developing such a model is difficult and time consuming as it requires manually searching for relevant features from complex EEG data. Domain experts may have a partial understanding of the EEG characteristics that indicate seizures, but this knowledge is often not sufficient to exhaustively enumerate all relevant features. To address this challenge, we investigate how automated feature construction may complement hand-crafted features for epileptic seizure detection. By means of an empirical comparison on a real-world seizure detection dataset, we evaluate the ability of automated feature construction to come up with new relevant features. We show that combining hand-crafted and automated features results in more accurate models compared to using hand-crafted features alone. Our findings suggest that future studies on developing EEG-based seizure detection models may benefit from features constructed using a combination of hand-crafted and automated feature engineering.

Calcium dependence of both lobes of calmodulin is involved in binding to a cytoplasmic domain of SK channels.

KCa2.1-3 Ca2+-activated K+-channels (SK) require calmodulin to gate in response to cellular Ca2+. A model for SK gating proposes that the N-terminal domain (N-lobe) of calmodulin is required for activation, but an immobile C-terminal domain (C-lobe) has constitutive, Ca2+-independent binding. Although structures support a domain-driven hypothesis of SK gate activation by calmodulin, only a partial understanding is possible without measuring both channel activity and protein binding. We measured SK2 (KCa2.2) activity using inside-out patch recordings. Currents from calmodulin-disrupted SK2 channels can be restored with exogenously applied calmodulin. We find that SK2 activity only approaches full activation with full-length calmodulin with both an N- and a C-lobe. We measured calmodulin binding to a C-terminal SK peptide (SKp) using both composition-gradient multi-angle light-scattering and tryptophan emission spectra. Isolated lobes bind to SKp with high affinity, but isolated lobes do not rescue SK2 activity. Consistent with earlier models, N-lobe binding to SKp is stronger in Ca2+, and C-lobe-binding affinity is strong independent of Ca2+. However, a native tryptophan in SKp is sensitive to Ca2+ binding to both the N- and C-lobes of calmodulin at Ca2+ concentrations that activate SK2, demonstrating that the C-lobe interaction with SKp changes with Ca2+. Our peptide-binding data and electrophysiology show that SK gating models need deeper scrutiny. We suggest that the Ca2+-dependent associations of both lobes of calmodulin to SKp are crucial events during gating. Additional investigations are necessary to complete a mechanistic gating model consistent with binding, physiology, and structure.

Експериментальне дослідження стану сформованості соціальної компетентності підлітків з інтелектуальними порушеннями

The article defines the most essential components of social competence: operational-content, personal-regulatory, motivational-emotional, behavioral. For their research, the indicators of social competence are singled out: the ability to analyze social situations, forecast, plan and achieve results, social awareness, the formation of social reflection, the ability to evaluate and regulate one's own behavior, the formation of socially oriented motivation, the formation of empathic tendencies in behavior, the application of acquired competences in behavior, having the ability to work in a team. Generalized levels of the formation of social competence among adolescents with intellectual disabilities were developed: high, sufficient, average, minimal. It was established that adolescents with intellectual disabilities mostly have a minimal level of social competence development (56.52%), which is characterized by a low level of perception and understanding of social life situations, lack of social expectations and prognostic abilities, lack of socially oriented motivation and empathic tendencies in behavior, lack of development skills of assessment and regulation of one's own behavior, application of acquired competences in activity and behavior, lack of social reflection, ability for team interaction. Some of them show an average (35.96%) and sufficient (7.53%) level of social competence formation. Adolescents with an average level show a partial understanding of the essence of social-normative behavior, do not always fully demonstrate social awareness, and show difficulties in transferring acquired competences into behavior. Children with a sufficient level are aware of the essence and content of social-normative behavior, show the ability to analyze social situations, however, apply the acquired competences mainly in typical and familiar situations.

Revealing Preservice Teachers’ Conceptions, Troublesome Knowledge and Threshold Concept of Chemical Equilibrium through Predict Observe Explain Mental Model Diagnostic Test (POE-MMDT)

The purpose of this study is to reveal preservice teacher’ conception of chemical equilibrium concepts which then were further analysed to identify the troublesome knowledge and threshold concept of chemical equilibrium. The participants of this study were 68 preservice chemistry teachers from one of the Teacher Education Institutions in Bandung, Indonesia. Using the descriptive-qualitative design, this research uses a predict-observe-explain mental model diagnostic test consisting of four main questions related to the phenomenon equilibrium process of the decomposition of N2O4 to become NO2. The findings show that most of the preservice teachers’ conceptions about chemical equilibrium are at the level of partial understanding, with five misconceptions has been identified in this study: (1) the reaction in chemical equilibrium is the same as an irreversible reaction; (2) the concentration of reactant and products are the same at equilibrium state; (3) gas with a greater concentration at equilibrium state can be determined from the gas that was first inserted to the container; (4) the concentration ratio at equilibrium is equal with the ratio of the coefficient reaction, and (5) the reactant is the gas which fills the container first. Further analysis shows that there are eight concepts in chemical equilibrium with troublesome knowledge characteristics, namely (1) the concentration of reactants and products in a state of equilibrium; (2) changes in the concentration of reactants and products to a state of equilibrium when starting from any side; (3) reactions that occur in an equilibrium state, (4) chemical equations for equilibrium reaction; (5) the rate of reactions in equilibrium state; (6) the change of reaction rate to reach an equilibrium state; (7) the relationship between Q and K; and (8) the calculation of reactants and products concentration at an equilibrium state. In addition, chemical equilibrium has two threshold concepts: the dynamic characteristic of equilibrium reaction and equilibrium constant. These findings show that the predict-observe-explain instrument has the potential to disclose PSTs’ mental model since it requires the participants to explain the prediction and its corresponding observation result. Besides, this instrument also guides the participants in explaining the macroscopic phenomena, which generates information about their understanding at the submicroscopic and symbolic levels. should be recognised as encompassed by and a form or part of “for all.”

Detangling the Structural Neural Correlates Associated with Resting versus Dynamic Phantom Limb Pain Intensity Using a Voxel-based Morphometry Analysis.

The management of phantom limb pain (PLP) is still challenging due to a partial understanding of its neurophysiological mechanisms. Structural neuroimaging features are potential biomarkers. However, only a few studies assessed their correlations with clinical severity and treatment response. This study aims to explore the association between brain gray matter volume (GMV) with phantom limb manifestations severity and PLP improvement after neuromodulatory treatments (transcranial direct current stimulation and mirror therapy). Voxel-based morphometry analyses and functional decoding using a reverse inference term-based meta-analytic approach were used. We included 24 lower limb traumatic amputees with moderate to severe PLP. We found that alterations of cortical GMV were correlated with PLP severity but not with other clinical manifestations. Less PLP severity was associated with larger brain clusters GMV in the non-affected prefrontal, insula (non-affected mid-anterior region), and bilateral thalamus. However, only the insula cluster survived adjustments. Moreover, the reverse inference meta-analytic approach revealed that the found insula cluster is highly functionally connected to the contralateral insula and premotor cortices, and the decoded psychological processes related to this cluster were "rating," "sustained attention," "impulsivity, " and "suffering." Moreover, we found that responders to neuromodulatory treatment have higher GMV in somatosensory areas (total volume of S1 and S2) in the affected hemisphere at baseline, compared to non-responders, even after adjustments.

Determinants of incomplete vaccination in children at age two in France: results from the nationwide ELFE birth cohort.

Incomplete vaccination was highly prevalent in the studied pediatric population and was associated with several socio-demographic, parental, and healthcare service characteristics. These findings may help in designing targeted corrective actions. • Incomplete vaccination in the pediatric population is a growing public health issue in high-income countries. • The partial understanding of the determinants of incomplete vaccination precludes the design of effective targeted corrective actions. • High prevalence of incomplete vaccination at age two years in France. • Incomplete vaccination was independently associated with several socio-demographic, parental, and healthcare service characteristics.

Deconstructing a visual signal: the role of motion and colour in predator deterrence.

Visual animal communication, whether to the same species or to other species, is largely conducted through dynamic and colourful signals. For a signal to be effective, the signaller must capture and retain the attention of the receiver. Signal efficacy is also dependent on the sensory limitations of the receiver. However, most signalling studies consider movement and colour separately, resulting in a partial understanding of the signal in question. We explored the structure and function of predator-prey signalling in the jumping spider-tephritid fly system, where the prey performs a wing waving display that deters an attack from the predator. Using a custom-built spider retinal tracker combined with visual modelling, and behavioural assays, we studied the effect of fly wing movement and colour on the jumping spider's visual system. We show that jumping spiders track their prey less effectively during wing display and this can be attributed to a series of fluctuations in chromatic and achromatic contrasts arising from the wing movements. These results suggest that displaying flies deter spider attacks by manipulating the movement biases of the spider's visual system. Our results emphasise the importance of receiver attention on the evolution of interspecific communication.

Religious Values-Based Learning Materials on Earth and Space Science: Analysis Spirituality and Conceptual Understanding Levels

This study aims to determine the effect of religious values-based earth and space science teaching materials on the level of mastery of concepts and spiritual attitudes. Using one group pretest-posttest design, 14 items of concept understanding essays test and 15 items of spiritual attitude questionnaire were given to 32 prospective elementary school science teachers who took earth and space science courses in the even semester of 2021/2022. The results of data analysis showed that 30.13% of prospective teacher an increase to the level of partial understanding and 34.60% of prospective teacher an increase to the level of sound understanding. In the aspect of spiritual attitudes, 91.25% of prospective teacher have the perception that their spiritual level has increased and 8.75% of prospective teacher have the perception that their spiritual level is fixed. These results indicate that the religious value-based science teaching materials used are good enough to increase the level of conceptual understanding and spiritual attitudes

Peer interaction, mediation, and a view of teachers as creators of learner L2 development

AbstractSLA researchers in a variety of theoretical traditions have argued that interaction is essential to supporting learner L2 (second/foreign language) development. While L2 research informed by sociocultural theory has generally examined either peer‐to‐peer or teacher–learner interactions, the present study investigated how these may function together to form a mediating classroom environment. Drawing on examples from a collaborative project with a university teacher of L2 Japanese writing, we illustrate that while the quality of peer interactions may differ from teacher mediation, learner collaborative efforts allow them opportunities to collectively uncover partial understanding and synthesize their knowledge, positioning them to benefit from subsequent interactions with the teacher while also helping orient the teacher to areas of learner difficulty.

ENHANCING PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS’ UNDERSTANDING AND ATTITUDES TOWARD NAMING AND REACTIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS USING JIGSAW APPROACH

This study aimed at enhancing pre-service teachers’ understanding and attitudes toward naming and reactions of organic compounds using the jigsaw approach. It was a descriptive study that used a quantitative approach in collecting the data for analysis. The research design was a quasi-experimental one, which adapted the non-randomised control group pre-test/post-test intact class design. A sample of 144 pre-service teachers, comprising 72 in the experimental group and 72 in the control group were engaged in the study. Intact classes were used for the study; thus, the sample selection was non-randomised. ‘Organic Chemistry Concept Understanding Test’ (OCCUT) in the form of a pre-test and a post-test as well as an ‘Organic Chemistry Attitude Scale’ (OCAS) were the instruments used for the study. The reliability indices of the pre-test and the post-test were 0.721 and 0.724 respectively, whereas, Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient of the ‘OCAS’ was 0.899. This study found that in terms of the pre-service teachers’ prior knowledge on naming and reactions of organic compounds, the experimental group and the control group both had more misunderstanding and partial understanding than a sound understanding of the concepts. The findings further revealed that the majority of the pre-service teachers in the experimental group had a sound understanding of the naming and reactions of organic compounds after they were taught through the jigsaw approach. Nevertheless, quite a large number of the pre-service teachers in the control group continue to show a misunderstanding of the concepts after they were taught through the traditional lecture-method. Again, the study found that the jigsaw approach enhanced the pre-service teachers’ attitudes toward the organic chemistry concepts than the traditional lecture-method.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0952/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Ecosystem service deficits of European cities.

Climate change and biodiversity loss are two pressing global environmental challenges that are tightly coupled to urban processes. Cities emit greenhouse gases through the consumption of materials and energy. Urban expansion encroaches on local habitats, while urban land teleconnections simultaneously degrade distant ecosystems. These processes decrease the supply of and increase the demand for ecosystem services inside and outside urban areas. Most cities are in a state of ecosystem services deficit, whereby demand exceeds local supply of ecosystem services. Methods to quantify this deficit by capturing multi-scale and multi-level ecological exchanges are incipient, leaving scholars with a partial understanding of the environmental impacts of cities. This paper deploys a novel method to simulate future urban supplies and demands of two key ecosystem services needed to combat climate change and biodiversity loss - global climate regulation and global habitat maintenance. Applying our model to eight representative European cities, we project growing ecosystems deficits (demand exceeds supply) between 8% and 214% in global climate regulation and 11% and 431% in global habitat maintenance between 2020 and 2050. Variation between cities stems from differing dietary patterns and electricity mixes, which have large implications for ecosystems outside the city. To combat these losses, urban sustainability strategies should complement local restoration with changes to local consumption alongside promoting remote ecological restoration to tackle the multi-level environmental impacts of cities.

Teachers’ Conceptual Difficulties in Teaching Senior High School Organic Chemistry

Teachers are one of the important factors influencing students’ learning of chemistry as they (teachers) transform the content for students. When teachers do not have a sound scientific understanding of the chemistry behind the organic concepts considered to be difficult, they are likely, not able to transform sound scientific understanding for their students. Hence, the need to examine the conceptual difficulties of teachers in teaching organic chemistry to senior high school students. Teachers, teaching chemistry in 31 schools were sampled through multi-stage sampling procedures and responded to a diagnostic test on organic chemistry. The data from the test were manipulated using quantitative and qualitative methods, such as means, standard deviations, percentages, and themes. The quantitative results were merged with the qualitative results to examine teachers’ conceptual difficulties in organic chemistry. The findings showed that teachers have conceptual difficulties with organic chemistry. This study has added to the literature that teacher conceptual difficulties were partial understanding with misconceptions such as preconceived notions, factual misconceptions, and conceptual misunderstandings. Therefore, in order to deal with those misconceptions, chemistry educators should implement instructional approaches that will help pre-service teachers challenge and deal with their misconceptions in organic chemistry.