Part Of Urine Research Articles

Ion-pair isocratic simultaneous determination of broad spectrum antibiotics in environmental samples by HPLC with UV detection

Pharmaceuticals are used as medication to destroy or slow growth of bacteria and to treat infections. Their demand has increased as expected especially in hospitals in urban areas. They get excreted as part of urine and faeces to reach the environment as wastewater. Pharmaceuticals are also used in the agricultural sector where they are administered as growth agents for livestock and poultry animals, they in turn reach the environment through manure during cultivation season and also through waste water irrigation (Le-Minh et al., 2010; Rodriguez-Mozaz et al., 2015) The pilling up of these excreted antibiotics on the environment is of great concern as according to studies carried out in Europe and USA it can lead development of Antibiotic-Resistance Bacteria (ARB) which has been detected in drinking water supplies (Chen et al., 2014). Fluoroquinolones are one class of such chemicals, as they operate by inhibiting type II DNA toposiomerases which are required by the bacteria for synthesis and DNA replication (Principi and Esposito, 2015). A chromatographic method for the determination of fluoroquinolones is hereby presented. The analysis of six antibiotics was carried out in isocratic conditions in less than ten minutes. Analytes in alkaline medium showing maximum absorbance at around 254 and 330 nm with correlation coefficient over 0.9996 and linearity over three orders of magnitude. The method is sensitive with very low UV detection limits as low as 10−9 concentration range.

Effect of exchanging Onobrychis viciifolia and Lotus corniculatus for Medicago sativa on ruminal fermentation and nitrogen turnover in dairy cows

The objective of the study was to determine the effect of feeding sainfoin (SF; Onobrychis viciifolia) and birdsfoot trefoil (BT; Lotus corniculatus), 2 temperate climate forage legumes that contain condensed tannins (CT), on ruminal fermentation and N turnover in dairy cows. Six ruminally cannulated multiparous dairy cows (milk yield=40kg/d; 36 d in milk) were used in a replicated 3×3 Latin square design. All animals were fed basal diets containing 20% pelleted SF (223g of CT/kg of dry matter), BT (30.3g of CT/kg of dry matter), or alfalfa (AL) and concentrate to meet their predicted nutrient requirements. Each experimental period consisted of a 21-d adaptation period in a tiestall, followed by a 7-d collection period in metabolic crates, where feces and urine were collected quantitatively. During the 7-d period, milk yield was recorded daily and milk samples were taken at each milking. Blood, ruminal fluid, and papillae were sampled on d 2 and 5. The relative abundance of selected bacterial strains in ruminal fluid and the gene expression of transporter genes in the papillae were determined with quantitative PCR. Total volatile fatty acids and the abundance of the cellulolytic bacteria Prevotella spp. and Ruminococcus flavefaciens decreased with SF compared with AL. The relative gene expression of the monocarboxylate transporter 1 was increased with BT compared with AL and SF. Total yields of milk, milk fat, and milk protein were similar among treatments. The proportion of 18:3n-3 in milk fat was greater and those of 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 were lower with SF than with BT. The contents of urea N in blood (2.71, 3.45, and 3.90mmol/L for SF, AL, and BT, respectively), milk (79.8, 100.1, and 110.9mg/kg for SF, AL, and BT, respectively), and urine were lower with SF than with AL and BT, and a trend toward a lower ruminal ammonia content occurred with SF compared with BT. Intake and excretion of N with milk were similar among treatments, but urine N was lower with SF than with AL. The N excretion to N intake relation showed a shift in a part of urine N (17.5, 20.8, and 19.5% for SF, AL, and BT, respectively) to fecal N (45.2, 41.3, and 38.5% for SF, AL, and BT respectively) with SF compared with AL and BT. In conclusion, SF and BT differed in their effects on fermentation and milk fatty acid profile and SF also showed potential to decrease metabolic and environmental loads. The main reason for the different efficiency was likely a higher CT content of SF compared with BT.

Frequency Survey of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Pregnant Women Attending Boo-Ali Hospital, Tehran

Background: During pregnancy, asymptomatic bacteriuria is associated with different complications such as pyelonephritis and preterm birth. Pregnancy changes pave the way for the growth and multiplication of pathogenic factors. This study was aimed at exploring the frequency of asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women who attended Boo–Ali Hospital, a teaching center of Islamic Azad University in Tehran. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 123 pregnant women without urinary symptoms who attended Boo–Ali Hospital from March 2013 to September 2014. Demographic information of the patients including age, gestational age at the time of experiment and parity were recorded. An amount of middle part of urine (20cc) was collected in an appropriate sterile container. Urine samples were examined for WBC, RBC and bacteria. Other parts of the samples were cultivated for urine culture (U/C). Results: Two (1.6%) women had significant bacteriuria (≥105/ml). Pyuria, bacteriuria and hematuria were seen in 49(39.8), 7 (5.6%) and 8 (6.5%) women, respectively. There was a significant association between positive U/C and pyuria (P=0.003). However, positive U/C showed no significance association between bacteriuria and hematuria (P>0.05). Conclusion: Regarding the low frequency of asymptomatic bacteriuria (less than 2%) in the investigated population, the administration of U/C does not seem logical for all pregnant women. Hence, U/C is recommended for those with significant pyuria in their urinalyses. [GMJ.2015;4(4):159-63]

Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus at the Hospital of Venice in 1863

In 1674 Thomas Willis reported that the presence of urine ‘as sweet as honey’ was the pathognomonic sign of diabetes mellitus. In the 19th Century several reactions for the detection of glucose in urine were proposed and glucose measurement became common in the laboratories that were being set up in Europe. A case of diabetes mellitus, diagnosed by Namias, the head of the Women’s Section of the Medicine Department of Venice Hospital, was reported in 1863 in the ‘Giornale Veneto di Scienze Mediche’ which contains clinical and laboratory information. A 34-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital for polydypsia, polyuria, bulimia and fatigue. Urine was weighed for 2 months (2–10 kg day −1) and the relative density ranged from 1.045 to 1.038. Glucose was measured in the urine using Moore, Trommer and Fehling reagents. A few days after admission a urine sample showed 7.69 parts/100 parts of urine and a blood sample showed 547 mg of glucose/100 g of serum. The assays were carried out in the Clinical Laboratory of Venice Hospital, founded in 1863, directed by Giovanni Bizio, one of the first chemists who graduated at Padua University. In 1863 chemical analyses were commonly carried out in Venice as in the other parts of Habsburg empire.

Infrared spectra of urine from cancerous bladders

The infrared spectra of organic constituents of urine from cancerous bladders of some patients were recorded. The spectra of the organic part of the samples were classified into five types according to the bulk constituents. Samples with type A spectra consisted mainly of proteins with only trace amounts of lipids. Their spectra were characterized mainly by the absorption bands of proteins at the frequencies 3330, 3075, 2960, 2850, 1650, 1530, 1450, 1400 and 1320 cm−1, in addition to a weak band at 1720 cm−1 due to the absorption of lipids. Samples with type B spectra were characterized by high amounts of proteins and low amounts of lipids and phosphate compounds. The presence of phosphate compounds was indicated by the absorption bands at the frequencies 1100 and 1030 cm−1. Samples giving spectral type C were characterized by high urea contents as indicated by the presence of two strong bands at 1670 and 1630 cm−1. Samples with the spectral type D consisted of urea and phosphate compounds whereas the last spectral type E consisted mainly of calcium oxalates, uric acids and phosphate compounds. The presence of calcium oxalates was indicated by the presence of its diagnostic bands at the frequencies 1630 and 1330 cm−1, while the presence of uric acid was indicated by the bands at the frequencies 1360, 1130, 1020 and 880 cm−1. On the other hand, the spectra of the organic part of urine from some normal bladders exhibited the characteristic bands of urea only.

Memoirs: Studies on the Structure, Development, and Physiology of the Nephridia of Oligochaeta VI. The Physiology of Excretion and the Significance of the Enteronephric Type of Nephridial System in Indian Earthworms

1. In an earthworm, as in most aquatic invertebrates, urea and ammonia form the main bulk of nitrogenous excretion and there is no trace of uric acid. These excretory products are first formed in the body-wall and gut-wall, pass therefrom into the coelomic fluid and blood, and are thence eliminated to the exterior by the nephridia. In Pheretima urea and ammonia pass out from the nephridia to the exterior either directly through the skin or through the two ends of the gut. 2. Ammonia and urea have been estimated for the first time in the blood, coelomic fluid, and urine of the earthworm. It has been shown that blood is not a mere carrier of oxygen, as Rogers believed, but that it also takes part in carrying urea and ammonia from the body-wall and gut-wall to the nephridia. The blood of the earthworm does not coagulate, indicating absence of fibrinogen. 3. The role of the nephridia in excretion and osmotic regulation has been determined. A comparison of the osmotic pressures of blood, coelomic fluid, and urine shows that the coelomic fluid is hypotonic to the blood, and that urine is markedly hypotonic both to the blood and coelomic fluid. The protein and chloride contents of the blood, coelomic fluid, and urine have been determined with a view to elucidate the differences in their osmotic pressures. It has been found that the urine contains the merest trace of protein, but that the amount of proteins in the blood is about eight times that contained in the plasma of the coelomic fluid. On the contrary, the chloride content of the coelomic fluid-plasma is about 60 per cent, higher than that of the blood-plasma. 4. The part of urine which is excreted from the blood is probably a protein-free filtrate, but the nephridia reabsorb all the proteins passing into them with the coelomic fluid-plasma. Similarly, there is a reabsorption of chlorides on a large scale from the initial nephridial filtrate during its passage through the nephridia. 5. A convenient method has been devised for collecting urine of the earthworm, which has made it possible to collect as much as 25 c.c. of urine in two and a half hours. The rate of excretion of the urine has been determined and it has been found that in an earthworm living in water the outflow of urine in twenty-four hours must be more than 45 per cent, of its body-weight. 6. It seems that an earthworm, when submerged in water, can live like a fresh water animal, and its gut acts as an osmoregulatory organ in addition to the nephridia, but in the soil it lives like a terrestrial animal and the osmo-regulatory function is adequately discharged by the nephridia alone which reabsorb chlorides and proteins, and are also active in the conservation of water. In Pheretima and other earthworms with an enteronephric type of nephridial system, the gut takes a prominent part in reabsorbing the water of the nephridial fluid and conserving water to its maximum extent. 7. The phagocytic section (ciliated middle tube) believed by Schneider to be absent in the nephridia of Pheretima has been shown to be distinctly present; it is also present in the nephridia of Lampito , Eutyphoeus, and Tonoscolex. The brownish yellow granules characteristic of this phagocytic section form a heavy deposit in the septal nephridia of Pheretima posthuma, heavier than that described in Lumbricus. The deposit increases with the age of the earthworm and forms a ‘storage excretory product’. 8. Spectroscopic examination has revealed that these brownish yellow granules, so far believed to be of guanine, are really blood-pigment granules, since a pyridine solution of them shows the two characteristic bands of haemochromogen. With regard to the blood-pigment, the nephridia function as ‘storage kidneys’. 9. The mechanism of nephridial excretion of the earthworm can be analysed into processes of filtration, reabsorption, and chemical transformation. 10. It is probable that the dorsal and ventral phagocytic organs of earthworms are additional excretory organs.

AN IMPROVED TEST FOR OCCULT BLOOD, ESPECIALLY IN THE URINE

Orthotolidine 1 was first proposed by E. B. Phelps 2 in 1909 as a qualitative test for minute amounts of free chlorine or hypochlorites in water. It is a crystalline basic body of the aromatic series obtained by reduction from orthonitrotoluene. It has a melting point of 129-130 centigrade and is quite insoluble in distilled water. It is quite soluble in acid solutions and in alcohol and ether. Ruttan and Hardisty 3 in 1912 described the use of orthotolidine as a test for the detection of blood. They used a 4 per cent solution in glacial acetic acid and added a small amount of perhydrol (Merck) as an oxidizing agent to obtain a blue color in the presence of blood. They stated that the solution would detect hemoglobin in a dilution of one part in 7,000,000 parts of water, in a dilution of one part in 24,000 parts of urine,

Use of Paramecia for Studying Toxic Substances in Urine

Dick and Henry 1 isolated hemolytic streptococci from the urine of scarlet fever patients in 1914. Later they 2 demonstrated that filtrates of scarlet fever streptococci contained a toxin which produced a reaction in the skin of persons who had not had scarlet fever. Since then Trask and Blake 3 showed that a toxic substance was present in the urine of scarlet fever patients from the 3rd to 6th day of the disease and that this toxic substance was neutralized by blanching human serum and by Dochez' s scarlatinal antistreptococcus horse serum. Recently 4 I have found paramecia useful for studying toxins from scarlet fever streptococci and found that these so called toxins could be neutralized by scarlet fever antitoxin from horses immunized with scarlet fever streptococci by a modification of the Dochez method (Laboratory of the Massachusetts Department of Health). Toxins from hemolytic streptococci from erysipelas, septicemia and pyemia were not neutralized by the scarlet fever antitoxin. I thought it would be interesting to see if paramecia could be used for studying toxic substances in urine, since it is not always convenient to get human beings for such experiments. Urine was filtered through filter paper and experiments were made as described in my previous article. Paramecia were grown in hay infusion broth. As with the filtrates of streptococci, diluted urine had no effect on paramecia. Normal horse serum, diphtheria antitoxin and scarlet fever antitoxin were diluted with hay infusion broth from 1: 100 to 1: 1600 and 1 part of each dilution was added to 5 parts of urine. One specimen contained 1 part of hay infusion broth and 5 parts of urine. These mixtures were incubated for one hour at 36 C, and then equal parts of each were added to the Paramecium culture in hollow

About urine formation. K. A. Buinevich (Rus. Clin., 1928, No. 49)

As is known, the process of urine formation is explained differently by different authors: according to Ludwig's theory, all components of urine are excreted in renal glomerules, and in tubules urine is concentrated due to absorption of water; according to Wohmann and Heidenhain, water and sodium chloride are excreted in glomerules, in tubules - the remaining parts of urine.