Partial Replacement Of Soybean Meal Research Articles

Suitability of Hermetia illucens larvae meal and fat in broiler diets: effects on animal performance, apparent ileal digestibility, gut histology, and microbial metabolites

BackgroundThe possibility of partially replacing soybean meal (SBM) with Hermetia illucens (HI) defatted larvae meal in broiler nutrition has frequently been suggested. For sustainability reasons, however, the larvae fat produced during defatting should also be used and could be particularly beneficial regarding gut health due to its fatty acid composition. To evaluate the suitability of HI larvae as protein and fat source, a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with two types of protein, i.e. SBM (S) or SBM and 15% of its crude protein replaced by HI larvae meal (L), and three levels of fat sources, namely 0 (0 L), 50% (50 L) or 100% HI larvae fat (100 L) at the expense of soybean oil was applied.ResultsIn the starter phase, an interaction showed higher body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG) and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) if 50% or 100% HI larvae fat was fed with HI larvae meal. Moreover, BW, ADG and FCR improved when feeding HI larvae meal as protein source. Additionally, we observed an increased average daily feed intake in the grower, finisher, and overall phase in the L groups and an improved FCR in 0 L compared to 50 L groups during the overall period. Regarding apparent ileal digestibility, HI larvae meal feeding increased dry matter, organic matter, and fat digestibility. Feeding HI larvae meal as protein source decreased the concentrations of agmatine, spermidine, spermine and ammonia in the caecal digesta, whereas fat source affected agmatine with higher concentrations in 50 L compared to 0 L in the colonic digesta. In contrast, caecal ethanolamine concentrations increased in HI larvae meal groups compared to SBM. Caecal butyric acid concentrations decreased with HI larvae meal feeding. An interaction was found for the jejunal villus area, being higher in L + 100 L compared to S + 100 L. Furthermore, L groups had greater villus width.ConclusionsA partial replacement of SBM with HI larvae meal and soybean oil with HI larvae fat in broiler diets without impairing animal performance or gut health seems possible. Feeding HI larvae meal affected broiler performance positively in the starter phase and improved apparent ileal digestibility.

Partial replacement of soybean meal with Chlorella vulgaris in broiler diets influences performance and improves breast meat quality and fatty acid composition

Alternative feed ingredients, such as microalgae, may be more sustainable in comparison to conventional feedstuffs that need large amounts of arable land and are often imported. This study evaluates the effects of Chlorella vulgaris various inclusion levels in the diet of broiler chickens on performance, carcass yield, organ measurements, breast meat quality, fatty acids profile, and antioxidant capacity. A total of two hundred forty 5 d old male Ross 308 broilers were randomly allotted to 4 groups (6 replicates of 10 birds each). Each group received either a control diet or a diet where soybean meal was replaced with 10% (CV10%), 15% (CV15%), or 20% C. vulgaris for 40 d. Performance parameters, carcass and meat traits were evaluated. Compared to the control group, birds supplemented with C. vulgaris (15% and 20%) had lower body weight, weight gain, and feed intake (P < 0.0001), whereas no differences were observed between the control and CV10% groups (P > 0.05). Feed conversion ratio did not differ between control and CV groups. Diets containing C. vulgaris significantly increased ileal digesta viscosity, weight and size of several gastrointestinal compartments, as well as breast muscle yield (P < 0.0001). Incorporation of C. vulgaris resulted in yellower breast muscle (P < 0.0001), with significantly increased chlorophyll a (P < 0.05), chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids contents (P < 0.0001). Inclusion of C. vulgaris decreased bacterial count in meat samples in comparison to controls (P < 0.0001). A 20% C. vulgaris inclusion resulted in higher water holding capacity (P < 0.05) and lower cooking loss (P < 0.05). As dietary C. vulgaris increased, concentrations of DHA + EPA (P < 0.05) and n-3 PUFA (P < 0.0001) increased in breast meat, while the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio decreased (P < 0.0001). Sensory analysis showed that breast meat from the CV10% group had the highest acceptance score. Overall, dietary concentrations of C. vulgaris of up to 20% improve breast meat quality, whereas 10% of C. vulgaris inclusion is recommended.

Effects of fermented soybean meal with Bacillus velezensis, Lactobacillus spp. or their combination on broiler performance, gut antioxidant activity and microflora.

A series of experiment were conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing a part of soybean meal (SBM) at 6% of broiler diets with fermented soybean meal (FSBM) obtained by single or two-stage fermentation by measuring growth performance, antioxidant activity in the jejunum and distal intestinal microflora. Soybean meal samples were prepared by single-stage fermentation using Bacillus velezensis (Bv) (FSBMB), or Lactobacillus spp. (as commercial control) (FSBML). Additional SBM sample was prepared by two-stage fermentation using Bv and subsequently using Lactobacillus brevis ATCC 367 (Lb) (FSBMB+L). Enzyme activity, chemical composition, trichloroethanoic acid-nitrogen solubility index (TCA-NSI) and antioxidant activity were measured. Then, in an in vivo study, 320 Ross308 broilers were divided into four groups with ad libitum supply of feed and water. Four groups were fed either a corn-soybean meal diet (SBM), or one of fermented SBM diets (FSBMB+L, FSBMB, and FSBML). Growth, serum characteristics, microflora, and the mRNA expression of selected genes were measured. Compared to SBM, FSBMB+L contained lower galacto-oligosaccharide, allergic protein, and trypsin inhibitor, and higher TCA-NSI by about three times (p<0.05). Reducing power and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging ability correlated positively with the TCA-NSI content in FSBM. Growth performances were not significantly different among four groups. In jejunum of 35-day-old broilers, partial replacement of SBM by FSBMB+L increased the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase (CAT), and the FSBMB group had the highest catalase activity (p<0.05). Partial replacement of SBM by FSBM increased relative mRNA expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) (p<0.05); however, FSBMB+L increased CAT mRNA level to 5 times of the control (p<0.05). Using Bv- and Lb-processed SBM through two-stage fermentation to partially replace 6% of diets will improve the gut's antioxidant activity under commercial breeding in broilers.

Partial replacement of soybean meal with soybean silage and responsible soybean meal in lactating cows diet: part 2, environmental impact of milk production

Soybean meal, the main protein source for livestock in Italy, is associated with high environmental impact in terms of land use change. Thus alternative protein sources are advisable. The study aimed to evaluate through a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach the environmental impact of milk production systems characterised by different diets of lactating cows including different sources of soybean. Four scenarios were identified: (1) conventional soybean meal (CON), (2) conventional soybean meal and soybean silage (SBS), 3) responsible soybean meal defined by the FEFAC guidelines (CON + RSM), (4) soybean silage and responsible soybean meal (SBS + RSM). Inventory data were derived from a previous in vivo trial on lactating cows and farmer interviews. Secondary data were obtained from the ECOINVENT® and the Agri-footprint databases. The LCA was performed using the SimaPro V 8.3. Soybean silage showed higher global warming potential (GWP), marine eutrophication and human toxicity compared with lucerne hay, the most utilised self-produced protein feed, due to the high contribution of mechanical operations in the field. The GWP of milk (kg CO2eq/kg FPCM) decreased from 1.38 of the CON scenario to 1.17 of SBS and 1.13 of CON + RSM; the best result was obtained by combining soybean silage with responsible soybean meal: 1.01. Furthermore, the scenarios using RSM reduced agricultural land occupation and natural land transformation. The inclusion of SBS and RSM is an interesting option to reduce environmental impact of milk production, maximising yields of DM and CP per hectare and representing an alternative protein source. HIGHLIGHTS The ration of dairy cows represents one of the main causes of the environmental impact of the livestock sector due to the impact for feed production (forage and concentrate) Feeding soybean meal as protein source has high environmental impact since it is linked with deforestation in South America Alternative protein sources like soybean silage and soybean meal produced sustainably could reduce the environmental impact of the sector

Partial replacement of soybean meal with soybean silage in lactating dairy cows diet: part 1, milk production, digestibility, and N balance

The high reliance of the European livestock sector on imported soybean meal (SBM), especially from South America, poses environmental problems, like greenhouse gas emissions for transportation and land-use change with the loss of carbon stock and biodiversity. Aim of the present study was to evaluate the partial substitution of SBM with whole-plant soybean silage in the diet of dairy cows. Thirty-six lactating Holstein cows were arranged according to a change-over design, with 2 weeks of adaptation and 5 days of sampling per period. A control diet (CON) was based on maize silage and SBM, representing 10.7% of total dry matter (DM). In a soybean silage diet (SBS) 35% (on DM basis) of SBM was replaced by soybean silage. The dietary treatment did not affect DM intake, milk production, and dairy efficiency while cows fed SBS resulted in lower milk crude protein (3.43 vs. 3.55%, p < .001) and higher milk urea (30.5 vs. 28.7 mg/dL, p = .002), in comparison with CON. Nutrients digestibility was lower for SBS than CON; particularly fibre digestibility was 31.5 vs. 38.8% (p < .001). The efficiency of nitrogen utilisation was higher for CON than SBS (32.7 vs. 31.3%, p = .003). Soybean silage did not penalise feed intake and milk production. However, to fully exploit this forage, digestibility, and nitrogen utilisation efficiency should be improved. Highlights Soybean silage can substitute one-third of soybean meal in dairy cow diet Soybean silage inclusion in the diet did not affect milk yield and DMI Soybean silage inclusion in the diet reduced N use efficiency

Growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed four differently processed roselle seed meals (Hibiscus sabdariffa) as partial replacement for soybean meal

Growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed four differently processed roselle seed meals (Hibiscus sabdariffa) as partial replacement for soybean meal

Quality of eggs after feed supplements with silkworm pupae (Bombyx mori) and black fly larvae (Hermetia illucens)

The quality of hen eggs after partial replacement (7%) of soybean meal with silkworm pupae flour (Bombyx mori) and black soldier fly larvae flour (Hermetia illucens) was studied. Three groups of eggs were examined -C (control, standard feed), K (7% pupae), L (7% larvae flour). Both replacements in feed didn’t have a significant effect on the pH of egg white and yolk (p &gt; 0.05). Lightness (L*) of the egg white KW decreased, and it’s a* values increased (p &lt; 0.05). In egg white LW, was found an opposite effect. A decrease in the yellowness (b*) was found in egg white KW (p &lt; 0.05). The use of fortified feed with black soldier fly larvae significantly reduces the redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) of the colour in the yolk LY. After the addition of larvae to the feed, the b* value increased by about 10% (p &lt; 0.05). The share of oleic (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2) in the yolk (KY) increases, while the yolks of group L had the highest content of linolenic acid (C18:3). The partial replacement of soybean meal with both black soldier fly larvae and silkworm pupae increases the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the examined eggs.

Heat-processed bovine blood–rumen digesta meal and vegetable oil concentrate as partial replacement for soybean meal in broiler finisher diet

Context Blood and rumen contents, which are currently considered wastes in many abattoirs, could be valuable ingredients in poultry feeding; however, several factors including high fibre and low energy may limit their dietary inclusion. There is need for more research on feed processing and diet formulation to maximise utilisation of these by-products in poultry feeding. Aim We investigated the effect on broiler finisher performance of feeding bovine blood, rumen digesta and vegetable oil concentrate as a partial replacement for soybean meal. Methods Three isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated: a control diet based on maize and soybean meal, and two test diets. In the test diets, heat-processed blood–rumen digesta meal and vegetable oil concentrate replaced 50% of the soybean meal, with and without exogenous enzymes. Diets were allocated to five replicate pens containing six Ross broilers aged 21 days in a completely randomised design for a period of 21 days. Key results Results showed no treatment effect (P &gt; 0.05) on average daily feed intake but birds fed the test diets gained more weight (P &lt; 0.05) and converted their feed more efficiently (P &lt; 0.05) than the control group. Enzyme supplementation had no additional effect (P &gt; 0.05) on growth performance. There were no dietary effects (P &gt; 0.05) on relative weights of carcass and gut segments. Feed cost of liveweight gain and carcass weight was reduced (P &lt; 0.05) on the test diets. Conclusion Heat-processed blood–rumen digesta meal and vegetable oil concentrate can replace up to 50% of soybean meal in broiler fishier diets. At this level of replacement, enzyme supplementation is not required. Implications The use of blood and rumen content in poultry diets has cost and environmental benefits.

Effect of heat-treated green tea waste feeding on fermentation kinetics, in vitro degradability, in vivo apparent digestibility, nitrogen balance, and blood metabolites in Black Bengal goat.

The study was conducted to examine the effect of heat treatment of green tea waste (GTW) on rumen degradability, apparent digestibility, and plasma metabolites in Black Bengal goat based on in vitro and in vivo studies. The in vitro incubation was performed with autoclaved, oven, and freeze-dried GTW, whereas animal study was conducted using 12 Black-Bengal goats in a 3×3 Latin-square design. Goats were fed a total-mixed-ration without (control) or with the partial replacement of soybean meal and barley with 50 g/kg dry matter (DM) of either oven-dried or autoclaved GTW. Heat treatments reduced ether extract and tannins concentration but increased the effective DM and crude protein (CP) degradability of GTW. The highest values of in vitro volatile fatty acid concentration, molar proportion of propionate, ammonia-nitrogen concentration, and cumulative gas production were observed for oven-dried GTW among the tested GTW. Dietary treatment did not alter the DM intake, but apparent CP digestibility and retained nitrogen (N) were increased in goats fed control or oven-dried GTW incorporated diets. Feeding autoclaved GTW diet increased the urinary and fecal N excretion in goats. In contrast, plasma glucose concentration was highest in goats fed control or oven-dried GTW diet. In conclusion, oven drying could be a practical approach to increase protein digestibility and retained N in goats.

Nutrient intake, digestibility, growth performance, and carcass of sheep fed urea-based diet supplemented with natural clinoptilolite.

Forty-five male Barki lambs (30.62 ± 4.54 kg BW) were allocated into three treatments designed to evaluate the effect of replacing soybean meal nitrogen with urea supplemented with natural clinoptilolite on performance and carcass characteristics. Lambs were randomly assigned to nine pens blocked according to age and initial BW into three blocks of three pens each assigned to one of three treatments: Control diet: animals received only a basal diet ad libitum, UR diet: urea replaced 68% of SBM nitrogen in the control diet or UR-Z diet: UR diet supplemented with 20-g zeolite for 141 days. Lambs fed on UR-Z diet increased (p < 0.05) total intakes of DM, crude protein digestibility, ADG, FCR, blood glucose and cholesterol concentration. Lambs fed on UR-Z diet decreased (p < 0.05) ruminal NH3 -N concentration compared to the UR diet. Carcasses from lambs fed on UR diet had greater (p < 0.05) ether extract content, fat thickness, meat yellowness and saturation attributes than those fed on UR-Z and control diets. Sheep fed on UR-Z diet made higher economic profit than UR and control diets. Partial replacement of soybean meal with urea supplemented with zeolite seemed to be economically efficient, with comparable performance and carcass attributes in growing lambs diet.

Effects of Using Corn Dried Distillers' Grains with Solubles (cDDGS) as a Partial Replacement for Soybean Meal on the Outcomes of Pig Fattening, Pork Slaughter Value and Quality.

The present study set out to determine the effects of incorporating cDDGS into starter, grower, and finisher diets (containing 5%, 10%, and 15% of cDDGS, respectively) on growth performance, carcass and meat quality, and cost effectiveness of pig fattening. Sixty-four pigs (mean body weight of 15.0 ± 2.1 kg) were divided into two groups (n = 32) and fed a control diet (cereal-soybean meal-based) or cDGGS-containing diets (with soybean meal partially replaced with cDDGS). Live weights of pigs as well as weight gains/daily weight gains across all fattening phases did not differ between the two groups of fattener pigs studied (p > 0.05). Addition of cDDGS decreased feed intake per pig during the grower (p < 0.05) and finisher (p < 0.01) phases, and, as a result, throughout the entire fattening period (254 vs. 245 kg for control and cDDGS groups, respectively; p < 0.01). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) for the entire fattening period was significantly less for cDDGS-fed fatteners (2.77) than for controls (2.91; p < 0.05). Carcass weights, fat thickness, and meatiness did not vary between the two groups of animals (p > 0.05). Loin depth was greater in the cDDGS group by ~5 mm (p < 0.05). Slaughter value was higher for the cDDGS group (76.1% vs. 77.0%, p < 0.05). The total cost of fattening and total cost of 1 kg of body weight decreased in cDDGS compared with the control subset of fatteners by ~7% and 8% during the grower and finisher phases, respectively (p < 0.01). The simplified direct surplus per pig was approximately 63% higher for the cDDGS group. Our results indicate that even moderate inclusion of cDDGS to concentrate mixtures (or a partial replacement of soybean meal with cDDGS) may improve FCR without any substantial changes in meat and back fat characteristics as well as significantly decrease the cost of feeding and increase the profitability of pig production.

Use of moringa, Moringa oleifera leaf meal as partial replacement of soybean meal in common carp feed

A laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate the replacement of soybean meal with moringa, Moringa oleifera (Author's name and year) leaf meal (MLM) in the formulated diet of common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Eight aquaria, two for each treatment, were used for the current experiment conducted at the Laboratory of Live Food- Aquaculture Unit- Agriculture College. Four treatments which were control (C) (0% MLM), T1 (5% MLM), T2 (10% MLM) and T3 (15% MLM) were used in feeding common carp. This experiment lasted 56 days and fishes were fed six days a week using 5% of fish weights as feeding ratio. Statistical analysis of weight increments and daily growth rate proved that there were significant differences (P≤0.05) between T3 and other treatments, while there were no significant differences (P&gt;0.05) between C and both T1 &amp; T2. Best feed conversion rate (3.13) achieved by fishes fed on feed with 5% moringa leaf meal (T1), while the worst feed conversion rate (7.50) was achieved by fishes fed on feed with 15% moringa leaf meal (T3). In conclusion that better growth and feed conversion rate achieved by fishes fed on feed with 5% moringa leaf meal and increasing the ratio in the feed will affect adversely the results.

Manipulation of In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation and Feed Digestibility as Influenced by Yeast Waste-Treated Cassava Pulp Substitute Soybean Meal and Different Roughage to Concentrate Ratio

Cassava pulp (CS) is high in fiber and low in protein; hence, improving the nutritive value of CS is required to increase its contribution to enhancing ruminant production. The present work hypothesized that CS quality could be enhanced by fermentation with yeast waste (YW), which can be used to replace soybean meal (SBM), as well as lead to improved feed utilization in ruminants. Thus, evaluation of in vitro ruminal fermentation and feed digestibility, as influenced by YW-treated CS and different roughage (R) to concentrate (C) ratios, was elucidated. The design of the experiment was a 5 × 3 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. Each treatment contained three replications and three runs. The first factor was replacing SBM with CS fermented with YW (CSYW) in a concentrate ratio at 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100, respectively. The second factor was R:C ratios at 70:30, 50:50, and 30:70. The level of CSYW showed significantly higher (p &lt; 0.01) gas production from the insoluble fraction (b), potential extent of gas production (a + b), and cumulative gas production at 96 h than the control group (p &lt; 0.05). There were no interactions among the CSYW and R:C ratio on the in vitro digestibility (p &gt; 0.05). Furthermore, increasing the amount of CSYW to replace SBM up to 75% had no negative effect on in vitro neutral detergent fiber degradability (IVNDFD) (p &gt; 0.05) while replacing CSWY at 100% could reduce IVNDFD (p &gt; 0.05). The bacterial population in the rumen was reduced by 25.05% when CSYW completely replaced SBM (p &lt; 0.05); however, 75% of CSWY in the diet did not change the bacterial population (p &gt; 0.05). The concentration of propionate (C3) decreased upon an increase in the CSYW level, which was lowest with the replacement of SBM by CSYW up to 75%. However, various R:C ratios did not influence total volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and the proportion of VFAs (p &gt; 0.05), except the concentration of C3, increased when the proportion of a concentrate diet increased (p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, CSYW could be utilized as a partial replacement for SBM in concentrate diets up to 75% without affecting gas kinetics, ruminal parameters, or in vitro digestibility.

Fermented Cottonseed Meal as a Partial Replacement for Soybean Meal Could Improve the Growth Performance, Immunity and Antioxidant Properties, and Nutrient Digestibility by Altering the Gut Microbiota Profile of Weaned Piglets.

The study investigated the impact of fermented cottonseed meal (FCSM) on growth performance, immunity and antioxidant properties, nutrient digestibility, and gut microbiota of weaned piglets by replacing soybean meal with FCSM in the diet. The experimental piglets were fed with either the soybean meal diet (SBM group) or fermented cottonseed meal diet (FCSM group) for 14days after weaning. The digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), gross energy (GE), amino acids and nitrogen was higher in the FCSM diet than those in the SBM diet (p<0.05). The piglets in the FCSM group showed greater growth performance and lower diarrhea rate than those in the SBM group (p<0.05). The concentration of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and antioxidase, intestinal and hepatic antioxidase were increased and the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the serum was decreased in those piglets in the FCSM group compared to those piglets in the SBM group (p<0.05). The piglets in the FCSM group had a higher concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in their ileum and cecum and a higher Simpson index of ileum than piglets in the SBM group (p<0.05). The relative abundance of Lactobacillus and [Ruminococcus]_torques_group in ileum and Intestinibacter, norank_f_Muribaculaceae, unclassified_o_Lactobacillales and [Eubacterium]_coprostanoligenes_group in cecum were enhanced in piglets fed with the FCSM diet, whereas the relative abundance of Sarcina and Terrisporobacter were increased in piglets fed with the SBM diet. Overall, FCSM replacing SBM improved the growth performance, immunity and antioxidant properties, and nutrient digestibility; possibly via the alterant gut microbiota and its metabolism of weaned piglets. Graphical Fermented cottonseed meal as a partial replacement for soybean meal could improve the growth performance, immunity and antioxidant properties, and nutrient digestibility by altering the gut microbiota profile of weaned piglets. SBM, soybean meal; FCSM, fermented cottonseed meal.

Partial replacement of soybean meal with red gram and lentil as vegetable proteins in limited ingredients homemade diets for pet dogs

AbstractAs part of the efforts to look for new feed resources, an experiment was conducted to ascertain the effects of replacing part of the soybean meal protein with red gram and lentil on the nutritional profile of dogs as influenced by the frequency of feeding. Fifteen adult Spitz dogs were divided into three equal groups and fed three diets containing soybean meal (SBM) alone or in combination with red gram (RGM) and lentil (LTL) as the protein sources. The entire study duration of 10 weeks was divided into two equal periods wherein the dogs were fed either twice or once daily. Results indicated that the food intake was similar (P &gt; 0.05) among the three groups, irrespective of the frequency of feeding. The digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and carbohydrates were higher (P &lt; 0.05) in the LTL group when the dogs were fed twice daily. However, the digestibility of nutrients remained similar (P &gt; 0.05) when the dogs were fed once daily except for crude fiber digestibility, which was found higher (P &lt; 0.05) in the LTL group. The fecal quality data indicated a lower (P &lt; 0.05) pH accompanying higher water content in dogs under the RGM group. The blood metabolites measured at three different periods during the study did not vary (P &gt; 0.05) among the dietary groups. It is concluded that both red gram and lentil could effectively replace a part (50%) of the soybean meal protein without any adverse effects on the nutrient utilization and metabolic profile of dogs. Moreover, based on the results, lentil appears to have the edge over red gram as a potential vegetable protein source when used in the diet of dogs.

Productive evaluation of dairy cows fed with urea protected by protein nanoparticle in partial replacement of soybean meal

The objective of this study was to evaluate productive and metabolic responses of dairy cows fed a diet with urea protected by protein nanoparticles. The experimental design was a crossover with three groups of 15 cows each and three periods of 21 days. In each period the animals were fed one of the isonitrogenated and isocaloric diets: SM = without substitution of soybean meal; CU = substitution of soybean meal by 0.52% conventional urea; PU = soybean meal substituted by 0.59% urea protected by nanoparticles. The yield and composition of milk, the blood and urine biochemical parameters, as well the allantoin:creatinine ratio as a predictor of microbial protein absorption were measured. No significant differences were found (p &gt;0.05) in milk yield and composition, in urinary biochemistry and in allantoin:creatinine ratio. The average values of plasma ureic nitrogen (PUN) in mg.dL-1 after the morning feeding did not differ significantly (p &gt;0.05) in the CU (20.65) and PU (20.25), but both were higher (p &lt;0.05) when compared to SM (19.52). Inclusions of 0.59% urea protected by nanoparticles do not affect the productive performance of dairy cows. The similar values of PUN between the treatments CU and PU suggest that the behavior of the release and the absorption of ammonia in the rumen is similar between these two types of urea which were evaluated, but the use of ground corn is important to reach these results.

Effects of Perilla (Perilla frutescens L.) Meal as Partial Replacement for Soybean Meal on Metabolizability, Performance, and Carcass Characteristics of Broilers

There is an ongoing search for novel protein sources suitable to replace soybean meal. The present study aimed to investigate the utility of cold-pressed perilla seed meal for broiler diets. Perilla meal was included at dietary levels of 0, 4, and 8 %. In the first experiment, apparent digestibility and metabolisability of nutrients were performed with 24 Cobb 500 broilers. In the second experiment, growth performance and carcass quality were investigated in 120 Cobb 500 broilers. The inclusion of perilla meal into the diet in an iso-nitrogenous way increased feed intake and metabolisability of nitrogen but decreased the digestibility of fat and fiber as well as the metabolisability of energy. The highest proportion of perilla meal enhanced the growth performance. Carcass weight and dressing percentage did not differ among groups. Proportions of total retail cuts and, among them, breast meat and thighs, were elevated by using perilla meal, especially at a level of 8 %. The proportion of abdominal fat declined with increasing levels of perilla meal. In conclusion, perilla meal turned out to be a valuable protein source in broiler nutrition. It also showed that part of the soybean meal could be replaced without risking adverse effects on growth performance and carcass quality.

EFFECT OF PARTIAL SUBSTITUTION SPIRULINA INSTEAD OF SOYBEAN MEAL IN COMMON CARP CYPRINUS CARPIO L. DIET ON SOME BLOOD PICTURE AND SOME BIOCHEMICAL CRITERIA

This study conducted to find the effect of partial replacement of soybean meal by Spirulina Arthospira platensis on some blood picture and biochemical criteria in common carp Cyprinus carpio. Fish were fed on five experimental diets contained spirulina with ratio 1.45%, 2.90%, 3.54% and 6.10% of the total diet as well as control ( without spirulina) for 56 days . Results of the statistical analysis showed a significant decrease (p≤ 0.05) in the concentration of hemoglobin in treated fish fed on spirulina diets, meanwhile a significantly differences (p≤0.05) for stress index and the albumin criteria for fish fed at fifth diet comparing with control diet. The aspartate amino transferase for fish fed on the control diet increased significantly (p≤ 0.05) compared for other experimental diets. The results of the current study show that replacing the soybean meal with spirulina by 11.8 % (3.54 of the total diet) improved the studied criteria compared to the control diet.

Effects of Raw and Fermented Rapeseed Cake on Growth Performance, Methane Production, and Breast Meat Fatty Acid Composition in Broiler Chickens.

Simple SummaryThe addition of raw rapeseed cake (RRC) to broiler feed may avoid the negative effects of soybean meal (SBM), including its genetically modified origin, environmental impact, and nonprospective flexible price. Processing RRC through fermentation has also been shown to be beneficial: adding fermented rapeseed cake (FRC) to the broiler diet is a nutritional approach that addresses both the environmental issue of broiler enteric methane emission and the economic issues of soybean meal. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of partial replacement of soybean meal by a 15% addition of RRC or FRC to the diets of broiler chickens on methane emission, nitrogen retention, ether extract digestibility, growth performance, and breast muscle fatty acid composition. The FRC did not show any unfavorable effects on growth performance or nutrient utilization, and it improved the fatty acid profile of the breast muscle; additionally, both methanogens and methane emission from the fermentation of cecal contents were significantly limited. In conclusion, FRC as a partial substituent may be a valuable alternative to soybean meal in broiler chicken nutrition.The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of partial replacement of soybean meal (SBM) by 15% raw or fermented rapeseed cake (RRC or FRC) to broilers’ diets on growth performance, nutrient utilization, methane emission, and breast muscle fatty acid (FA) composition. A total of 420 one-day-old female Ros 308 broilers were used in three independent experiments (300 birds in the first experiment and 60 in the second and third experiments). In each trial, three treatments were set up: a control group (without rapeseed), and diets replaced soybean meal with 15% addition of RRC or FRC. Birds fed the FRC diet experienced no effect (p > 0.05) on performance or nutrients utilization. Methane emission and total methanogen population in the ceca was decreased (p < 0.05) with the FRC diet. The concentrations of n-3 and n-6 FAs in the breast tissue of fourteen-day-old birds were not affected (p > 0.05) by FRC. However, the n-6/n-3 ratio in the breast muscle of 28-day-old birds was reduced (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the replacement of SBM by FRC in the broiler diets did not show any unfavorable effects on performance or nutrient utilization. Furthermore, the breast meat FA profile was improved, methanogen counts significantly decreased, and methane emission was limited.

Harina de larva de Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) como ingrediente proteico de reemplazo parcial de harina de soja en la alimentación de Cavia porcellus (Cuy): efecto en el consumo, ganancia de peso y conversión alimenticia

Harina de larva de Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) como ingrediente proteico de reemplazo parcial de harina de soja en la alimentación de Cavia porcellus (Cuy): efecto en el consumo, ganancia de peso y conversión alimenticia