Wooden Parts Research Articles

Tensile shear strength of steel plate-reinforced larch timber as affected by further reinforcement of the wood with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)

To improve the connecting strength of larch timbers, tensile shear test specimens were fabricated, and their connecting shear strength performance was examined. The control specimens consisted of larch timber reinforced with steel plate. These were compared with similar specimens in which the wood had been reinforced with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). The reinforced specimens were fabricated in three types depending on the position of the CFRP reinforcement in the wooden part. All specimens were fabricated in two end distance types, depending on the bolt insertion position. The end distances examined were 60 mm (5D) and 84 mm (7D). The maximum connecting strength and the yield shear strength of each type were not different according to the CFRP reinforcement position. The reinforced specimens had an average connecting strength and yield shear strength that was 24% to 29% higher than the control specimens. The CFRP-reinforced specimens with an end distance of 5D had an average connecting strength and an average yield shear strength that that was 70% and 26% higher, respectively, than non-reinforced 7D specimens. The yield shear strength was predicted by measuring the bearing strengths of the larch timber samples and CFRP-reinforced timber samples. The predicted yield shear strength matched the measured yield shear strength.

Modelling the Material Resistance of Wood—Part 3: Relative Resistance in above- and in-Ground Situations—Results of a Global Survey

Durability-based designs with timber require reliable information about the wood properties and how they affect its performance under variable exposure conditions. This study aimed at utilizing a material resistance model (Part 2 of this publication) based on a dose–response approach for predicting the relative decay rates in above-ground situations. Laboratory and field test data were, for the first time, surveyed globally and used to determine material-specific resistance dose values, which were correlated to decay rates. In addition, laboratory indicators were used to adapt the material resistance model to in-ground exposure. The relationship between decay rates in- and above-ground, the predictive power of laboratory indicators to predict such decay rates, and a method for implementing both in a service life prediction tool, were established based on 195 hardwoods, 29 softwoods, 19 modified timbers, and 41 preservative-treated timbers.

Utilization of Wood Vinegar as a Natural Preservative for Sengon Wood (Falcataria moluccana Miq.) against Fungal Attack (Schizophyllum commune Fries)

Most wood supplied from forests currently has a low level of durability and vulnerable to wood-destroying organisms attacks. Sengon wood (Falcataria moluccana Miq.) is classified as low durable class wood (class IV-V); hence wood preservation is needed to protect from the attacks of wood-destroying organisms. One of the eco-friendly materials that can be used for wood preservation is wood vinegar. This study aims to analyze the influence of wood vinegar from tembesu (Fagraea fragrans) and rengas (Gluta renghas) on the durability of sengon wood against Schizophyllum commune Fries fungus. The results showed that wood parts and types of wood vinegar significantly affected preservative retention, absorption, penetration, and weight loss. Some of the chemical compounds contained in tembesu and rengas wood vinegar can inhibit the growth of fungi: (1) acetic acid (CAS) ethylic acid, (2) 2-propanone, 1-hydroxy- (CAS) acetol, (3) phenol, 2-methoxy- (CAS) guaiacol, and (4) phenol (CAS) izal. Preservation of wood using tembesu and rengas wood vinegar with a concentration of 70% could increase the resistance of sengon wood and improve sengon wood’s durability into very resistant (durability class I) against S. commune fungus attacks.Keywords: Falcataria moluccana, wood durability, wood parts, wood vinegar

Modelling the Material Resistance of Wood—Part 2: Validation and Optimization of the Meyer-Veltrup Model

Service life planning with timber requires reliable models for quantifying the effects of exposure-related parameters and the material-inherent resistance of wood against biotic agents. The Meyer-Veltrup model was the first attempt to account for inherent protective properties and the wetting ability of wood to quantify resistance of wood in a quantitative manner. Based on test data on brown, white, and soft rot as well as moisture dynamics, the decay rates of different untreated wood species were predicted relative to the reference species of Norway spruce (Picea abies). The present study aimed to validate and optimize the resistance model for a wider range of wood species including very durable species, thermally and chemically modified wood, and preservative treated wood. The general model structure was shown to also be suitable for highly durable materials, but previously defined maximum thresholds had to be adjusted (i.e., maximum values of factors accounting for wetting ability and inherent protective properties) to 18 instead of 5 compared to Norway spruce. As expected, both the enlarged span in durability and the use of numerous and partly very divergent data sources (i.e., test methods, test locations, and types of data presentation) led to a decrease in the predictive power of the model compared to the original. In addition to the need to enlarge the database quantity and improve its quality, in particular for treated wood, it might be advantageous to use separate models for untreated and treated wood as long as the effect of additional impact variables (e.g., treatment quality) can be accounted for. Nevertheless, the adapted Meyer-Veltrup model will serve as an instrument to quantify material resistance for a wide range of wood-based materials as an input for comprehensive service life prediction software.

Identification of chemical compounds from agarwood hydrosol (Aquilaria malaccensis) fruits via LC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis

Gaharu hydrosol is being considered as a by-product produced during the hydrodistillation of resinous wood part of Aquilaria spp. Agarwood hydrosol was reported to possess many bioactive compounds that are beneficial for health. However, current studies on the chemical composition of agarwood hydrosol from the fruit part are still lacking. This research presents the untargeted chemical compound of agarwood hydrosol from Aquilaria malaccensis fruit (AF) via liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS/MS) and comparison the active functional groups with industrial hydrosol grade using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Qualitative tandem LC-QTOF-MS/MS was utilised to identify compounds in the extracted sample. The data processing revealed the presence of 128 known compounds in the hydrosol from A. malaccensis fruit in negative ionization mode and only one chemical profile detected after switched to positive ionization mode. This result contains the retention times value of m/z [M - H-], [M + HCOO-], [M + H+] and similar database search hit identities of the 129 compounds detected during the LC-QTOFMS/MS analysis in Table A1 and A2.

Modelling the Material Resistance of Wood—Part 1: Utilizing Durability Test Data Based on Different Reference Wood Species

To evaluate the performance of new wood-based products, reference wood species with known performances are included in laboratory and field trials. However, different wood species vary in their durability performance, and there will also be a within-species variation. The primary aim of this paper was to compare the material resistance against decay fungi and moisture performance of three European reference wood species, i.e., Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris), Norway spruce (Picea abies), and European beech (Fagus sylvatica). Wood material was collected from 43 locations all over Europe and exposed to brown rot (Rhodonia placenta), white rot (Trametes versicolor) or soft rot fungi. In addition, five different moisture performance characteristics were analyzed. The main results were the two factors accounting for the wetting ability (kwa) and the inherent protective properties of wood (kinh), factors for conversion between Norway spruce vs. Scots pine sapwood or European beech for the three decay types and four moisture tests, and material resistance dose (DRd) per wood species. The data illustrate that the differences between the three European reference wood species were minor, both with regard to decay and moisture performance. The results also highlight the importance of defined boundaries for density and annual ring width when comparing materials within and between experiments. It was concluded that with the factors obtained, existing, and future test data, where only one or two of the mentioned reference species were used, can be transferred to models and prediction tools that use another of the reference species.

MYB Transcription Factors and Its Regulation in Secondary Cell Wall Formation and Lignin Biosynthesis during Xylem Development.

The secondary wall is the main part of wood and is composed of cellulose, xylan, lignin, and small amounts of structural proteins and enzymes. Lignin molecules can interact directly or indirectly with cellulose, xylan and other polysaccharide molecules in the cell wall, increasing the mechanical strength and hydrophobicity of plant cells and tissues and facilitating the long-distance transportation of water in plants. MYBs (v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog) belong to one of the largest superfamilies of transcription factors, the members of which regulate secondary cell-wall formation by promoting/inhibiting the biosynthesis of lignin, cellulose, and xylan. Among them, MYB46 and MYB83, which comprise the second layer of the main switch of secondary cell-wall biosynthesis, coordinate upstream and downstream secondary wall synthesis-related transcription factors. In addition, MYB transcription factors other than MYB46/83, as well as noncoding RNAs, hormones, and other factors, interact with one another to regulate the biosynthesis of the secondary wall. Here, we discuss the biosynthesis of secondary wall, classification and functions of MYB transcription factors and their regulation of lignin polymerization and secondary cell-wall formation during wood formation.

In Planta Analysis of the Radial Movement of Minerals from Inside to Outside in the Trunks of Standing Japanese Cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) Trees at the Cellular Level

Although the radial movement of minerals in tree trunks is a widely accepted phenomenon, experimental evidence of their movement in standing trees and underlying mechanisms is very limited. Previously, we clarified that cesium (Cs) artificially injected into the outer part of the sapwood of standing Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) trunks moved to the inner part of the sapwood, including the intermediate wood, via active transport by xylem parenchyma cells and diffusion through cell walls and then moved into the heartwood by diffusion. To understand the mechanism underlying the radial movement of minerals in the standing tree trunk, it is necessary to clarify their movement in the opposite direction. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the radial movement of minerals from inside to outside in the trunks of standing trees at the cellular level. For this, a long hole across the center part of the trunk, which reached the heartwood, intermediate wood, and sapwood, was made in standing Japanese cedar trunks, and a solution of stable isotope Cs was continuously injected into the hole for several days as a tracer. The injected part of the trunk was collected after being freeze-fixed with liquid nitrogen, and the frozen sample was subjected to analysis of Cs distribution at the cellular level using cryo-scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The Cs injected into the inner sapwood or intermediate wood rapidly moved toward the outer sapwood via xylem ray parenchyma cells together with diffusion through the cell walls. In contrast, the Cs injected into the heartwood barely moved to the sapwood, although it reached a part of the inner intermediate wood. These results suggest that minerals in xylem ray parenchyma cells in the sapwood are bidirectionally supplied to each other; however, the minerals accumulated in the heartwood may not be supplied to living cells.

Non-destructive analysis of a Late Bronze Age hoard from the Velem-Szent Vid hillfort

The study discusses an unpublished bronze hoard from the famous West Hungarian archaeological site: Velem-Szent Vid (Transdanubia, Vas County). This small Ha B1 assemblage contains a spearhead with remains of the wooden shaft, a sickle, and three different types of ingots. Our aim was a comprehensive structural and compositional characterization of the preserved objects from the hoard exclusively by means of non-invasive and non-destructive analytical, structural, and imaging techniques (XRF, PGAA, TOF-ND, Neutron Imaging, X-ray Imaging). The spearhead and the ingots were studied from production to deposition. Our results suggest that the spearhead was a good quality cast with relatively high Sn content and extremely low porosity rate. It received a minimal post-casting treatment, and hafted similarly to West European Late Bronze Age spearheads. Based on use-wear traces caused by blade-on-blade contact and edge-vs-flat collision, this weapon may have been used in parrying situation. After being used most likely just for a short period, the metal and wooden parts of weapon were intentionally destroyed by plastic deformation prior to deposition. Ingots selected to the Velem-Szent Vid hoard were cast in open one-piece moulds or ‘improvised’ moulds carved to the surfaces or berms of the metallurgical workshop. They have not been partitioned further after casting, but selected for deposition. The elemental composition data of the ingots revealed high quantity of Pb and Sb. The ratio of Pb in the miniature plano-convex ingot (89 ± 0.3 m%) and the rod ingot (94 ± 0.3 m%) was so high that they can be identified as lead ingots, a rare raw material type during the Late Bronze Age. One out of the analysed three ingots, the elemental composition of the cuboid ingot was the most complex, containing high Pb (13–37 m%) and Sb (0.6–6.2 m%) based on PGAA. Chalcocite (Cu2S) was identified by TOF-ND, which points to the possible origin of the raw material or production method (smelting). Our study suggests that this hoard was a combination of a professionally cast spearhead, used and destroyed intentionally along with a fragmented sickle, and three rare and valuable ingots made of specific materials, which were not used after casting. All of them were deposited together in a votive hoard in a central, multi-hoard settlement. Their treatment and selection followed local hoarding traditions practiced in Velem-Szent Vid and its related areas in Transdanubia.

Experimental investigation of the rotational behaviour of glulam column-beam joints reinforced with fiber reinforced polymer composites

Glulam columns and beams are structural wood engineering products, which are formed by gluing the timbers together in parallel with the help of glue and are widely used in the construction of wood structures. Steel plates, aluminum plates or simply wooden parts are commonly used at the joints of wood structures. Steel elements that are often used as joints can corrode and also aluminum plates are not resistant to heat. For this reason, the use of non-metallic fasteners is one of the topics that have been emphasized recently. In this study, it is aimed to strengthen the joints of glulam column-beam connection with carbon fiber reinforced polymer. For this purpose, 2 column-beam joint samples were produced from each connection type using WV90080 and ALUMIDI 160, WV90110 and ALUMIDI 200 connection elements. One of the samples produced in each connection element was wrapped, and the other was not. The column-beam joint samples produced were subjected to the load–displacement test within the framework of the experiment. It was determined that the load bearing capacity, energy dissipation capacity and stiffness values of the samples whose column-beam connection area was strengthened. It has been specified that reinforcement with carbon-based FRP fabric increases the strength and durability of the column-beam connection area.

Fungal Community and Biodeterioration Analysis of Hull Wood and Its Storage Environment of the Nanhai No. 1 Shipwreck.

The Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck is a Chinese merchant ship in the Southern Song Dynasty, and now it is stored in a huge enclosed glass warehouse in Maritime Silk Road Museum in Guangdong Province. At present, the hull of the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck is still being excavated, and a small part of the hull wood is soaked in a specific solution to desalt. Through long-term exploration, we found that the above two states of hull wood had undergone biodeterioration, so the purpose of this study is to analyze the fungal community of exposed and soaked wood from the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck. We sampled 10 exposed hull wood and sea mud samples, two wood storage water samples, and air samples in the glass warehouse. We used scanning electron microscope and optical microscope to find that there were obvious fungal structures in exposed wood and wood storing water samples. High-throughput sequencing of fungi revealed that the most abundant genera in exposed and soaked wood were Fusarium sp., and Scedosporium sp., respectively. In addition, Fusarium solani and Scedosporium apiospermum were successfully isolated from the hull wood surface and wood storing water samples, and the degradation tests of lignin and cellulose, the sensitivity tests of biocides and growth curve assay were carried out. We also found that Penicillium sp. and Cladosporium sp. are the most abundant in the glass warehouse air. Our research results show that F. solani and S. apiospermum should be regarded as a major threat to the preservation of the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck. These results provide a reference for our protection of shipwrecks and other similar artifacts.

PERBANDINGAN ANTARA KETEGUHAN REKAT LEM PUTIH DENGAN LEM KUNING PADA KARPET KAYU

Wooden carpets are one of the products made of woody materials glued on the textiles. The wooden part can be in the form of plywood or solid wood, while the textiles as a carpet backing serves as a link between the pieces of woody material that make up the carpet. Compared to fabric carpets, wood carpets have several advantages in terms of health and maintenance. Wood carpet generally include woody material, fabrics, glue and finishing materials. The glue serves as an adhesive between woody material and fabric. The shear strength of glue adhesives has an important role in wood carpet products. In the local market there are several types of glue such as white glue (Polyvinyl Acetate) and yellow glue (Synthetic Rubber). The purpose of this study was to compare the shear strength of white and yellow glue. It is expected that people can choose the type of glue that is more suitable for wood carpets. The research data was tabulated and analysed by paired t-test. The results showed that the shear strength of white and yellow glue using manual clamps were 27.95 kg cm-2 and 13.78 kg cm-2 respectively. The shear strength of white glue strongly differ with those of yellow glue, and greather two times than the yellow one. In making or producing wooden carpets, it is recommanded to use white glue instead of yellow one and can apply manual clamps. However, for better results, it is recommended to apply a press machine.

Effectiveness of nature reserves for bird conservation in urban parks in Tokyo

In some urban parks in Tokyo, semi-natural habitat patches are maintained as nature reserves for birds, called bird sanctuaries. Bird censuses and vegetation surveys were conducted in eight urban parks in Tokyo from December 2015 to July 2016 to determine the effectiveness of bird sanctuaries on avian species composition. The relationship between avian species composition and environmental conditions was analyzed by partial redundancy analysis (partial RDA) using vegetation variables, number of visitors, presence or absence of reserves within the same park, area of wooded parts, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in the surrounding area. The results of the partial RDA are as follows: (1) Area, lower vegetation cover, higher vegetation cover, tree species composition obtained from detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) on vegetation survey data, and NDVI in the surrounding area were considered as covariates and explained 17.4–33.6% of the total variation in bird species composition, (2) The presence or absence of sanctuary significantly explained bird species compositional variation regardless of season, indicating that the sanctuaries were beneficial for urban avoider species not only in the sanctuaries but also in the surrounding wooded area, and (3) Tree coverage within a 100 m range and leaf litter coverage also influenced avian species composition. We concluded that bird sanctuaries and other nature reserves can be beneficial to bird conservation, even within Tokyo. The positive effect of sanctuaries could be due to the limited influence of human presence and the developed vegetation within them. These reserves may play the role of core habitats within the studied urban parks.

Improvement of tree growth technology in weakly growing grafting points of apple tree (Malus mill)

This article studies the technology of growing seedlings of different varieties of apples at vegetatively propagated low-growing M-IX and medium-sized MM109 grafting points and provides scientifically based data. Grafting the upper-grafted bud by removing the wooden part resulted in a significant increase in its grip. When apple varieties were grafted to M-IX grafting point without removal of the wood part, the total amount of preserved upper-grafted buds ranged from 76% to 80% by variety, while in the experimental variant of grafting without wood, this figure ranged from 85% to 95% and observed to vary in this interval. When the bud graft is made to the root collar of the grafting point, this figure does not exceed 61.7-68.6% by variety. When the bud was grafted 10 cm above the root collar, it was found to be in the range of 67.5 to 75.9%, respectively.

Treaty Promises and the Duty to Consult on Legislation

The members of Mikisew Cree First Nation are descended from signatories of Treaty 8. Their traditional territory encompasses Wood Buffalo National Park and parts of Alberta’s tar sands developments. In 2013, they filed suit in Federal Court, arguing that the Crown had a duty to consult Mikisew Cree First Nation prior to proposing amendments to environmental protection legislation that could impact upon their treaty rights. The litigation made its way to the Supreme Court of Canada, where the Court resolved the case on jurisdictional grounds. In three separate opinions, however, the majority went on to explain that the Crown did not have a duty to consult Mikisew Cree First Nation. The majority proceed with barely a nod to Treaty 8, preferring instead to focus on high-level constitutional principles to categorically rule out a duty to consult in the context of proposed legislation. In this article, we show that this approach is difficult to reconcile with the specific promises made by Canada in Treaty 8. While it is not obvious how the duty to consult would best be integrated into the legislative process, and there are normative and pragmatic limits on the role of the courts, we argue that Treaty 8 would have offered an ideal, discrete context for developing the doctrine of the duty to consult with respect to legislation in a manner that reconciles it with the separation of powers and parliamentary sovereignty, rather than invoking the latter principles to oust the duty to consult.

Automated one-off production in woodworking by Part-to-Tool

The production of customized furniture and other objects in woodwork currently needs a high amount of manpower in the adaptation of production steps and results in high construction costs, even for machine-milled parts. Thereby and due to the still increasing shortage of skilled employees there is a high demand for adaptive and automated production, especially in milling. This paper shows an approach, which addresses the need for high adaptability by an innovative part-to-tool-application. By enabling a conventional 6-axis robot to handle all production steps, a multi-spindle-concept and an automatic material supply the production of individualized wooden parts becomes fully autonomous.

Wyniki badań i nadzorów archeologicznych przeprowadzonych na ulicy Kościuszki w Rzeszowie w 2018 roku

In 2018, the Foundation for Archaeological Centre in Rzeszów conducted archaeological research preceding investment works at Kościuszko Street in Rzeszów. This street, considered one of the oldest, originally connected the market square with the parish church and 3 Maja Street (formerly Pańska). Based on the conducted research, it was possible to determine the original scope of this route and confirm the thesis that the town and the parish church were located on two hills, separated by a small gorge, running roughly at the intersection of Kościuszko Street from Grunwaldzka Street. In addition, the stratigraphic system and the greater number of levels of wooden lining of the street that were found in the archaeological trenches led to the assumption that the area was coming down towards the east. What is more, visible traces of replacing wooden parts in the exploited street, a large number of movable artefacts and animal bones indicate that the street leading to the parish church was an important element in the urban layout of Rzeszów from the Modern Period. Moreover, the conducted research and watching briefs also allowed us to confirm how the discussed street ran, what material was used for its construction and what elements appeared in its course. In addition, it was also possible to confirm partially that the parish cemetery had a wider scope than is visible in the preserved iconographic sources. The conducted research together with the obtained archaeological material have become a valuable source of information about the history of Rzeszów and its inhabitants.

Sifat Mekanika Kayu Tumeh (Combretocarpus rotundatus Dans) pada Arah Radial

Communities in Kalimantan areas need wood for building materials. They use Tumeh wood (Combretocarpus rotundatus Dans) because of its found abundantly in forest area in Central Kalimantan. Tumeh is a kind of pioneer. Wood parts affect the quality of wood. The purpose of this study was to study the effect of the radial position on the mechanical properties of wood tumeh. The properties of the wood analyzed is hardness, Modukus of Rupture (MOR) and Mdukus of Elasticity (MOE) (British Standard No.373,1957). Data analysis using Completely Randomized Design (CRD. The results show that the location in the radial direction has no significant effect on hardness, MOR and MOE values.The highest value of hardness and MOR was near the bark and then decreased in the middle and near the heart, respectively. Meanwhile, the highest MOE value is near the heart, then decreases in the middle and near the bark, respectively This research can be continued on the physical and chemical properties of the wood for a more comprehensive understanding. Research in different directions and at different diameters can also be carried out as a comparison.

Evaluation of the compression strength performance of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) and steel-reinforced laminated timber composed of small-diameter timber

Laminated timber composed of small-diameter timbers reinforced with a steel bar and fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) were fabricated to satisfy the seismic design performance level of wooden columns, and their compression strength performance was evaluated. The experimental results showed that the average compression strength of the specimen reinforced with a CFRP (Carbon FRP) bar increased by approximately 7% compared to that of the control. The average compression strengths of the specimens reinforced with a GFRP (Glass FRP) bar and a steel bar increased by 38 and 37% compared to that of the control, respectively. The unreinforced control column specimens showed a diagonal failure tendency due to the fiber slope angle, and the wood part of the reinforced specimens showed a failure mode with suppressed diagonal fracture. The average strength of the column reinforced with a CFRP plate increased by approximately 6%, but the average strength of the column reinforced with a GFRP plate decreased by approximately 5%. A comparison of the measured and predicted compression strengths of the specimens showed that the strength differences of all the specimens except the specimen reinforced with a GFRP plate were good (2 to 10.4%).

Woodworking in the Bronze Age Southern Trans-Urals (the case study of the fortified settlement of Kamenny Ambar)

The paper presents the description and analysis of the collection of wood (formwork elements and objects) from wells of the Bronze Age fortified settlement of Kamenny Ambar (Chelyabinsk Oblast). Within the settlement, presented are the layers of the Sintashta, Petrovka and Srubnaya-Alakul traditions, covering the period of the 21st–17th c. BC. We give a short description of the forest resources of the study area. In Southern Urals, wood can be found in the form of charred remains, sometimes in post holes, in burial structures of various state of preserva-tion, as well as in the Bronze Age wells. The latter has been the source of fragments of formwork and some household items for this study. According to palaeobotanical data, the local landscape represented forests mixed with steppe and forb meadows. The total area of forestlands around the settlement in the Bronze Age was roughly similar to the modern one. The analysis of charcoal and wood from wells indicates that pine (51 %) and birch (47 %) were the most common, and to a lesser extent — willow and alder (2 %). Prevailing were the pine trunks with 5 to 30, less often 50, rings. The types of formwork and tools used in their construction have been determined. The importance of woodworking among the household industries of the settlement has been assessed. Remains of wooden structures have been found on the bottom of 16 examined wells, although there may have been more, judging by discrete fragments of wood decay. The wood is represented by stakes, half-logs, chopping blocks, planks, branches, charcoal and fragments of bark. Restored specimens have been examined visually and using a microscope in order to determine the wood species and process tools, and the results have been put down into the database. In the process of excavation, two types of formwork were identified: 1) a wattle cylinder made of twigs intertwined through vertical stakes, and 2) sheeting of the shaft with vertically placed and tightly fitted boards and/or half-logs of small diameter. In a number of wells, the type of construction could not be accurately determined. In addition to wooden structures, wooden objects were also found at the bottom of several wells. It is possible to state that the inhabitants of the Kamenny Ambar settlement were skilled in wood processing. Available data indicate that carpentry craft was highly developed throughout the entire Bronze Age period. Admittedly, peo-ple knew how to joint wooden parts of structures. Since there are no finds of metal nails, we are confident that they used alternative means, such as ropes and other carpentry techniques, in particular, groove joining. An ob-ject with a precise rectangular groove was found in one of the wells. These materials demonstrate the presence of good engineering knowledge, manifested not only in the search for new technologies for the well construction, but also in the overall architecture of the settlement.