Partial Decentralization Research Articles

Emergency production of medical products: partial decentralization vs. complete decentralization

In the emergency production of medical products, the supplier with raw materials is often the leader in the game and has the advantage of determining the supply chain structure. Previous research on supply chain structure mostly focuses on how the leader uses this advantage to obtain the optimal profit, ignoring the strategic compensation of the follower under this disadvantage. This paper explores how the follower can get the optimal profit through contract design and production time in a supply chain composed of two buyers (integrated buyer and non-integrated buyer) and a supplier. In the case of shortage of medical products, firms form a completely decentralized or partially decentralized (the supplier and a buyer form a vertically integrated entity) structure for emergency production. The results show that the integrated buyer can obtain more profits in the partially decentralized structure. In addition, in the partially decentralized structure, the non-integrated buyer is more sensitive to production time. Surprisingly, in emergency production, the more purchases the non-integrated buyer makes, the higher the wholesale price of the supplier. However, under certain conditions, this abnormal phenomenon increases the possibility of the buyer obtaining the optimal profit, and weakens the influence of supply chain structure.

Examining the Authority Relationship Between the Center and Regions in Determining Policy Authority and Regional Interests

<em>The relationship between the central and regional governments always has an integrated hierarchical connection. This relationship is linked in the documents of the National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) and the Regional Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJM Daerah). The integration of regional authority is an extension of central authority, encompassing the management and formulation of policies, financial management, as well as the management of natural resources owned by the region. All these authorities share the common goal of enhancing the region's capability to realize progress and self-reliance. Governance is related to functions such as leading, guiding, commanding, mobilizing, coordinating, supervising, and motivating in governance relationships. In modern governance, some experts categorize government functions into four parts: services (public service), development, empowerment, and regulation. If the government can effectively carry out its functions, it is assumed that services will lead to justice, empowerment will result in self-reliance, and development will create prosperity. Ultimately, in its implementation, regional autonomy is a partial decentralization of authority from the central government to the regional government to be independently managed as their domestic affairs. Granting autonomy to regions must be based on factors that ensure the concerned region is capable of managing its own household.</em>

The Influence Of Decentralization And Management Accounting Systems On Managerial Performance In An Islamic Perspective (Studi Pada PT. Pegadaian Area Lampung)

This research is quantitative research using a Casual Associative approach. This research uses data collection techniques, interviews and data processing. Primary data was obtained directly from respondents regarding managerial performance, while secondary data in the form of theories and other support was obtained from libraries, journals and previous papers.The research results show that partial decentralization has no effect on managerial performance. It can be said that the level of decentralization does not affect managerial performance in the company. The reason is because PT. Lampung Area Pegadaian does not implement a policy of granting low management authority or delegation in decision making, such as budget planning and allocation, managerial decision making, developing innovative ideas, considering large investments, and improving work quality

The Effect of Clarity of Budget Targets and Decentralization on Regional Government Performance (Empirical Study at the Department of Industry and Trade, North Sulawesi Province)

The aim of this research is to find out whether clarity of budget targets and decentralization have a partial and simultaneous effect on local government performance. This hypothesis was tested using the t test and f test. The research sample consisted of 31 employees, namely ASN in the Secretariat sector, Legal and Personnel Sub-Section, and Planning and Finance Sub-Section, and the Head of the Department of Industry and Trade. The research method uses a questionnaire with Likert scale measurements. The analytical method used is multiple linear regression analysis where the data analysis process is carried out using SPSS version 26 computer technology. The results of this research show that clarity of budget targets has a positive and significant effect on local government performance, while partial decentralization has no effect on performance. local government; Furthermore, clarity of budget targets and decentralization simultaneously influence regional government performance.

Energetic valorization of biogas. A comparison between centralized and decentralized approach

In the present manuscript, the energy efficiency and economic feasibility of different digestion configurations were evaluated by considering a double turbocharged engine, Jenbacher type JGS 320 GS-BL. Scenarios considered a single farm producing the biogas needed to run the engine (Scenario 1). The second scenario assumed a centralized system treating manure from the surrounding farms (Scenario 2). The third scenario considered partial decentralization with farms treating locally produced wastes, and biogas being transported and valorized in a centralized engine (Scenario 3). Centralized valorization showed the best results. However, this scheme is inappropriate due to the size of the farm needed to support this configuration. The transport of wastes to a centralized treatment unit showed similar efficiency values but the economic feasibility was adversely affected. The worst performance was found for the decentralized configuration with efficiency in the range of 39–43%, much lower values than those obtained from previous cases (58%) with null economic feasibility due to the high costs associated with the transport of biogas either by truck or through a piping system.

Erich Apel: Touches to a Historical Portrait

Searching for an optimal model of economic development was one of the central issues of the GDR's development. The economic rivalry with the FRG, which remained the most important factor in the existence of “the first state of workers and peasants on German soil”, made this issue particularly acute. In the 1960s, the GDR leadership made a large-scale attempt to implement a course of reforms aimed at intensifying the planned economy through partial decentralization of certain economic processes and limited use of market elements. The “New Economic System of Planning and Management” proclaimed in 1963 at the 6th Congress of the SED is firmly associated with the name of the party's first secretary, Walter Ulbricht, but would not have been possible without his nomination of a group of practicing economists and technocratic intellectuals to leadership positions. Central among them was Erich Hans Apel, who became head of the GDR State Planning Committee in January 1963 and is considered one of the developers of the concept of the “New Economic System”. This article sketches a historical portrait of Erich Apel during the period of the direct implementation of the reforms on the basis of materials from domestic archives.

Taxation in a Decentralized Value Added Tax Regime: Implications for States in Nigeria

The study examined the implication of a decentralized Value Added Tax system for states in Nigeria. It is a theoretical presentation that made is made of journals, articles, and data from the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) accessed on Google Scholar Websites. A total of eighty (80) articles were accessed. Results from a theoretical review revealed that while few states in Nigeria are in favor of a decentralized VAT administration in the country, quite a number of them (States) are averse to the new VAT regime due to differences among the states in terms of volume of business activities and economic power as many of the states rely on federal allocation. The study, therefore, recommends Partial Decentralization (PD) of VAT administration in Nigeria as a measure of autonomy for states that will guarantee fairness in resource control in the Nigerian Society.

The System of Public Power and Integration of Cybernetic and Synergetic Approaches in Public Administration

The paper examines the cyclical process of alternating periods of centralization and decentralization in the state administration of the USSR and post-Soviet Russia. Based on the system-informational understanding of public administration, the author identifies the causes of this phenomenon that are associated with certain advantages and disadvantages in both centralization and decentralization of administration. It is shown that implementation of a particular style of administration is determined by its relevance in a specific economic and social situation. At the same time, in order to ensure the effectiveness and sustainability of the public administration system, it is usually advisable to simultaneously use several administation styles: centralization, partial decentralization, self-government. Since centralized models are associated with the implementation of cybernetic, and self-government — synergetic approaches, the author analyzes the essence of cybernetic and synergetic control systems, their similarities and differences, the mechanisms of their functioning and the features of their inherent feedback channels. The paper examines the prospects of synergetic approaches in public administration. The author notes that unlike cybernetic management models that are more effective in large territorial and industrial structures, synergetic systems provide a tangible advantage for small entities. A serious issue in the integration of these two models of administrative activity is the need for an optimal combination of appropriate information resources. The paper shows that one of the solutions to the problem is the development of a unified system of public power in the Russian Federation, as it is able to largely ensure the integration of cybernetic and synergetic approaches in public administration.

Partisanship, Fiscal Transfers, and Social Spending in Korea: The Politics of Partial Decentralization

AbstractIn the last three decades, many Asian democracies have decentralized their political systems to promote the democratic, equal, and efficient distribution of national resources across regions. Nonetheless, most of these countries, including South Korea, are still in a stage of “partial fiscal decentralization,” in which locally elected officials have spending authority, while a significant portion of their financing relies on transfers from the central government. This article argues that the decentralized distribution is significantly influenced by the partisan interests of central and local governments. The central government transfers more funds to local governments that their co-partisans govern, and local incumbents follow partisan policy priorities to obtain the allocation of available fiscal resources. This argument is strongly supported by the empirical analysis of subsidy transfers and regional social expenditures in South Korea from 2002 to 2015. First, we find that the central government in Korea transfers larger subsidies to politically aligned regions. Second, regional governments with larger subsidy transfers have higher levels of social expenditures. Third, governors or mayors affiliated with a progressive party spend significantly more on social welfare and education than do those affiliated with a conservative party.

Собственные доходы бюджетов в регионах Дальнего Востока: проблемы и возможности

In the emerging new economic conditions, the role of the Russian Far East as a critical element in the implementation of the Eastern vector of the development of the Russian economy is growing. Increased attention to the Far Easter uncovers opportunities for the growth of its investment attractiveness and raises issues of economic and social development of the Far-Eastern territories. An essential element of regional development is the conditions of the budgetary systems of the Far-Eastern regions – their ability to develop their own sources of revenue and increase their self-sufficiency. The article considers the current state and problems of tax and non-tax revenues of budgets in the regions of the Russian Far East. The Far-Eastern regions are significantly differentiated in terms of the size and structure of budgetary revenues, which leads to different reactions to changes in the economic situation and tax regulation. Over the past ten years, the regions of the Russian Far East have demonstrated modest growth in tax revenues, which is a joint result of both economic development trends and the tax policy pursued by the state. An estimate of the size of shortfalls in revenues of regional budgets for corporate income tax as a result of preferential tax regimes is assessed. The dynamic development of the economy’s resource and raw materials sector enabled a significant tax potential in the macro-region that can be used as a source of additional financial support for regional budgets and the formation of “development budgets”. Impacts on the budgets of the Far-Eastern regions in the case of partial decentralization of the federal part of the mineral extraction tax are considered.

Dynamic Transaction Confirmation Double-chain System Based on Alliance Chain

In recent years, the high performance, strong controllability and partial decentralization of the alliance chain make it have a wide range of application scenarios and development potential. However, restricted by the consensus algorithm, the alliance chain cannot fully meet the needs of practical applications at present. Aiming at the poor stability of the Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) consensus algorithm, this paper proposes a fast consensus algorithm, which reduces the message size by optimizing the transaction verification process and dynamically adjusting the number of verification nodes. Combined with the reward and punishment system of points, a dynamic transaction confirmation double-chain system is designed. Compared with the alliance chain system implemented by the PBFT algorithm, the system has stronger stability in the case of multiple nodes, and the TPS is increased by at least 21% under the same number of nodes. It is suitable for some nodes with frequent access and poor network.

«Выжидать и лавировать», или Кибернетическая правительность в консервативном стиле

This article is dedicated to a single aspect of the history of Soviet governmentality. According to Foucault, socialism did not develop an administerial rationality of its own and was hence forced to connect up to the already available forms of this rationality. Late Soviet history is in many ways determined by the confrontation betwen two such сonnections–one to the administrative/police form and the other to the liberal form. The first connection is well-known, while the other is only now being studied in earnest. Using the cyber-administerial project of Nikita Moiseyev, the author of this article demonstrates how the elements of liberal governmentality, already marked by a “conservative style” (Mannheim), transform after being transplanted onto Soviet soil. Partial decentralization and market mechanisms become elemnts of a cybernetic mega-machine, where the perpetually developing forces of production are a labile functional part of the system, while relations of production are a conservative “architectural organization scheme”, responsible for self-preservation and stability. The conservative “architecture” of the system should be set up in such a way that prevents progressing development from calling into question the existence of an infinitely self-tuning socialist “autopilot”.

New application of blockchain: digital currency model design in the context of Winter Olympics

With the further expansion of blockchain application ecology, various applications and infrastructure around digital currency are constantly enriched and improved, and the whole market is booming along the healthy track. The Chinese government also attaches great importance to the development and application of block chain technology. President Xi Jinping stressed the importance of the block chain as an important breakthrough in the core technology independent innovation in the eighteenth collective learning of the Central Political Bureau. In October 2020, the pilot project of digital RMB will be launched in Shenzhen. Under the blockchain empowerment, the design, issuance and landing preparation of China's digital RMB have been in the forefront of the central bank's digital currency. Although the technical feature of blockchain is decentralization, the central bank can effectively integrate the distributed operation by using blockchain, so as to better realize the centralized management and control of digital currency. Taking the Beijing Olympic Games as an example, this paper analyzes the problems that may occur in the use of digital RMB in the Winter Olympics, puts forward an assumption of using digital currency based on partial decentralization, and puts forward the overall architecture design, and analyzes its feasibility and practicability.

Research and Application of Smart Contract Based on Ethereum Blockchain

With the rapid development of blockchain technology and the increasing demand for partial decentralization of the Internet, the application of underlying technology based on blockchain has been widely concerned. Along with decentralized objects, the programmable financial system represented by Ethereum has been gotten more and more attention. However, smart contract sacrifices its security to improve decentralization. So Ethereum has the fatal problem with a large number of users, and negligence of users in coding contract threatens the entire Ethereum network. Therefore, this paper aims to research and expand applications of smart contract usage in Ethereum blockchain. We start from basic concepts to define structure of Ethereum, and then discuss security issues on smart contract. In the end, an optimized smart contract application of auction is implemented, which is useful for further consolidating and understanding of smart contract in practice.

The institutional logic of wind energy integration: What can China learn from the United States to reduce wind curtailment?

To date, China has the world's largest wind power generation capacity, followed by the United States. Yet, China's utilization of this installed capacity trails that of the United States by a huge gap. This paper seeks to explain this gap by focusing on the role of institutions. First, it analyzes the institutions that either facilitate or impede wind integration in the two countries. Next, it synthesizes these institutions into coherent institutional logics for China and the United States. Then, it corroborates the institutional analysis with empirical evidence from China and the United States. Finally, it compares the two countries and summarizes what China can learn from the United States to reduce wind curtailment. Overall, this paper finds that China's dominant institutional logic of wind integration is state centrism and it is complemented by partial decentralization and liberalization – a system that is more conducive to capacity addition than capacity utilization. By contrast, the United States' dominant institutional logic of wind integration is market competition but a competing logic also exists which is regulatory interventionism – a system that aligns capacity addition and utilization better but engenders greater policy uncertainty. Because the two countries have distinct institutional logics that generate different root causes for wind curtailment, this paper argues that simply transplanting solutions from the United States to China will not work. What China can learn from the United States is to make incremental improvements to address the frictions between its dominant and complementary institutional logics.

A policy analysis of the chronic care policies in Belgium

Abstract Introduction Chronic diseases form the largest burden of disease in European countries. Redesign of health systems towards chronic integrated care is needed, with more collaboration between first and second line, between medical and social services and support to prevention and self-management. What are the levers for change in such health systems? This study addresses this knowledge gap, through a policy analysis of barriers and facilitators for change towards chronic integrated care. Methods 26 central level stakeholders were selected, based upon their influence in regulation and policy, financing, health care provision and community representation. Semi-structured face-to-face interviews were held covering assessment of past and current policies and implementation, barriers and opportunities for change. Results Reforms have taken place, such as the stimulation of local initiatives for chronic integrated care projects and the set-up of local care councils. Most stakeholders assessed the current Belgium's implementation of integrated care as low, despite a growing awareness for the need for change. A context factor often mentioned to constrain implementation was a state reform which led to a partial decentralization, fragmentation of decision power and a division of healthcare competences between federal and federated levels. Other barriers were the current financing system, the lack of investments in new models of care and the vested interests of providers. Discussion This analysis shows that chronic care reform in Belgium is constrained by partial decentralization of primary health care, and by the financing system and vested interests. It points to the need for coordination of health policy making and implementation. Disentangling the levels of decision-making and the financial leverage at these levels gives insights for change and change management, for the Belgium health system and other countries with a strong decentralized system. Key messages The current Belgium’s implementation of integrated care was assessed as low, due to different contexts factors such as division of health care competencies between different governmental levels. In a country as Belgium with a strong decentralized health care system coordination of health policy making and implementation is key in order to scale up integrated care for chronic diseases.

Do Drugs Work for ΟΑΒ Following Prostate Cancer Surgery.

There is evidence that post-radical prostatectomy (post-RP) incontinence is not just the insufficiency of the external urethral sphincter mechanism. Up to a third of men with post-RP incontinence suffer from bladder dysfunction, namely overactive bladder (OAB). OAB is a complex symptom syndrome with poorly defined pathophysiology. It causes a significant burden to patients, negatively affects the quality of their life and its management might be difficult and challenging. The incidence of post-RP OAB ranges from 15.2 to 37.8%. The aetiology is multifactorial and includes the partial decentralization of the bladder, the detrusor underactivity, the bladder outlet obstruction and the co-existence with stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Post-RP SUI may lead to defunctionalized bladder and activation of urethrovesical reflex which further deteriorate post-RP continence. The diagnostic work-up of men with post-RP OAB should aim to identify potential aetiologic factors and personalize the treatment accordingly. Until now, there is no robust data from literature with regards to post-RP OAB management. It seems that anticholinergics and PDE5 inhibitors are effective in improving OAB parameters.

Participatory Budget as a Tool Supporting the Development of Civil Society in Poland

Abstract Although three decades have passed since the fall of communism in Poland, the observed level of social activity in the country is relatively low. Participatory budget emerged as an idea to increase the involvement of citizens in decision-making processes concerning their immediate surroundings. In addition to their inclusion in the activity of local government, this form of citizen participation is expected to have a positive impact on residents’ involvement in activities for the benefit of the local community. The aim of this article is to indicate the conditions that influenced the implementation of the idea of the first participatory budget in Poland and emphasizing the importance of the civic budget in managing public administration through partial decentralization involving local communities in social dialogue for local investment initiatives, especially in large provincial cities in Poland. The following research question was adopted in the paper: has the introduction of a participatory budget in Poland increased social activity and has it been conducive to the development of civil society. In Poland, the initiative to create a civic budget met good political conditions in the relatively small city of Sopot, which had the resources to implement the project. After successful implementation, this initiative was relatively quickly adopted by other Polish local governments, which then on their own introduced social consultations called the civic budget. Not all poviats introduced the civic budget of their own volition. The government, seeing the possibility of political discounting of this new solution, decided to introduce a mandatory participatory budget in town counties and ordered the allocation of funds from their budgets, no less than 1 % of budget expenditure. The article relies on the case-study method, comparative analysis and trend analysis, qualitative and quantitative methods of description, document analysis and statistical data. The analysis focuses on the town of Sopot and provincial capitals. Local conditions are important for understanding the processes of shaping active civic attitudes in Poland, because cities are the poles of development of civil society and give impetus to innovative changes in the entire socio-economic system. The materials used in the article include reports, documents and legal acts regarding the functioning of the town of Sopot. The study showed that the participatory budget indeed activates the local community around various projects. At the same time, the question of directly translating this activity into an increase in the number of organizations, associations and foundations remains debatable. The introduction of the participatory budget to administrative management practice in local-government units in Poland should be considered in terms of the soft power impact of administration on the shaping and development of civil society, which is still in the development stage in Poland.

Direct democracy, partial decentralization and voter information: evidence from Swiss municipalities

In this paper, I investigate whether changes in the availability of direct democratic institutions in local jurisdictions affect the decentralization of expenditures. Using a difference-in-differences estimation on a panel of 406 Swiss municipalities, I find a statistically significant reduction in decentralization when local jurisdictions introduce mandatory fiscal referenda. To rationalize this result, I propose a model of partial decentralization in which policies are mainly influenced by politicians’ electoral incentives. As direct democracy has positive effects on citizens’ awareness of governments’ behavior, in equilibrium, expenditures will be higher at the level of government at which citizens have the least control over government actions.

A Cost-Effective Approach to Securing Systems through Partial Decentralization

A Cost-Effective Approach to Securing Systems through Partial Decentralization