Part Of Fundus Research Articles

Real-time fundus reconstruction and intraocular mapping using an ophthalmic endoscope.

Robotic ophthalmic endoscope holders allow surgeons to execute dual-hand operations in eye surgery. To prevent needle-like endoscopes from invading the retina when moving, surgeons expect visual and real-time information about the relative special relationship between the endoscope and fundus. This study develops a real-time fundus reconstruction method. First, using deep learning, the method estimates the distance between the fundus part corresponding to every pixel of the RGB endoscopic image and the endoscope. Then, by combining the estimated distance with the kinematics of a robotic holder, the point cloud representing the present fundus area is generated, and by which the size and position of the eyeball are estimated. This method shows a real-time frequency of 10Hz, which is robust to eyeball movement. The error of fundus reconstruction is about 0.5mm, and the error of eyeball estimation is about 1mm. Using this fundus reconstruction method can map the position of the endoscope inside the eyeball when using a robotic endoscope holder in eye surgery. The overall accuracy level meets the ophthalmologists' accuracy requirements of ophthalmologists.

A rare case of eye complications of gastric stromal tumor treatment using imatinib mesylate

Purpose: to describe a clinical case of ocular complications of gastric stromal tumor treatment with imatinib mesylate. Material and methods . A patient aged 78 was examined by general ophthalmologic and instrumental methods, including ultrasound and spectral optical coherence tomography (SOCT). Results. Ophthalmoscopy helped diagnose a blunted foveal reflex of the right eye. In the left eye, fuzzy boundaries of the optic disc edema and the macular reflex, the presence of gray-yellow foci of an irregular shape with even distinct boundaries in the paramacular zone were revealed. In the lower part of the left eye fundus, a weakly pigmented gray-yellow focus with uneven indistinct boundaries and an uneven surface was to be seen. SOCT showed in the right eye a retinal edema in the macula and paramacular zones and an epiretinal membrane. In the left eye, SOCT showed vitreoretinal tractions and retinal edema on the edges of the optic nerve; in the paramacular zone and in the inner parts of the fundus, vitreoretinal tractions, epiretinal fibrosis, retinal edema was observed whilst in the lower parts of the fundus complete destruction of all retinal layers due to the hyperreflective focus with a small-shaped inner contour, an even choroidal profile with thinning of the choroid, vitreoretinal tractions, and epiretinal membrane in the left eye could be seen. Conclusions. The clinical case of eye complications of imatinib mesylate in the treatment of gastric stromal tumor necessitates an interdisciplinary integrated approach (involving an oncologist and an ocular oncologist) in the diagnosis and treatment of eye tumors. A complex of instrumental methods of diagnostics of eye fundus diseases involving additional refinement methods (SOCT) ensures differential diagnosis of retinopathy during the chemotherapy, secondary metastatic involvement, and vitreoretinal pathology of a different pathogenetic etiology. Early diagnosis facilitates providing adequate treatment aimed at preserving the patient’s vision, the eye, and life.

Clinical Efficacy of Single-Channel Gastroscopy, Double-Channel Gastroscopy, and Double Gastroscopy for Submucosal Tumors in the Cardia and Gastric Fundus

ObjectiveTo determine the feasibility and efficacy of single-channel gastroscopy, double-channel gastroscopy, and double gastroscopy in treating submucosal tumors in the cardia and gastric fundus. MethodsThe data of 77 patients with submucosal tumors (SMTs) in the cardia and gastric fundus parts of the stomach who underwent single-channel gastroscopy, double-channel gastroscopy, and double gastroscopy were retrospectively analyzed. The observed therapeutic effect, complications, and local recurrence from these three groups were then compared. ResultsAll lesions were completely taken out under endoscopy, and the operation time for single-channel gastroscopy group was 20–90 min with an average of 44.5 min, and the postoperative hospitalization time was 5–9 days with an average of 7.5 days. The operation time for the double-channel gastroscopy group was 40–110 min with an average of 60.5 min, and the postoperative hospitalization time was 7–10 days with an average of 8.3 days, whereas the operation time of double gastroscopy group was 35–120 min with an average of 66.3 min, and the postoperative hospitalization time was 7–10 days with an average of 8.5 days. No patient was required to be transferred to the General Surgery Department for continuous treatment. Bleeding was noted from all the patients during operation, and hemostasis was performed successfully. Postoperative bleeding was not observed in any of the cases. Full-thickness resection was performed in all the three groups. No residual or recurrent lesions were detected via reexamination of gastroscopy in all the patients. ConclusionSingle-channel gastroscopy, double-channel gastroscopy, and double gastroscopy present potential capability with distinctive advantages in the endoscopic treatment of submucosal tumors of the cardia and gastric fundus, and it also shows that appropriate operation methods should be selected based on the situation of an individual patient.

A surgical simulator for peeling the inner limiting membrane during wet conditions.

The present study was performed to establish a novel ocular surgery simulator for training in peeling of the inner limited membrane (ILM). This simulator included a next-generation artificial ILM with mechanical properties similar to the natural ILM that could be peeled underwater in the same manner as in actual surgery. An artificial eye consisting of a fundus and eyeball parts was fabricated. The artificial eye was installed in the eye surgery simulator. The fundus part was mounted in the eyeball, which consisted of an artificial sclera, retina, and ILM. To measure the thickness of the fabricated ILM on the artificial retina, we calculated the distance of the step height as the thickness of the artificial ILM. Two experienced ophthalmologists then assessed the fabricated ILM by sensory evaluation. The minimum thickness of the artificial ILM was 1.9 ± 0.3 μm (n = 3). We were able to perform the peeling task with the ILM in water. Based on the sensory evaluation, an ILM with a minimum thickness and 1000 degrees of polymerization was suitable for training. We installed the eye model on an ocular surgery simulator, which allowed for the performance of a sequence of operations similar to ILM peeling. In conclusion, we developed a novel ocular surgery simulator for ILM peeling. The artificial ILM was peeled underwater in the same manner as in an actual operation.

Identifikasi Sifat dan Distribusi Sel Endokrin Ghrelin di Lambung Tikus (Rattus Norvegicus): Studi Immunohis-Tokimia pada Kondisi Obesitas

Obesity is one of major nutritional problems in the world. Obesity is very dangerous, especially when concentrated in the abdomen, because it is closely linked to various diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, which can to causing death. This study aims to identify the nature and distribution of ghrelin on gastric endocrine cells in the obese rat (Rattus norvegicus) by using immunohistochemical techniques. The results will strengthen the understanding of the role and function of ghrelin as an alternative therapeutic target on obesity. The research used gastric tissues of ten obese and control rats which were stained with avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method of immunohistochemistry. The results showed the existence of two types of ghrelin-producing cells (open and closed types) on the gastric mucosa of control rats, and only one type of ghrelin producing cells (open type) in obese rats. The intensity of ghrelin immunoreactive positive cells was detected weak in obese rats, but very strong in control rats. Ghrelin endocrine cells mainly distributed in the basal part of the gastric mucosa of the fundus parts, with a very small number in obese rats, but highly abundant in control rats. This study confirmed the decrease of the ghrelin synthesis and secretion in obese rat (Rattus norvegicus) at the cellular level. The decrease of ghrelin synthesis is characterized by a reduction on the number of ghrelin producing cells, the disappearance of the close type of ghrelin producing cells, and the low activity of protein synthesis in the ghrelin producing cells. Ghrelin endocrine cells distributed mainly in the basal part of the gastric mucosa, especially in the fundus parts.

Suspicious choroidal mass – an interdisciplinary challenge

AbstractPurpose To highlight the importance of interdisciplinary work up based on a patient with presumed choroidal metastatic of unknown primary tumor.Methods Clinical‐pathological case report.Results A 57 year old woman was referred to our clinic because of a progressive vision loss in her right eye for seven days. Loss of vision field and light flashes followed 3 days later. General medical history was inconspicuous and last general check‐up including gynaecologic examination performed by general practitioner was apparently normal. At first presentation, a yellowish choroidal mass in the inferior part of fundus was found clinically. Further diagnostic exams like ultrasound, OCT, fluorescence angiography and MRI of the orbit were suspicious for a choroidal metastasis of unknown primary tumor. An immediate interdisciplinary work‐up with gynaecologists and oncologist was performed; histology of a punch biopsy of the left mammae confirmed the suspected finding of a multiple low differentiated invasive growing ductal carcinoma. Furthermore, metastasis of the lung and axillary lymph nodes were found. Because of the multiple metastases, a combined chemotherapy and radiation therapy was initiated.Conclusion Choroidal mass is indicative for metastasis which requires immediate interdisciplinary work‐up even in the absence of a positive medical history. Since biopsy of the choroidal mass should not be performed, the diagnosis was made by the biopsy of the primary tumor, showing a metastasized aggressive breast tumor. Thanks to efficient interdisciplinary work up, local and systemic therapy saved vision in her right eye and best palliative care was offered.

Researches on Morphofunctional Status of the Digestive Tract of Red Deer (Cervus elaphus L.) Bred in Latvia

Latvijā audzētu briežu (Cervus elaphus L.) gremošanas trakta morfofunkcionālā stāvokļa pētījumi:

Gastric leiomyoma in a domestic shorthair cat

Neoplasia of the gastrointestinal system is uncommon in cats, whereas gastric tumors are exceedingly rare. This article describes the occurrence of gastric leiomyoma in a 3-year-old feline leukemia virus (FeLV)-positive cat. The tumor was accidentally diagnosed in a retrospective postmortem histopathological study in feline immunodeficiency virus- and FeLV-infected euthanized cats. At necropsy, a firm, muscular mass measuring 1.5 × 2.5 cm arising from the cardia extending to the fundus part of the stomach was seen. In histopathological examination, the nonencapsulated tumor mass consisted of spindle cells with large nuclei. No abnormal mitotic division, metastasis, or local invasion was seen resembling the diagnosis of leiomyoma. Helicobacter spp. infection was noted in cytological examination, and mixed infection with Helicobacter heilmannii and Helicobacter felis was confirmed in species-specific polymerase change reaction. To our knowledge, gastric leiomyoma has not been reported previously in cats. The association of Helicobacter spp. and FeLV infection with tumor occurrence is uncertain, but chronic antigenic stimulations could be considered as potential predisposing factors for gastric tumors.

Decreased UCP2 mRNA Expression in Rat Stomach following Vagotomy: Novel Role for UCP2 as Free Radical Scavenger in the Stomach?

Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) is a protein, located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, which dissipates the proton gradient of this membrane and uncouples respiration from oxidative phosphorylation. We found, by in situ hybridisation, UCP2 mRNA to be located in the proliferating zone of the mucous neck cells in the fundus part of the rat stomach. We also found that UCP2 expression in fundus was significantly decreased after seven days of vagotomy. Furthermore, we found manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (SOD2), in fundus, to be down-regulated in a way similar to UCP2. The amount of ATP was significantly decreased following vagotomy. It is concluded that UCP2 in the gastro-intestinal tract is regulated through vagal innervation and suggested to act as a free radical scavenger.

Activation of Partially Purified Pepsinogen

Pepsinogen can be extracted from the mucosa of the fundus part of pig stomachs by m/10 NaHCO3-solution. Such extracts contain 80-90% of the total peptic activity of the mucosa (as determined after complete autolysis of the mucosa at pH 2) in the form of pepsinogen which is stable at alkaline reaction. The extract is treated with Filtercel† to remove most of the mucilaginous material, which otherwise renders the extract very difficult to handle. The pepsinogen may then be gradually purified by fractional precipitation with ammonium sulphate at pH 7. (Table I.)The total peptic activity (pepsinogen + preformed pepsin) of the various samples was determined by the hemoglobin method1 at pH 1.8, all pepsinogen being activated at this pH.2, 3 Pepsinogen alone was estimated as the difference between the total activity just mentioned and the activity of samples which previously had been titrated to pH 9 in order to destroy preformed pepsin. The activity is expressed in pepsin units [P.U.]Hb,4 the “specific activity...