Part Of Face Research Articles

Multiple morphological abnormalities in a blue shark Prionace glauca (Linnaeus, 1758) embryo from the Peruvian coast, southeast Pacific

This study reports for the first time a case of multiple morphological abnormalities in a blue shark Prionace glauca embryo collected on the Peruvian coast, southeast Pacific. External exploration and radiograph picture showed duplicated parts in the cephalic region (mouths and eye sockets) and trunk anomalies (thoracic lordosis and rolled caudal fin). The duplicate face parts in a single head seen in the embryo, suggest a diprosopia anomaly.

Evaluating the Anatomical Traits of Lip on Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography Images

Lips and mouth are the most recognizable parts of the lower face. The morphometry of the facial organs is important for the balance of the face. Besides congenital anomalies occur on the lips, some kinds of deformities might be seen because of trauma or carcinoma. In this respect, lips are in the study of plastic surgery, maxillofacial surgery and orthodontics. Lip morphology also takes an important role in forensic facial reconstruction (facial approximation). Twenty parameters on the soft tissue and 12 parameters on the hard tissue were measured on three dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) images belonging 50 individuals (25 female, mean age 35.40 ± 9.97; 25 male, mean age 34.32 ± 11.06). Statistical significance was observed on 4 parameters measured at soft tissue and 6 parameters measured in hard tissue. Statistical significance was not seen between the measurements taken bilaterally. Fourteen equations were developed in order to estimate the lip morphometry using the morphometric traits of hard tissue. We hope that the results of current study will be useful at surgery and forensic sciences.

Realistic Facial Expression Reconstruction for VR HMD Users

We present a system for sensing and reconstructing facial expressions of the virtual reality (VR) head-mounted display (HMD) user. The HMD occludes a large portion of the user's face, which makes most existing facial performance capturing techniques intractable. To tackle this problem, a novel hardware solution with electromyography (EMG) sensors being attached to the headset frame is applied to track facial muscle movements. For realistic facial expression recovery, we first reconstruct the user's 3D face from a single image and generate the personalized blendshapes associated with seven facial action units (AUs) on the most emotionally salient facial parts (ESFPs). We then utilize pre-processed EMG signals for measuring activations of AU-coded facial expressions to drive pre-built personalized blendshapes. Since facial expressions appear as important nonverbal cues of the subject's internal emotional states, we further investigate the relationship between six basic emotions - anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise, and detected AUs using a fern classifier. Experiments show the proposed system can accurately sense and reconstruct high-fidelity common facial expressions while providing useful information regarding the emotional state of the HMD user.

Concomitant injuries and complications according to categories of pan-facial fracture: a retrospective study

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate concomitant injuries and complications in patients with panfacial fracture (PF) according to patterns of PF. Materials and methodsPF is defined as fractures involving at least three of the four facial parts (frontal, upper midface, lower midface, and mandible). The data for this study were retrospectively analysed. A simple regression analysis, Cramer's V analysis, and Pearson's correlation analysis were used for verifying significance and correlation between the investigated factors and patterns of PF. Short-term postoperative surgical complications were classified according to the Clavien-Dindo classification (CDC). ResultsThere was a statistically significant association between age and PF pattern (ULM: 44.9 ± 19.2; FUL: 42.0 ± 16.8; FULM: 33.6 ± 15.3; FUM: 65; p = 0.024), between the cause of injury and PF pattern (p = 0.047), and between operative time and fracture pattern (ULM: 4h 45min ± 2h 21min; FUL: 5h 19min ± 2h 54min; FULM: 7h 19min ± 4h 13min; FUM: 2h 15min ± 0; p = 0.008). 89% of patients had concomitant injuries in other body parts. In the CDC grade groups, rade IVa cases (n = 4) showed statistically significant differences with PF patterns (p = 0.006). Of all the patients, 58.6% (n = 58) complained of postoperative complications. ConclusionPF patients can have different fracture patterns, depending on age and cause of trauma. Consequently, different PF patterns have different types of concomitant injuries and complications. PF patients with frontal area fracture have higher CDC grades, and may need ICU care. Therefore, classifying PFs will be a first step towards a systemic approach for treating and reducing complications.

Accelerated chronic skin changes without allograft vasculopathy: A 10-year outcome report after face transplantation

BackgroundLong-term outcomes after face transplantation are rarely reported in the scientific literature. Here we present outcome data of a partial face allograft recipient 10 years after transplantation. MethodsMedical records were reviewed for functional and psychosocial outcomes as well as complications. Histopathologic analyses of autopsy tissues and characterization of skin immune cells were performed. ResultsThe patient retained long-term motor and sensory function, though with a noticeable drop in sensory function after year 5. Social reintegration of the patient was marked by reconnection with his family and participation in public social activities. Immunosuppressive therapy consisted of tacrolimus (target levels 6–8 ng/mL after the first year), mycophenolate, and prednisone, while steroids were completely weaned between years 1 and 7. One acute cellular rejection episode of grade II or higher occurred on average per year and led to chronic skin changes (papillary dermal sclerosis with superficial hyalinization, epidermal thinning with loss of rete ridges, perieccrine fibrosis), but the allograft vessels, muscles, adipose tissue, and bone were spared. Allograft skin was characterized by increased number of CD4+ TNF-α/IL17A producing T-cells as compared with native skin. Long-term kidney function was maintained at 60 mL/min estimated glomerular filtration rate. Unfortunately, the preexisting hepatitis C virus infection with liver cirrhosis was resistant to 3 treatments with new direct-acting antivirals and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma developed, causing the patient’s death 10 years after transplantation. ConclusionThis report suggests that face transplants can maintain their function for at least 10 years. Chronic skin changes can occur independently of allograft vasculopathy.

MAKNA UNGKAPAN BENTUK NEGATIF (HITEIKEI HYOUGEN) DITINJAU DARI HIPOTESIS SAPIR & WHORF DALAM BUKU AJAR MINNA NO NIHONGO I

The objective of this research is to review negation expression for conversation in Minna no Nihongo I, Japanese textbook by Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is a hypothesis which shows an interrelationship between language and the mind. In Japanese the relationship between the mind and language has created a language reality in which language influenced by the cultures of the Japanese society. The influencing cultures for example are to show friendliness, modesty and others or a part of the public humility face. The negative form expression is represented by words which shows kind words in the ordinary style of the Japanese Language and kind of words in Japanese communication style. The use of negative expression is based on who is talking to whom, from which he or she comes, and what is the status of the speaker and the hearer. The correct use of the expression reflect an understanding of the culture on Japanese society

Perceptual integration and the composite face effect.

The composite face paradigm is widely used to investigate holistic perception of faces. In the paradigm, parts from different faces (usually the top and bottom halves) are recombined. The principal criterion for holistic perception is that responses involving the component parts of composites in which the parts are aligned into a face-like configuration are disrupted compared with the same parts in a misaligned (not face-like) format. This is often taken as evidence that seeing a whole face in the aligned condition interferes with perceiving its separate parts, but the extent to which the effect is perceptually driven remains unclear. We used salient perceptual categories of gender (male or female) and race (Asian or Caucasian appearance) to create composite stimuli from parts of faces that varied orthogonally on these characteristics. In Experiment 1, participants categorised the gender of the parts of aligned composite and misaligned images created from parts with the same (congruent) or different (incongruent) gender and the same (congruent) or different (incongruent) race. In Experiment 2, the same stimuli were used but the task changed to categorising race. In both experiments, there was a strong influence of the task-relevant manipulation on the composite effect, with slower responses to aligned stimuli with incongruent gender in Experiment 1 and incongruent race in Experiment 2. In contrast, the task-irrelevant variable (race in Experiment 1, gender in Experiment 2) did not exert much influence on the composite effect in either experiment. These findings show that although holistic integration of salient visual properties makes a strong contribution to the composite face effect, it clearly also involves targeted processing of an attended visual characteristic.

Is Vascularized Composite Allograft Transplantation Experimental or an Accepted Surgical Procedure: Results from a National Survey.

More than 85 patients have received over 100 hand/arm transplants and more than 35 patients have received full or partial face transplants at institutions around the world. Given over two decades of experience in the field and in the light of successful outcomes with up to 17 years follow up time, should we still consider vascularized composite allograft (VCA) as a research/clinical investigation? We present the results of a nationwide electronic survey whose intent was to gather institutional bias with regard to this question. An 11 question survey that was developed by VCA advisory committee of American Society of Transplantation was sent to all identified Internal Review Board chairs or directors in the United States. We received a total of 54 responses (25.3%) to the survey. The majority (78%) of responses came from either the chairperson, director, or someone who is administratively responsible for an IRB. Though certainly not an exhaustive investigation into each institution's preference, we present a representative sampling. The results of which favor VCA as an accepted clinical procedure given the appropriate setting. Further research is needed to fully ascertain practices at each individual institution.

Apathy of Stateless Persons

Nationality is a legal bond between a person and a State. Nationality provides people with a sense of identity but, more importantly, enables them to exercise a wide range of rights. The lack of nationality, i.e., statelessness, can therefore be harmful, in some cases devastating for the lives of the individuals concerned. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights clearly states that “everyone has the right to a nationality” and that “no-one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality.” Despite this guarantee, people in all parts of the world face the prospect of living without the rights and lack the security and protection which such nationality can provide. Stateless person is someone who is not considered as a national by any state, protection of stateless person was always considered as a challenge by International Community. Some people are born stateless, but others become stateless. In this research paper the author will examine the problems which are faced by stateless person throughout the world.

Multiple pedestrian tracking using Siamese random forests and shallow Convolutional Neural Networks

Modern automobiles accidents occur mostly due to inattentive behavior of drivers, which is why driver’s gaze estimation is becoming a critical component in automotive industry. Gaze estimation has introduced many challenges due to the nature of the surrounding environment like changes in illumination, or driver’s head motion, partial face occlusion, or wearing eye decorations. Previous work conducted in this field includes explicit extraction of hand-crafted features such as eye corners and pupil center to be used to estimate gaze, or appearance-based methods like Convolutional Neural Networks which implicitly extracts features from an image and directly map it to the corresponding gaze angle. In this work, a multitask Convolutional Neural Network architecture is proposed to predict subject’s gaze yaw and pitch angles, along with the head pose as an auxiliary task, making the model robust to head pose variations, without needing any complex preprocessing or hand-crafted feature extraction.Then the network’s output is clustered into nine gaze classes relevant in the driving scenario. The model achieves 95.8% accuracy on the test set and 78.2% accuracy in cross-subject testing, proving the model’s generalization capability and robustness to head pose variation.

Facial expression recognition using modified Viola-John’s algorithm and KNN classifier

In the way of communication, facial expression act as non-verbal communication and play an important role in social interaction by providing some contextual information. Facial expressions also express human’s inner emotional state, which is very effective for communication with the actual emotions. In this paper, an algorithm has been proposed to detect the face and facial parts more accurate to the Viola – John’s algorithm, and a fast-tracking algorithm for face tracking in real-time scenarios. The fusion of the facial features is used for feature extraction and comparative work on the several classifiers has been presented. In this approach, the images were acquired and seven significant facial parts from the image were cropped, then extract and store the features of several facial expressions. Finally, the expressions in the images were recognized using the classifiers. The algorithm was tested on four kinds of database and achieved accurate performance through the designed system.

A Case Report On Vitriolage

Vitriolage is an extreme form of violence in Bangladesh. The alarming increase in its frequency is a cause of concern. Violence against woman within South Asia includes rape and sexual abuse, trafficking, prostitution, domestic violence, dowry related deaths and psychological abuse. The reported case is of a 25 years old lady affected by acid burn in her face and adjoining part of the head during night while she was sleeping. On medicolegal point of view, the injury was homicidal in nature to run away without having a motive to kill the person. We should create public consciousness against this sort of brutal act.
 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.19(2) 2020 p.336-338

Recognizing Emotional Expression as an Outcome Measure After Face Transplant

Limited quantitative data exist on the restoration of nonverbal communication via facial emotional expression after face transplant. Objective and noninvasive methods for measuring outcomes and tracking rehabilitation after face transplant are lacking. To measure emotional expression as an indicator of functional outcomes and rehabilitation after face transplant via objective, noninvasive, and nonobtrusive software-based video analysis. This single-center case-control study analyzed videos with commercially available video analysis software capable of detecting emotional expression. The study participants were 6 patients who underwent face transplant at Brigham and Women's Hospital between April 2009 and March 2014. They were matched by age, race/ethnicity, culture, and sex to 6 healthy controls with no prior facial surgical procedures. Participants were asked to perform either emotional expressions (direct evaluation) or standardized facial movements (indirect evaluation). Videos were obtained in a clinical setting, except for direct evaluation videos of 3 patients that were recorded at the patients' residences. Data analysis was performed from June 2018 to November 2018. The possibility of detecting the emotional expressions of happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust was evaluated using intensity score values between 0 and 1, representing expressions that are absent or fully present, respectively. Six patients underwent face transplant (4 men; mean [SD] age, 42 [14] years). Four underwent full face transplants, and 2 underwent partial face transplants of the middle and lower two-thirds of the face. In healthy controls, happiness was the only emotion reliably recognized in both indirect (mean [SD] intensity score, 0.92 [0.05]) and direct (mean [SD] intensity score, 0.91 [0.04]) evaluation. Indirect evaluation showed that expression of happiness significantly improved 1 year after transplant (0.04 point per year; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.06 point per year; P = .002). Expression of happiness was restored to a mean of 43% (range, 14% to 75%) of that of healthy controls after face transplant. The expression of sadness showed a significant change only during the first year after transplant (-0.53 point per year; 95% CI, -0.82 to -0.24 point per year; P = .005). All other emotions were detectable with no significant change after transplant. Nearly all emotions were detectable in long-term direct evaluation of 3 patients, with expression of happiness restored to a mean of 26% (range, 5% to 59%) of that of healthy controls. Partial restoration of facial emotional expression is possible after face transplant. Video analysis software may provide useful clinical information and aid rehabilitation after face transplant.

Towards stabilizing facial landmark detection and tracking via hierarchical filtering: A new method

Many facial landmark detection and tracking methods suffer from instability problems that have a negative influence on real-world applications, such as facial animation, head pose estimation and real-time facial 3D reconstruction. The instability results of landmark tracking cause face pose shaking and face movement that is not fluent enough. However, most of the existing landmark detection and tracking methods only consider the stability of face location but neglect the stability of local landmark movement. To solve the problem of landmark local shaking, we present a novel hierarchical filtering method for stabilized facial landmark detection and tracking in video frames. The proposed method addresses the challenging landmark local shaking problem and provides effective remedies to solve them. The main contribution within our solution is a novel hierarchical filtering strategy, which guarantees the robustness of global whole facial shape tracking and the adaptivity of local facial parts tracking. The proposed solution does not depend on specific face detection and alignment algorithms, and thus, can be easily deployed into existing systems. Extensive experimental evaluations and analyses on benchmark datasets and 3D head pose datasets verify the effectiveness of our proposed stabilizing method.

Local and global features fusion to estimate expression invariant human age

Human beings can easily estimate the age or age group of a person from a facial image where as this capability is not prominent in machines. This problem becomes more complex due to presence of different facial expressions and age progression. In this paper, we introduced a novel method for age prediction using combination of local and global features. After detecting the face from image, we partition the facial image in 16 * 16 non-overlapping blocks and apply grey-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) on these blocks. After calculating four facial parts (eyes, forehead, left cheek and right cheek) from facial image, features from second local feature Gabor filter are obtained. Histogram of oriented gradients has been used as a global feature for feature extraction from complete face image. Experimental results show that fusion of local and global features perform better than existing approaches and reported 6.31 years mean absolute error (MAE) on PAL dataset.

Generating images of partial face using landmark based k-nearest neighbor

<p>One of the most common approaches to address the partial face recognition challenge is to crop the full face image into segments. The problem is how the full face image must be cropped in a uniform way to generate informative segments. The un-blindly strategy was applied in this paper to generate informative segments, it depends on localizing the facial landmarks and selecting the more informative facial points as a key points, as more as the k-nearest neighbor concept was explored to select the k nearest landmark points to the key points. Two landmark localization techniques were experimented, the suitable technique resulted in segments which are overlapped due to the supervised clustering technique that explored in this paper to cover important biometric face regions, not repeated and covered most probabilities in which it is possible to distinguish the query face from the available part of it.<strong><em></em></strong></p>

Pose and occlusion invariant face recognition system for video surveillance using extensive feature set

Face recognition presents a challenging problem in the field of image analysis and computer vision. Different video sequences of the same subject may contain variations in resolution, illumination, pose, and facial expressions. These variations contribute to the challenges in designing an effective video-based face-recognition algorithm. In this proposed method, we are presenting a face recognition method from video sequence with various pose and occlusion. Initially, shot segmentation process is done to separate the video sequence into frames. Then, face part is detected from each frame for further processing. Face detection is the first stage of a face recognition system. After detecting the face exactly the facial features are extracted. Here SURF features, appearance features, and holo-entropy is used to find out the uniqueness of the face image. The active appearance model (AAM) can be used to find out the appearance-based features in the face image. These features are used to select the optimal key frame in the video sequence which is based on the supervised learning method, modified artificial neural network (MANN) using bat algorithm. Here bat algorithm is used for optimising the weights of neurons. Finally, based on the feature library, the face image can be recognised.

Expert Consensus on Navigation-guided Unilateral Delayed Zygomatic Fracture Reconstruction Techniques.

The zygoma is located in the medial and lateral parts of the face, supporting the midfacial contour. The forward projection of the zygoma and the zygomatic arch often expose them to injury. Fractures of the zygoma can lead to the displacement of the zygoma and the zygomatic arch, causing facial collapse deformity. For delayed zygomatic fractures, the loss of normal anatomical landmarks caused by the malunion of the fracture lines and remodelling of the bony contour makes it difficult to determine the correct positions of the zygomatic bones. In such cases, ideal and steady outcomes with satisfactory midface symmetry have been difficult to obtain using traditional surgical methods. Nowadays, the application of digital surgical software and surgical navigation helps surgeons to perform accurate preoperative simulations to obtain ideal three-dimensional virtual surgical plans and achieve accurate reduction by intraoperative navigation systems, which increase the accuracy and predictability of fracture reduction outcomes. Experts from the Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Chinese Stomatological Association have fully discussed and formulated an expert consensus on navigation-guided unilateral delayed zygomatic fracture reconstruction techniques to standardise the clinical operation procedures and promote the application.

Size effect of Water-flowing fracture Zone height based on FLAC3D

The loss of water resources caused by mining fissures is a key factor restricting the green development of coal resources in western mining areas. in order to analyze the influence of mining thickness and face width on the development height of water diversion fracture zone, based on the characteristics of overburden in Xinzhuang Coal Mine, the finite difference software FLAC3D is used to simulate and analyze the size effect of water diversion fracture zone height. The simulation results show that the height of the water diversion fracture zone is positively correlated with the increase of mining thickness and working face width. When the mining thickness is 9m and the width of the working face is 240m, the height of the water diversion fracture zone is 115m, and the average distance between the coal layer 8 of Xinzhuang Coal Mine and the bottom of the Cretaceous aquifer is 106.9m, which may cause water inrush in the mine. Therefore, according to the simulation results and referring to the mining size of part of the mine face in the attached Binchang mining area, it is suggested that the mining thickness of Xinzhuang Coal Mine is about 10m and the width of the working face is not more than 200m.

Psychobiological Responses Reveal Audiovisual Noise Differentially Challenges Speech Recognition

In noisy environments, listeners benefit from both hearing and seeing a talker, demonstrating audiovisual (AV) cues enhance speech-in-noise (SIN) recognition. Here, we examined the relative contribution of auditory and visual cues to SIN perception and the strategies used by listeners to decipher speech in noise interference(s). Normal-hearing listeners (n = 22) performed an open-set speech recognition task while viewing audiovisual TIMIT sentences presented under different combinations of signal degradation including visual (AVn), audio (AnV), or multimodal (AnVn) noise. Acoustic and visual noises were matched in physical signal-to-noise ratio. Eyetracking monitored participants' gaze to different parts of a talker's face during SIN perception. As expected, behavioral performance for clean sentence recognition was better for A-only and AV compared to V-only speech. Similarly, with noise in the auditory channel (AnV and AnVn speech), performance was aided by the addition of visual cues of the talker regardless of whether the visual channel contained noise, confirming a multimodal benefit to SIN recognition. The addition of visual noise (AVn) obscuring the talker's face had little effect on speech recognition by itself. Listeners' eye gaze fixations were biased toward the eyes (decreased at the mouth) whenever the auditory channel was compromised. Fixating on the eyes was negatively associated with SIN recognition performance. Eye gazes on the mouth versus eyes of the face also depended on the gender of the talker. Collectively, results suggest listeners (1) depend heavily on the auditory over visual channel when seeing and hearing speech and (2) alter their visual strategy from viewing the mouth to viewing the eyes of a talker with signal degradations, which negatively affects speech perception.