Part Of Connector Research Articles

Investigation of HTS CrossConductor Joints, Connectors, and Terminations

The high-temperature superconductor (HTS) CrossConductor (HTS CroCo) is a modified stacked-tape arrangement, aiming for high current density and easy long-length fabrication. It is intended to be used as a strand for a high current cable in industrial dc applications or large high-field magnets. In order to allow for an economical operation, terminations, joints, and connector parts need to be sufficiently low-resistive to minimize the heat generation and thus the cooling cost. On the other hand, industrial applicability requires reliable and easy-to-use concepts. In this paper, three approaches to fabricate soldered joints and terminations for HTS CroCos are presented and assessed based on resistance measurements at 77 K, self-field. Termination resistances of some tens of nano-Ohms were achieved for the best termination concepts. Additionally, four types of low-resistive HTS CroCo connectors with bending radii of less than 5 cm are introduced and assessed. For the best connector types, some tens of nano-Ohms were achieved giving rise to a heat generation of less than 1 W at operating conditions.

Light-Induced Conformational Changes of LOV2-Kinase and the Linker Region in Arabidopsis Phototropin2.

Phototropins (phots) are blue light sensors found in a variety of higher plants and algae. The photochemical reactions of this family of proteins have attracted much attention since their discovery. Phots have two light sensor domains called light-oxygen-voltage 1 (LOV1) and LOV2. After the formation of the characteristic adduct of the LOV domain, a conformational change of the C-terminal region of the LOV2 domain occurs, and characterizing this change is important for understanding biological function, that is, kinase activation. Here, the reaction dynamics of the Jα-helix and the extended region adjacent to the Jα-helix (connector) have been investigated. The conformation of the connector part and the Jα-helix were found to alter significantly in a two-state manner. Furthermore, the conformational change of the kinase domain was also successfully detected as a change in translational diffusion, although the CD intensity due to the kinase domain movement was almost silent. These observations indicate that the tertiary structure of the kinase domain changes. The rate of the kinase domain change is almost the same as that of the change for the LOV2-linker, suggesting that the conformational change of the linker is the rate-determining step for kinase activation.

계통연계형 에너지저장시스템의 위험우선순위 분석

The purpose of this paper is to deduct components that are in the group of highest risk(top 10%). the group is conducted for classification into groups by values according to risk priority through risk priority number(RPN) of FMEA(Failure modes and effects analysis) sheet. Top 10% of failure mode among total potential failure modes(72 failure modes) of ESS included 5 BMS(battery included) failure modes, 1 invert failure mode, and 1 cable connectors failure mode in which BMS was highest. This is because ESS is connected to module, try, and lack in the battery part as an assembly of electronic information communication and is managed. BMS is mainly composed of the battery module and communication module. There is a junction box and numerous connectors that connect these two in which failure occurs most in the connector part and module itself. Finally, this paper proposes RPN by each step from the starting step of ESS design to installation and operation. Blackouts and electrical disasters can be prevented beforehand by managing and removing the deducted risk factors in prior.

Phi29 Connector-DNA Interactions Govern DNA Crunching and Rotation, Supporting the Check-Valve Model

During replication of the ϕ29 bacteriophage inside a bacterial host cell, a DNA packaging motor transports the viral DNA into the procapsid against a pressure difference of up to 40 ± 20 atm. Several models have been proposed for the underlying molecular mechanism. Here we have used molecular dynamics simulations to examine the role of the connector part of the motor, and specifically the one-way revolution and the push-roll model. We have focused at the structure and intermolecular interactions between the DNA and the connector, for which a near-complete structure is available. The connector is found to induce considerable DNA deformations with respect to its canonical B-form. We further assessed by force-probe simulations to which extent the connector is able to prevent DNA leakage and found that the connector can act as a partial one-way valve by a check-valve mechanism via its mobile loops. Analysis of the geometry, flexibility, and energetics of channel lysine residues suggested that this arrangement of residues is incompatible with the observed DNA packaging step-size of ∼2.5 bp, such that the step-size is probably determined by the other components of the motor. Previously proposed DNA revolution and rolling motions inside the connector channel are both found implausible due to structural entanglement between the DNA and connector loops that have not been resolved in the crystal structure. Rather, in the simulations, the connector facilitates minor DNA rotation during the packaging process compatible with recent optical-tweezers experiments. Combined with the available experimental data, our simulation results suggest that the connector acts as a check-valve that prevents DNA leakage and induces DNA compression and rotation during DNA packaging.

The Feature Extraction Method in Power Spectrum Images for Connector Parts

This paper proposes a method to improve classification performance for an automatic classification system of surface mount devices (SMDs) using power spectrum images. Automatic classification methods for the type of SMD are required as preprocessing for mounting SMDs in chip mounters. Due to the variations of connector parts, the previous method has a low accuracy rate. This paper presents a classification method for parts images categorized as odd form under the previous method where HLAC feature from the power spectrum of an SMD image was used to extract the periodicity of leads. In the comparative experiment using HLAC, LBP features, up to 98.2[%] of the discrimination performance of presence of leads was obtained in the case of using HLAC features with power spectrum images. In the evaluation of robustness to the pitch and width of the lead, the higher average of true positive rate (91.9[%]) to 3 classes clustered by k-means method was obtained when using HLAC, compared to LBP (78.6[%]). By incorporating the proposed method using HLAC into automatic classifier, it is possible to classify in accuracy rate of 93.2[%] for the parts they are classified as odd form by previous method.

Recrystallization as a Growth Mechanism for Whiskers on Plastically Deformed Sn Films

Sn whiskers are becoming a serious reliability issue in Pb-free electronic packaging applications. Sn whiskers are also observed in connector parts of electronics as well as on electroplated surface finishes. Sn whiskers found in connector parts are known to behave differently from the typical Sn whiskers reported on electroplated Sn surfaces. In this study, Sn whiskers on plastically deformed Sn-rich films were investigated to understand their growth behavior to establish mitigation strategies for Sn-rich films used in connectors. Therefore, a microhardness indentation technique was applied to plastically deform electroplated matte Sn samples, followed by temperature/humidity (T/H) testing (30°C, dry air). Each sample was examined by scanning electron microscopy at regular time intervals up to 4000 h. Various morphologies of Sn whiskers on plastically deformed matte Sn films were observed, and their growth statistics and kinetics are analyzed in terms of the plating conditions and plastic deformation by using transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and the focused ion-beam technique. Sn whiskers were observed on plastically deformed regions of thin (2-μm) and thick (10-μm) matte Sn films, regardless of the current density applied. Plastic deformation was found to promote whisker formation on matte Sn films. A high density of dislocations and newly formed fine Sn subgrains were observed in deformed grains. In addition, the recrystallized grains and Cu6Sn5 intermetallic compound grew further with increasing time. Finally, a growth mechanism for deformation-induced Sn whiskers is proposed based on a recrystallization model combined with the formation of Cu6Sn5.

Influence of the SMA connector and its modeling on electromagnetic simulation

ABSTRACTThe modeling of subminiature version A (SMA) connectors is occasionally neglected when simulating microwave components or when an approximated model is used to represent its characteristics. In this article, SMA connector modeling is investigated and an appropriate simulation modeling is discussed. It was observed that modeling the inner part of the SMA connector using the coaxial cable model is adequate when no electromagnetic field exist outside of the SMA connector. However, modeling the exterior structure including a receptacle, if it exists, is required when an electromagnetic field exist outside the connector. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:2168–2171, 2015

Multi-core fiber connector using V-groove ferrule

We propose a novel connector for a multi-core fiber (MCF) that employs a V-groove ferrule. The proposed connector achieves rotational angle alignment by the insertion of a V-groove ferrule into a split sleeve with a pin. The proposed mechanism enables us to align cores directly in MCF not only in the vertical, horizontal and longitudinal directions but also in the rotational direction. With the proposed technique there is no need to control the clearance of the connector components because the rotational axis of the plug is directly aligned with the adaptor when we fit the pin into the V-groove. Moreover, the floating structure can remain unchanged since currently available connector parts can be employed. We show that this technique can precisely align the rotational angle for MCF with an arbitrary core structure. We also show that a more stable connection can be realized if we take account of the tolerance of the V-groove and pin.

リードの周期性に着目した電子部品自動分類システム

This paper proposes a method for an automatic classification system of surface mount devices (SMDs) focused on the periodicity of leads. Automatic classification methods for the type of SMD are required as preprocessing for mounting SMDs in chip mounters. Due to the variations of connector parts, the previous method has a low accuracy rate. This paper presents a classification method for multiple types of SMDs by using Higher-order Local AutoCorrelation (HLAC) features from the power spectrum of an SMD image. Support Vector Machine (SVM) automatically classifies connector parts including the periodicity of leads by using HLAC features from a spectrum. The experimental results show that the proposed method improved the accuracy rate of the connectors (115 samples) from 40.0[%] to 91.3[%]. For all kinds of parts (748 samples), the accuracy rate was improved from 89.2[%] to 96.0[%].

High-Resolution Optrode with Integrated Light Source for Deeper Brain Regions

This work reports on the design, assembly, and the optical as well as thermal properties of a polymer-based optrode with integrated light source to be appliedin optogenetic experiments. In parallel to electrical recordings of brain activity using macroelectrodes and microelectrodes, the enhanced depth probe enables the optical stimulation of neural tissue using integrated light emitting diodes (LEDs). A hollow cylindrical polyimide (PI) probe carries the electrodes and their wiring to a connector part while the LED is positioned within the cylindrical probe and electrically connected via a separate PI cable.

Analysis of Insulating Object Plastic Injection Forming of Bicycle Dynamo Hub Power Connector

Bicycle industry has been an international reputation as bicycle kingdom in Taiwan, but the problem of global warming green energy rise, the development of insulating object of hub dynamo and power output connector to bring new hope to bike industry. In this study connector power output to gather public opinion related to patent, basis of collected documents as basis for design, structural components in least drawn to power output with simple connector. The study objectives connector hoped at structure strongest, highest efficiency in output performance characteristics such as use computer-aided drawing software Solid works to establish power output connector parts of 3D model. A series of simulation analyses, in which the variables relied on Moldflow and ANSYS software forming, which were execution to investigate the effective stress, effective strain, weld line, injection time, injection pressure and filling state of insulating object plastic injection forming of insulating object of bicycle dynamo hub.

A Hybrid De-Embedding Technique of Eye Diagram Measurement for High-Speed Digital Interconnections

By a modeling technique of equivalent lumped circuit for high-speed interconnections, an innovative method is proposed to predict the physical intrinsic eye diagram. Such a technique is based on the measured impedance profile results of time-domain reflectometry, which includes the electric characteristics both of the connector itself and testing jigs. The latter's are to be removed to leave the connector's part only for the eye diagram prediction. This method can be verified further by SPICE simulation and measurement in this paper.

Consequences of Electrical Arc on Automotive Connector during Extraction Phase

Comfort, safety, communication, control with assistance (antilock brake system, seat heating, multi-media, etc...) and safeguarding the environment are many factors which are included in the new generation of vehicles. The increase in the number of electronic and electric system leads to a high level of vehicle control. To answer this high electric power demand, it will be necessary to triple the voltage of the batteries (from 14 to 42 Volts). The objective of this work is to study the arc phenomenon which can occur in an accidental way during the use of a high electric power and particularly during the extraction phase of the male part from the female part of the automotive connector. It was observed that this can be characterized by both its energy and by its temperature. The amplification of the contact current from 14 to 42 VDC considerably increases arc damage.

Compliant Device for Abdominal Wall Lifting in Gasless Laparoscopy

Compliant Device for Abdominal Wall Lifting in Gasless Laparoscopy

A prototype catheter designed for ultraviolet C disinfection

Disinfection of the intraluminal space of single-lumen polymer tubes can be obtained by ultraviolet C (UVC) light exposure from an external light source. In existing catheters UVC disinfection is hampered by the design of the catheter hub and tube connector. To demonstrate that it is possible to design a single-lumen catheter with a hub, tube connector and tube parts that can be UVC-disinfected throughout its entire lumen. Two single-lumen catheters were designed: one control and one for UVC exposure. They were contaminated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10(4)-10(5) cfu/mL) before UVC light exposure, sampling and plate counting. Two minutes of UVC exposure was sufficient to obtain 4 log10 disinfection for the full-length prototype catheter. This exposure corresponds to ∼40 mJ/cm(2) at the catheter tip and indicates that even shorter exposure times can be achieved. It is possible to design catheters that can be disinfected throughout the entire lumen. UVC light exposure could be useful as a decontamination method for catheters in clinical use.

Predicting backdrafting and spillage for natural-draft gas combustion appliances: A validation of VENT-II

VENT-II is a computer program designed to provide detailed analysis of natural-draft and induced-draft combustion appliance vent systems (i.e., furnace or water heater). This program is capable of predicting house depressurization thresholds that lead to backdrafting and spillage of combustion appliances; however, validation reports of the program being applied for this purpose are not readily available. The purpose of this article is to assess VENT-II's ability to predict combustion gas spillage events due to house depressurization by comparing VENT-II simulated results with experimental data for four appliance configurations. The results show that VENT-II correctly predicts depressurizations resulting in spillage for natural draft appliances operating in cold and mild outdoor conditions but not for hot conditions. In the latter case, the predicted depressurizations depend on whether the vent section is defined as part of the vent connector or the common vent when setting up the model. Overall, the VENT-II solver requires further investigation before it can be used reliably to predict spillage caused by depressurization over a full year of weather conditions, especially where hot conditions occur.

Specifying aspect-oriented architectures in AO-ADL

Context Architecture description languages (ADLs) are a well-accepted approach to software architecture representation. The majority of well-known ADLs are defined by means of components and connectors. Architectural connectors are mainly used to model interactions among components, specifying component communication and coordination separately. However, there are other properties that cut across several components and also affect component interactions (e.g. security). Objective It seems reasonable therefore to model how such crosscutting properties affect component interactions as part of connectors. Method Using an aspect-oriented approach, the AO-ADL architecture description language extends the classical connector semantics with enough expressiveness to model the influences of such crosscutting properties on component interactions (defined as ‘aspectual compositions’ in connectors). Results This paper describes the AO-ADL language putting special emphasis on the extended connectors used to specify aspectual and non-aspectual compositions between concrete components. The contributions of AO-ADL are validated using concern-oriented metrics available in the literature. Conclusion The measured indicators show that using AO-ADL it is possible to specify more reusable and scalable software architectures.

RF 스퍼터링과 이온소스 복합방식에 의한 플라스틱사출금형(SKD11)의 DLC막 응용

DLC film was synthesized on plastic injection mold(SKD11, <TEX>$30\;mm\;{\times}\;19\;mm\;{\times}\;0.5\;mm$</TEX>) and Si(100) wafer for 2 h at <TEX>$130^{\circ}C$</TEX> under 6 mTorr using hybrid method of rf sputtering and ion source. The obtained film was analysed by Raman spectroscopy, AFM, TEM, Nano indenter and scratch tester, etc. The film was defined as an amorphous phase. In the Raman spectrum, broad peak of <TEX>$sp^2$</TEX>-bonded carbon attributed to graphite at <TEX>$1550\;cm^{-1}$</TEX> were observed, and the ratio of ID(<TEX>$sp^3$</TEX> diamond intensity)/IG(<TEX>$sp^2$</TEX> graphite intensity) was approximately 0.54. The adhesion of DLC film was more than 80 N with scratch tester when <TEX>$0.2\;{\mu}m$</TEX> thickness Cr was coated as interlayer. The micro-hardness was distributed at 35~37 GPa. The friction coefficient was 0.02~0.07, and surface roughness(Ra) was 0.34~1.64 nm. The lifetime of DLC coated plastic injection mold using as a connector part in computer was more than 2 times of non-coated mold.

THE TRANSFERRED SHEAR FORCE-RELATIVE DISPLACEMENT RELATIONSHIP OF THE SHEAR CONNECTOR IN STEEL-CONCRETE SANDWICH BEAM AND ITS MODEL

This study investigates the relationship between transferred shear force and relative displacement of the shear connector in steel-concrete sandwich beam. The models, which can consider the effects of the height, thickness and shape of the shear connector, concrete strength, and thickness of the base steel plate where the shear connectors were attached, were proposed. The predicted relationship between transferred shear force and relative displacement as well as the curvature distribution along the vertical part of the shear connector are found to agree with the experimental results. Finite element analysis with the proposed model indicates its applicability as a constitutive model for shear connector.

Interaction of the Fibronectin COOH-Terminal Fib-2 Regions with Fibrin: Further Characterization and Localization of the Fib-2-Binding Sites

Incorporation of fibronectin into fibrin clots is important for the formation of a provisional matrix that promotes cell adhesion and migration during wound healing. Previous studies revealed that this incorporation occurs through noncovalent interaction between two NH2-terminal Fib-1 regions of fibronectin (one on each chain) and the alphaC-regions of fibrin, and is further reinforced by factor XIIIa-mediated covalent cross-linking of fibronectin to the fibrin matrix. To clarify the role of another pair of fibrin-binding regions, Fib-2, located at the disulfide-linked COOH-terminal ends of fibronectin, we prepared by limited proteolysis a dimeric 140 kDa (Fib-2)2 fragment containing both Fib-2 regions and tested its interaction with recombinant fragments corresponding to the alphaC regions of fibrin(ogen). In both ELISA and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiments 140 kDa (Fib-2)2 bound to the immobilized Aalpha221-610 alphaC-fragment. However, the affinity of binding was substantially lower than that for Fib-1. Ligand blotting and ELISA established that the Fib-2 binding site is located in the connector part of the alphaC region including residues Aalpha221-391. Analysis of the SPR-detected binding of fibronectin to the immobilized Aalpha221-610 alphaC-fragment revealed two types of fibronectin-binding sites, one with high affinity and another one with much lower affinity. Competition experiments revealed about 30% inhibition of the Fib-2 mediated binding by increasing concentrations of Fib-1 fragment suggesting partial overlap of the two sets of binding sites. Based on these results and our previous studies we propose a mechanism of interaction of fibronectin with fibrin in which both Fib-1 and Fib-2 play a role.