Part Of Ukraine Research Articles

Failing to Fight for the “Russian World”: Pre-War Social Origins of the Pro-Russian Secessionist Organizations in Ukraine

AbstractThe existing literature explains the war in Donbas and the rationale for why conflict broke out there while failing to do so in other Ukrainian provinces, such as Odesa or Kharkiv. Local pro-Russian organizations could not attract considerable attention and support in the pre-war period in all parts of Ukraine, except for Crimea. The social marginalization and negligible influence of the pro-Russian organizations among the locals presumably stemmed from their weak social ties among the local population. The question is why they had such weak social embeddedness in the local societies despite relatively popular pro-Russian sympathies in these regions? Surprisingly, nobody has sought to explain the social origins of the pro-Russian movements as a source of their weakness and failure to be sparked by the anti-Ukrainian rebellion in 2014.

Russia Holds Referendums in Parts of Ukraine

Russia Holds Referendums in Parts of Ukraine

Alien phytophagous insects in forest and urban stands of Ukraine*

The aim of the research was to present current data on the distribution and development of some alien phytophagous insects in the territory of Ukraine.We considered 19 species of alien phytophagous insects, including 2 species of Coleoptera, 7 Hemiptera (including 4 bug species), 7 Lepidoptera, 2 Hymenoptera, and 1 Diptera. Hyphantria cunea penetrated Ukraine about 70 years ago and sometimes outbreaks in orchards or shelterbelts. Cameraria ohridella and Cydalima perspectalis pose a great threat to Aesculus hippocastanum and Buxus sempervirens, respectively, in urban stands. Parectopa robiniella, Macrosaccus robiniella, Nematus tibialis, and Obolodiplosis robiniae did not attract the attention of researchers until recently, since did not show a noticeable effect on the health condition of Robinia pseudoacacia. Phyllonorycter issikii is not abundant in most parts of Ukraine. Phyllonorycter platani and Corythucha ciliata are not serious pests because their host plant (Platanus sp.) is rather rare in Ukraine. Trichoferus campestris is known long ago but has not yet shown any harmful effects. The threat from sucking insects (aphids and bugs) increases due to their ability to vector tree pathogens. The polyphagous Halyomorpha halys can pose a threat to forest, ornamental and agricultural plants. Leptoglossus occidentalis poses a great danger to the restoration of Scots pine forests because its feeding decreases the seeds’ germination. Corythucha arcuata is found only in two regions but is moving northward and may pose a threat to oak stands. Agrilus planipennis has spread over several years from the eastern border with Russia to the entire Luhansk and partly Kharkiv region, inhabits Fraxinus excelsior and F. pennsylvanica, and can move west.

Вибір масті худоби у традиційному господарстві українців крізь призму духовної культури

The article highlights the traditional ideas of Ukrainians about the choice of cattle color that and clarifies the semantics of the use of animal hair in construction ceremonies. The study is based on both published and field ethnographic materials of the authors from Polissya, historical and ethnographic Volhynia, Boykivshchyna, Hutsulshchyna, Pokuttya. It is stated that sometimes the empirical approach was decisive in choosing the color of cattle. At the same time, Ukrainians were often guided by irrational motives, choosing cattle that were favorable for the economy: they sought the advice of a “healer”, took into account the “preferences” of the hobgoblin or its “color”, the color of the wеasеl or snake that lived on the housеhold. It is important that the wеasеl and the snake in many parts of Ukraine are also identified with the domestic spirit – the hobgoblin. As a rule, the best animals for breeding were those whose color corresponded to the hair color of the host, the color of the hobgoblin, the wеasеl, and/or the domestic snake. It was determined that the customs of “the construction start” and “entrance to a new house” played an important role in ensuring successful cattle breeding. In “construction start” the wool of some certain color was used as a “building sacrifice”. The interpretation of “zaklad” in the building as a symbolic sacrifice (which probably replaced the sacrifice directly by the animal) to the souls of the deceased is confirmed by the cases of identical use of wool in funeral rites. It was found out that the well-being of the farm and whether the owner would “keep” cattle of one color or another, Ukrainians associated with the assistance of the souls of the dead, including the hobgoblin.

Features of the course of teeth caries in children of Bukovina region

The prevalence of dental diseases is high, regardless of age. In the literature, the indicators of the prevalence and intensity of the main dental nosologies in different parts of Ukraine are widely covered. However, they are significantly higher in regions with contrasting geographical conditions, one of which is the Chernivtsi region. That is why the study of dental morbidity in children in the age aspect in this region is relevant. The purpose of the study is to study the prevalence and intensity of caries of temporary and permanent teeth in children of different ages living in Bukovina. To establish the dental status of children in Bukovyna, we examined 839 children of various ages in 13 schools of Chernivtsi region. The following observation groups were selected: I – 306 6-year-old children, II – 298 12-year-old children, III – 235 15-year-old children. The prevalence, intensity of caries of temporary and permanent teeth, Significant Caries Index, level of dental care were evaluated. The degree of probability of the obtained results was statistically assessed. Because of the conducted research, it was established that the incidence of caries of temporary and permanent teeth, regardless of age and region of residence, is high: in 6-year-old children ‒ 96.73%, in 12-year-old children ‒ 84.89%, in 15-year-old children ‒ 89.78%. In temporary teeth, the intensity of caries was 5.19±0.30 teeth. In the structure of the index, the "d" component was from 77.47% to 87.45% depending on the region, with the share of caries complications in this structure – 12.53‒15.48%. Prematurely removed temporary molars were detected in all regions of Bukovyna: from 1.59% to 4.39%. Every fourth to fifth child aged 6 has 1-2 recently erupted permanent teeth affected by caries, and in mountainous areas – almost every second one. The "D" component was also predominant. In its structure, 5.55% were complications of caries in recently erupted permanent teeth of children living in the mountainous region. With age, the values of the caries intensity index increased: 4.28 times in 12-year-olds and 6.40 times in 15-year-olds compared to 6-year-olds. The ratio between the components of the indicator remained the same as in the previous age period ‒ the number of carious teeth predominated over filled ones. At 12-year-old children, caries complications were 7.95%, at 15-year-old children – 5.57%. The level of providing dental care to children was satisfactory only for 15-year-old children of the Vyzhnytsky district. In the rest of the regions, regardless of age, the level of providing dental care was insufficient. Therefore, the high prevalence and intensity of caries of temporary and permanent teeth, the insufficient level of providing dental care indicate the need to study the risk factors for the development of caries in children for the further development of regionally adapted treatment and prevention programs. Keywords: children, caries, complications of caries, prevalence, intensity, SiC-index.

CURRENT TRENDS AND PROBLEMS OF THE UKRAINIAN MARKET OF EGGS & EGG PRODUCTS IN THE CONDITIONS OF UNCERTAINTY

Topicality. Problems related to Russia's military aggression against Ukraine, as well as the imposition of martial law and hostilities in most parts of Ukraine, have led to a decline in production on poultry farms, egg and egg farms. Current trends and problems in the development of the market of eggs and egg products, led to the urgent need to consider them on the example of the food market in conditions of uncertainty. Integration of domestic enterprises for the production of eggs and egg products, the livestock sector, the agri-food market of Ukraine. The participation of niche markets in such logistics chains provides a synergistic effect that allows stakeholders to join forces to achieve their goals and objectives and generally improves competitiveness in food markets, including foreign ones. Strategic priorities of economic development of the national market of eggs and egg products in the conditions after the military economic recovery in the food market. Modern economic policy and the interest of stakeholders in the logistics chains of the market of eggs and egg products, which is why it is formed and implemented through the prism of risk conditions and instability. Aim and tasks. The aim of the article is to analyze the trends and problems of development of the Ukrainian market of eggs and egg products in conditions of uncertainty. Research results. Analysis of the problems of efficiency of global selective chains of egg and egg products and specific egg market participants, allows the study of poultry enterprises in the selective chain of the egg market to see how and when they can be strengthened to achieve greater production and marketing efficiency; or to promote more efficient egg market production. Such an analysis of the egg market may reveal performance constraints related to a specific feature of niche markets. Recent data suggest that as countries participate in global value chains, commodity growth rates increase. Value-added chains play an important role as a source of job creation. Thus, trade and supply in food hubs within the logistics chains of food markets stimulates the development of logistics as a critical component of global chains, as the most important problem is to supply products in the right quantity, quality, on time. The study also focuses on general market factors that affect the efficiency and dynamics of specific projects in the development of the egg market in the postwar period. The model of selective management of innovative organizations on the example of the market of eggs and egg products has been improved. The author proposes to use the entropy method to calculate the period and conditions of uncertainty in the niche market of eggs and egg products. Conclusion. Thus, the modern market of egg products in the field of poultry has a number of organizational and economic features, characterized by a high level of saturation of the domestic market of eggs. Therefore, the unstable price situation of the egg market and the passive process of conquering the foreign niche egg market. Based on the calculations, there is a clear tendency to reduce the level of rent stability of table eggs in the sub-field due to low prices and instability of the domestic market in the production and sale of products, which is offset by sales revenue. A survey of sales by region shows that the largest production is concentrated in Kyiv (31%), Odessa (11.2%), Khmelnytsky (10.9%) regions, where the largest poultry farms are located. The dynamics of prices in the domestic market of eggs and egg products indicates their higher level in the population of farms, compared with enterprises, the decline in egg production due to war and economic crisis and uncertainty about increasing spending on poultry resources, feed, medicine, and other types of egg products. In the future, we consider it expedient to use the methodology of fuzzy sets, simulation modeling for the market of eggs and egg products for calculations of uncertainty and risks, dynamics of crises of niche markets.

Modern state of preschool education in different parts of Ukraine

The role of social factors has increased significantly in modern society. Education is essential for raising the intellectual and cultural level of inhabitants in any country. The purpose of this article is to analyze modern state of preschool education in different parts of Ukraine and to point at regional disparities in accessibility of preschool education services. This article gives analysis to modern state of preschool education in different parts of Ukraine. Research was based on several indicators such as number of children involved in preschool education, number of preschools in different regions of Ukraine, preschool enrollment rates and number of children actually attending preschools per 100 available places. Level of development of preschool education in cities and rural areas has been studied in regional context of Ukraine. It was also calculated social density of preschools and indexes of both territorial concentration and localization of preschools in the country. Social density of preschools was also analyzed in the study. The highest social density of preschools is typical for the capital of Ukraine – the city of Kiev. The lowest social density of preschool sector services is typical for Poltava, Sumy, Chernihiv and Luhansk regions. The highest concentration of preschools is observed in Kyiv city, and low territorial concentration index is observed in Sumy, Zaporizhia, Donetsk and Kirovohrad regions, Kherson region, Chernihiv region and Luhansk region. High localization index values were observed in Khmelnytsky and Ternopil regions, Zhytomyr and Cherkasy regions, Vinnytsia region, Mykolaiv, Zakarpattia, Rivne, Kirovohrad and Volyn regions and the lowest localization index values were observed in Kyiv city, Kharkiv region, Luhansk and Donetsk regions. Regions of Ukraine have been ranked and grouped in types according to their level of preschool education development. According to the results of the study, three types of regions have been identified. Regions (oblast) of Cherkasy, Khmelnytsky, Vinnytsia, Kyiv, Ternopil and Zakarpattia have been included in the first type (high level of preschool education development). The second type (average level of preschool education development) includes city of Kyiv and regions (oblast) of Zhytomyr, Rivne, Mykolaiv, Dnipropetrovsk, Chernivtsi, Sumy, Kherson, Kirovohrad, Poltava and Kharkiv. Regions (oblast) of Volyn, Ivano-Frankivsk, Chernihiv, Lviv, Odessa, Zaporizhia, Donetsk and Luhansk have been included in the third type (low level of preschool education development).

Beatrice Mintz (1921-2022): an innovator in embryo research and cancer biology

Beatrice Mintz (1921-2022): an innovator in embryo research and cancer biology

Spread of Aujeszky’s disease among wild boars and domestic pigs in Ukraine

Aujeszky’s disease, also known as pseudorabies is an acute infectious viral disease in a variety of mammals caused by Suid herpesvirus 1, a member of the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae and the family Herpesviridae. This virus causes significant economic losses in agriculture of numerous countries. In particular, in pig farming, the main losses are currently associated with restrictions of international trade, as well as the cost of vaccination or slaughter of infected animals. The main reservoirs species of this disease are considered to be wild boars and domestic pigs. So, in this article the authors performed a comparative retrospective analysis of the prevalence of Aujeszky’s disease among these species in Ukraine over 2009–2020 by systematizing and analyzing the epizootic data and results of serological studies. As a result of the conducted research, there is a clear trend that shows the reduction in the number of locations in Ukraine (farms, households, etc.) with domestic pigs affected by Aujeszky’s disease. Thus, in 2009 four such farms were found, and in 2018 – only one. During 2014–2016 and 2019–2020, affected farms and locations were not registered for this disease. In total, 21 such points with infected pigs were registered during the analyzed period. As for wild boars, during the analyzed 12 years, locations with animals affected by Aujeszky’s disease were registered only in 2013 and 2014 (two and one, respectively). It should be noted that all of those with infected wild boars were found in the AR Crimea. For the twelve years, the number of tested sera samples from domestic pigs amounted to 378,678 (7.4% were positive) and from wild boars – 9,052 (19.8% were positive). As a result of comparative geographical analysis of the obtained data on the detection of specific humoral antibodies to the Aujeszky’s disease virus among both species for 12 years in the regions of Ukraine, there is no established clear correlation between the spread of the disease among wild boars and domestic pigs. Thus, the highest seroprevalence rates among wild boars were observed in the northern and northeastern parts of Ukraine, and in domestic pigs, on the contrary, in the southern and central parts of this country. It should be noted, that since 2014 the number of serological tests among both species for carriers of Aujeszky’s disease has significantly decreased.

Scheme of incineration of wood waste in a furnace with a circulating boiling bed

Cyclonic-vortex technology of solid fuel combustion allows to reduce the furnace volume of the boiler unit, dimensions and weight. Mixing of fuel particles and air in a swirling stream provides intensive heat exchange and fuel combustion in a limited furnace volume. The results of improving the thermal scheme of combustion of pulverized fuel (wood waste) in a circulating fluidized bed are presented. The results of numerical calculations showed the possibility of burning sawdust with a particle diameter of 25 μm to 750 μm. When the air-fuel mixture is supplied from the bottom of the furnace, and the secondary air from the top of the furnace, ash is removed in liquid form through a slot in the lower part of the furnace. It was found that with a sawdust moisture content of 10%, ash content Ac = 0.6%, a higher combustion heat of 17.7 MJ / kg, particle entrainment is 19.2 %, the degree of particle burnout is 92.5%, which requires afterburning of entrainment in a circulating boiling layer. One of the ways to improve Ukraine's fuel and energy balance is to use alternative sources of heat to natural gas, namely solid fuels or wood industry waste. It is necessary to involve specialized technologies for burning solid fuels. Currently, there is an incomplete theoretical and practical knowledge about the processes of burning wood waste.The use of natural gas as a source of thermal energy occupies a significant part of Ukraine's fuel and energy balance. To increase the share of solid fuels, it is necessary to study in more detail the processes of their combustion and the use of methods of intensification of heat transfer processes in the furnaces of solid fuel boilers. The results of numerical calculations showed that the use of vortex furnace instead of direct flow in the scheme CKS increases the residence time of particles in the furnace, which reduces the multiplicity of fuel circulation, reduce the size and weight of the furnace

The new energy model of post-war Ukraine: distributed generation and the electricity exchange market

Introduction. The task of Russia as an aggressor country during a large-scale war is to destroy the statehood of Ukraine, which is accompanied by the genocide of the population due to the destruction of critical life support infrastructure, in particular, facilities for generating electricity and transmitting it to consumers. As of the end of 2022, as a result of massive missile attacks, more than 50% of energy capacities have been destroyed, which in turn leads to long-term emergency power outages for household consumers and businesses. Such significant damage was caused by the legacy of the USSR model of centralized generation at several nuclear, thermal and hydroelectric power stations. Ukraine's signing of the Association Agreement with the EU provided for the reform of the energy sector, but centralization and monopolization did not allow the planned implementation, in particular, the formation of an electricity market with transparent exchange pricing mechanisms for this resource. The purpose. Based on the analysis of foreign experience, develop recommendations for the formation of a new energy model of post-war Ukraine. Methods. In the process of research, methods of analysis and synthesis, generalization and comparison, benchmarking was used to find the best foreign practices. It was revealed that the processes of distribution of electricity generation have been taking place on the energy market of EU countries for a long time, which increases the number of participants and contributes to the formation of exchange mechanisms for transparent pricing of this resource. The results. It has been proven that the restoration of the existing centralized generation will not solve the issue of energy security of the country in the future. It is proposed to include the formation of a new energy model based on the decentralization (distribution) of generation based on new environmentally friendly technologies and the electricity exchange market as part of Ukraine's post-war reconstruction strategies.

REGIONAL PECULIARITIES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT IN UKRAINE

The presented article is carried out within the framework of the project APENA-3 (EuropeAid/140209/DH/SER/UA) on topical issues of regional distribution of waste generation and management, which is the basis for understanding their territorial features and differences in Ukraine. The purpose of the research was to substantiate the regions as the culmination centres of waste generation and management – in general and by hazard classes, and to rank the regions according to a number of relevant criteria. Structural-dynamic and graphical analysis were used in the research. The sample covers 24 regions of Ukraine and Kyiv city with a respective set of indicators. The study revealed an uneven distribution in terms of waste categories and areas. Some oblasts showed clear culminating positions according to several criteria. During the study period, Ukraine as a whole showed a negative trend of growth of waste not used for further processing and, in particular, incinerated without useful energy. Against this background, there was a much lower share of waste disposal and incineration with a beneficial effect, in general for Ukraine it was a downward trend. In some oblasts, high intra-regional efficiency of waste management of different hazard classes has been revealed, regardless of their weight in the country. Some regions, generating most of the waste, have also managed to dispose it, but this situation is not a general trend. The analysis of the regional distribution of waste generation and management also revealed that most regions and communities receiving large numbers of internally displaced persons during the hostilities in Ukraine (in Western and Central parts of Ukraine) were mostly not leaders in waste management previously, so they objectively lack the necessary capacity and practical experience to manage large waste flows in a case of their critical increase. In the future, it is recommended in the waste management system to develop a policy of forming appropriate reserves of operational & infrastructural capacities and maintaining resources to respond more flexibly to critical waste increases.

Coverage of Borys Hrinchenko’s creative work in the occupation periodicals in 1941–1943

The article is devoted to the activities of Borys Hrinchenko, the famous Ukrainian writer, poet, publicist and public figure, in periodicals in the territory occupied by the Nazi army during World War II. It is shown that the figure of Borys Hrinchenko and his multifaceted work found a response in hearts of the Ukrainian people in conditions of the hardships of World War II; editors of newspapers and periodicals often appealed to the works of famous writers, poets and publicists in all parts of Ukraine. It is found that the main content of the writer’s works was the struggle for the Ukrainian national cause and an independent state. The high interest in the figure of Borys Hrinchenko and his work during World War II is demonstrated by the number of publications in the occupation periodicals.

GREY UKRAINIAN CATTLE BREED AS THE ANCESTOR OF PODOLIC (PODOLIAN) GROUP

Since 19th century, there is an opinion in Europe that the Podolic cattle group was formed after the name and genetics of cattle that existed on the Podolic Upland. Currently, this position is being discussed in scientific circles of European countries, breeding animals of the Podolic group. Taking into account above-mentioned, in the article there is proved the background for the justification, that the Grey Ukrainian breed of cattle, which exists on Podolic Upland and in the whole Ukraine, belongs to the Podolic group and may be its ancestor.
 Podillya is the part of Ukraine and borders on the western regions of modern Ukraine, which at the time of the most intensive cattle trade were parts of foreign countries. That’s why the cattle from all over Ukraine were collected in Podillya and fattened by local landowners to be exported abroad. According to the written evidences, the cattle trade has been going on since the 15th century, but then it has been already developed, ie the beginning of trade should be sought earlier. The possibility of finding such evidences is significantly limited due to the lack of written sources. The remains of long-horned cattle are found in Podillya and all over the modern Ukraine from the 7th millennium BC.

Вплив використання засобів охолодження повітря у легкозбірних приміщеннях на показники поведінки та комфорту корів за високих температур навколишнього середовища

The aim of this work was to study the influence of the use of air cooling means in easily assembled premises on the behavior and comfort of cows during periods of dangerous value of the temperature-humidity index (THI). The research was conducted during July 2020 in the central part of Ukraine (Kyiv region, Bila Tserkva district) during a long high-temperature load. The value of the daily ambient air temperature ranged from +19 to +34°С, and the relative humidity was 46–78%. Two farms with loose cows and different animal comfort options were selected for the study. The first option is to be loose in an easy-to-assemble room with fans installed above the aft table to cool the air. Fan hours from 12:00 to 17:00. The second option is loose keeping in an easy-to-assemble room on a deep, long-lasting straw litter. It was found that the use of ventilation systems allowed to reduce by 5.3°C the average daily values of air temperature compared to keeping on deep litter without ventilation systems. The values equivalent temperature index (ETI) and the index of equivalent temperature for cattle (ETIC), which indicate the level of sensitivity of the body during prolonged high temperatures, were lower by 1.63°C, and ETIC by 1.11 compared to keeping in deep litter without systems ventilation. The duration of lying down under the option of keeping cows using air cooling elements was higher by 68 min/day compared to keeping on deep litter without air cooling elements. In a cowshed with ventilation systems, the energy consumption for heat transfer of the body was 63.1 MJ, which is 5.4 MJ lower than in a cowshed on deep litter without the use of ventilation systems.

Serological prevalence ofLeptospira serovars among pigs inUkraine during the period of2001-2019.

Leptospirosis isawidespread infection among pigs throughout the world. Inmost cases inUkraine, onlythe microscopic agglutination test (MAT) isused for the diagnosis ofleptospirosis inanimals. Ingeneral, during the period of2001-2019, 2381163 samples ofblood sera from swine were tested inour country and 85338 positive reactions were received, which is3.58% [binomial confidence intervals (BCI), 3.56-3.61%]. Itwas established that the serovars copenhageni- 33.91% (BCI, 33.59-34.23%), bratislava - 14.14% (BCI, 13.90-14.37%), pomona - 8.58% (BCI, 8.39-8.77%), and tarassovi - 7.12% (BCI, 6.95-7.30%) play aleading role inthe aetiological structure ofswine leptospirosis. Alarge number ofpositive reactions toseveral serovars was observed - 29.78% (BCI, 29.47-30.09%) ofthe total number ofpositive cases. Inaddition, the article presents data according toaretrospective analysis ofthe eight serovars circulating among pigs inUkraine. Thus, during the nineteen year period, there was adecrease inthenumber ofpositive reactions tobratislava, pomona, and tarassovi and anincrease inthenumber ofpositive reactions tocopenhageni, polonica, and kabura. Mapping Ukraine's territory for leptospirosis among pigs was carried out. This allows one toidentify zones with arisk ofleptospirosis infections among swine. The maps show that thehighest incidence rates were identified inthe eastern and central parts ofUkraine.

The creative activity of the choir class of Ivano-Frankivsk Vocational Music College named after Denys Sichynskyi

The purpose of the article. To reveal the principles of professional growth of the choir class of Ivano-Frankivsk Vocational Music College named after Denis Sichinsky through the prism of conducting its leaders. Outline the repertoire findings and concert and festival achievements of the group. The methodology consists in the implementation of a system-chronological approach in the analysis of individual pages of the team's activities, first published personal archival materials of the author. It is also possible to use a scientific method to combine and adjust new and previously obtained results, thus tracing the process of professionalization of the college choir for more than 80 years of existence. The scientific novelty is to trace and highlight the stages of the creative practice of the choir class. For the first time, an attempt was made to characterize the activities of the teaching staff of the college from its founding to the present day, which allows us to recreate a holistic picture of its artistic development. Conclusions. For a long time the choir class of the college was headed by famous choirmasters, thanks to whom creative youth has the opportunity to form professionally and popularize samples of the world and Ukrainian choral music in the region, different parts of Ukraine, and abroad. The basis of the choir's repertoire consists of works of various genres and styles, but the uniqueness of the ensemble's funds lies in the sound of D. Sichynsky's choral heritage. Thus, in the cultural process of Prykarpattia and Ukraine, the student academic choir, as a participant in the educational process and a unique concert unit of the region, has an important role.

TRANSFORMATION OF WESTERN PODILLIA TRADITIONAL DANCE IN THE CONTEXT OF REGIONAL FESTIVAL MOVEMENT

The article covers the issue of transformation of traditional dance in the context of festival movement in the particular region and Ukraine as a whole. The research article analyses the functioning of art folklore festivals on the territory of Western Podillia. The study investigates the organization of art festivals of the region in historical and chronological perspective and presents the key tasks for their holding. The article partially covers the activities of some dance and folk-ritual groups of Western Podillia, which are active participants and popularisers of folk art, in particular of local traditional dances. The study reveals the issues related to the functioning and development of traditional dance in terms of folklorism, which is implemented during the «Ternopil talismans», regional festival of folk crafts, folklore and choreography, which hosts the «Ternopil Polka», festival of authentic dance (Ternopil); «Red guilder-rose», folk dance festival (Ternopil); «Bells of Lemko region», All-Ukrainian festival of Lemko culture (Bychova tract of Monastyryskyi district); «Embroidery blossoms in Borshchiv region», annual All-Ukrainian Folklore and Art Festival (Borshchiv) and other local festivals. The article highlights the importance of organizing and holding regional local holidays and folklore and art festivals in the context of the revival of the national and cultural identity of Western Podillia as an integral part of Ukraine.

PRODUCTIVITY AND COMFORT OF KEEPING COWS AT LOW ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURES

The aim of this work was to study the effect of low temperatures on productivity, microclimate parameters and comfort of keeping cows in different variants of prefabricated premises. The research was conducted in the central part of Ukraine (Kyiv region, Bila Tserkva district) in three farms where animals are kept loose at different sizes of prefabricated premises. The first option is a prefabricated room without insulation elements; the second prefabricated room with elements of warming of side walls by polycarbonate glass; the third in an easy-to-assemble room on a deep, long-lasting straw litter. The average annual number of dairy cows in all farms is 400. The studies were performed in the thermoneutral period, when the average daily ambient temperature did not fall below -5.0 ° C (17 days) and the period of high-temperature load, when the value of the average daily ambient temperature was -15 °C and below (11 days). It was found that prolonged low-temperature load significantly affects the comfort of cows in the options for keeping in easily assembled rooms of different types. The average daily air temperature in all variants of easily assembled rooms was negative. At the same time, during boxing without insulation elements, the temperature was -5.3 ° С, which is slightly lower than the permissible values ​​recommended for dairy cattle. The best values ​​among prefabricated premises in terms of microclimate indicators, bioclimatic indices, resting place temperatures and energy costs for heat production were for the use of polycarbonate glass insulation systems during the winter period. The use of elements of insulation of easily assembled premises provided the lowest among the studied options of premises reduction of productivity in the period of low-temperature load.

“To the End of the Line”: The Romanian Army in Operation Barbarossa

ABSTRACT This article uses the 80th anniversary of Nazi Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union to re-examine Romania’s role in Operation Barbarossa. Its primary aim is to refute the myth that Romanian soldiers lacked motivation and support for the war, which supposedly quickly eroded after the Romanian Army reconquered territory occupied by the USSR a year prior. The conventional view arguing in favor of Romania being a reluctant Axis ally points to the fact that after initially fielding two armies in June 1941, it only had a corps on the front line in December 1941. This article argues that this was actually the result of German skepticism — based on legitimate professional criticism and bogus racist theories — of the combat value of Romanian soldiers and German logistical inability to supply its own forces, much less those of its allies, as the campaign dragged on. The author argues that Romanian soldiers were actually highly motivated by ideology to fight against the alleged threat of ‘Judeo-Bolshevism’. Although the Romanian Army did suffer many weaknesses in training, equipment, and leadership, it could rely on officers and enlisted men willing to fight with determination against the Red Army and commit atrocities against Jews. This article shows both sides of Romania’s ‘holy war’ by combining military and Holocaust perspectives as both fighting and mass murder were closely related on the Eastern Front. This wider perspective also highlights the importance of several more Romanian corps helping to occupy parts of Ukraine in the rear to allow German troops to be spared for operations on the front as Nazi Germany tried to win final victory before Christmas. Romania’s holy war complemented Nazi Germany’s race war and bound the two tightly together on the Eastern Front even after Operation Barbarossa failed to destroy the Soviet Union.