Carcass Parts Research Articles

ВЛИЯНИЕ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ ДОЗ РАСТИТЕЛЬНОГО ЭКСТРАКТА НА ПЕРЕВАРИМОСТЬ РАЦИО-НА, УБОЙНЫЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ, КОНВЕРСИЮ ВЕЩЕСТВ В СЪЕДОБНУЮ ЧАСТЬ ТУШКИ ПТИЦЫ

The purpose of research is to study the effect of oak bark extract on the digestibility of essential nutri-ents, slaughter rates, protein and energy conversion into the edible part of the bird carcass. Objectives: to establish the effect of various doses of oak bark extract on intake, digestibility of the main diet and energy balance; to identify changes in the slaughter parameters of poultry when fed with oak bark extract; to assess the transformation of nutrients and energy of the diet into products depending on the amount of the injected extract. The subject of the study were 7-day-old broiler chickens Smena-8 in the amount of 120 heads, which were divided into 4 groups (n = 30) by the method of analogues. The control group received the basal diet (BD); I experimental – BD + extract of oak bark No. 1 (1 g / kg of feed); II experimental – BD + of oak bark extract No. 2 (2 g/kg of feed); III experimental – BD + of oak bark extract No. 3 (3 g/kg of feed). The introduction of the test additives into the main diet contributed to a decrease in the consumption of the starter and growth diet by birds from the experimental groups compared to the control group by 8.36–22.53 and 10, 57–28.13 %. Young poultry that received the main diet during the growth period were inferior to their peers from the experimental groups in terms of digestibility of DM by 3.52–3.77 %, SF by 1.62–7.24 %, SP by 3.58–4.46 and carbohydrates 3 .3–4.1 %. It was established that the young poultry, which received extract No. 1 with the main diet, exceeded the analogs from the control in pre-slaughter weight by 1.99 % and muscle tissue weight by 3.57 % (p≤0.01). Also, poultry from group I were superior to the control group, II and III in slaughter yield by 3.9 %, 2.6 and 3.0 %, respectively. The best conversion of protein and energy was shown by the poultry kept on the main diet with the extract at a dose of 1 g/kg of feed, in this parameter they exceeded the control one by 18.87 and 11.44 %.

Influence of natural plant substances on quality indicators of broiler chicken meat

The research was conducted in the vivarium of the Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies in 2023 to study the effect of biologically active substances isolated from medicinal plants on the productivity and meat quality indicators. Week-old broiler chickens were divided into 4 groups (N = 180, n = 45). Broilers in the control group received the basic diet; animals from experimental groups I, II and III, along with the basic diet, were fed cinnamaldehyde in the amount of 15, 30 and 55 mg/kg of feed, respectively. At the age of 42 days, the animals were slaughtered and the chemical, amino acid and mineral composition of the muscles was determined. Broilers that, in addition to the basic diet, received cinnamaldehyde in the amount of 30 and 55 mg/kg of feed, exceeded the control group in pre-slaughter live weight by 4.50% and 7.27%, respectively. Similarly, the mass of muscle tissue and edible part of carcass in group III increased by 8.67% and 8.40% relative to the control group values, respectively. It was found that the mass fraction of protein in the breast was higher in young animals from group II than in the poultry from groups C, CA-I and CA-III by 1.57%, 2.16% and 1.35%, respectively. In terms of calcium content in the thighs, broilers from groups CA-II and CA-III exceeded the control group by 2 times. Young animals from the experimental groups CA-I and CA-III exceeded the poultry from group C in the accumulation of the essential amino acid arginine in the thighs by 0.4% and 0.2%, respectively. Thus, the use of cinnamaldehyde as a feed additive for agricultural poultry has a positive effect on the chemical composition of meat, the content of essential elements and amino acids.

Comparison of Growth Performance and Carcass Quality of KUB Kampung Chicken, Merawang Chicken, and In-ovo Feeding Kampung Chicken

ABSTRACT. This study aims to determine the growth performance and carcass quality of three different Kampung chicken species (KUB Kampung Chicken, Merawang Chicken, and In-ovo Feeding Kampung Chicken). This research was conducted at the CV. Bittara Wanua in Soppeng Regency. The study followed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three treatments and five replication plots. Each replication plot contained 5 chickens. The treatments namely: P1 uses KUB chicken, P2 uses Merawang chicken, and P3 uses Kampung chicken from in-ovo feeding. The parameters observed were growth performance including body weight gain, feed consumption, and feed conversion, while carcass quality includes carcass percentage, breast percentage, upper thigh percentage, lower thigh percentage, wing percentage, and back percentage. The results showed that treatment had a significant effect (P<0.05) on body weight gain, feed conversion, breast percentage, lower thigh percentage, and back percentage. Still, they had no effect (P>0.05) on feed consumption, carcass percentage, upper thigh percentage, and wing percentage. It could be concluded that KUB chicken has the best growth performance and carcass quality because it has fast growth, low feed conversion, and a high percentage of carcass parts of the breast compared to other types of native chickens.

The effects of varying stocking densities during the first 10 days on the performance, welfare, slaughter and meat quality characteristics of broiler chickens in the subsequent period.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of varying stocking densities during the first 10 days on the performance, welfare, slaughter and meat quality characteristics of broiler chickens in the subsequent period (11-42 days). In the study, treatments representing 3 different stocking densities with the same group sizes were established and a total of 432 d-old chicks were used. In the first 10 days of the rearing period, treatments of 18 (SD18), 27 (SD27) and 36 (SD36) chicks per m2 were formed, and at 11 days of age, chicks in all treatments were reared at a density of 18 chicks/m2. Body weight differences in SD18, SD27 and SD36 treatments at 10 and 42 days of age were significant (P < 0.05), they were 252.6, 254.3 and 241.5g in SD18, SD27 and SD36 groups at 10 days and 2961.1, 2874.8 and 2842.7g at 42 days of age, respectively. In the first 10 days of growing period, SD36 showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) from the other groups in feed intake and feed conversion ratio, but this was not significant at slaughter age. The livability at 10 and 42 days was not different among treatments and was between 98.6 and 99.3% and 93.5-93.8%, respectively. The uniformity at 10 days was significant among the stocking density groups (P < 0.05) and the best uniformity level was obtained in the SD36 group, the differences in CV values at 42 days were not significant among the treatments. EPEF (European production efficiency factor) values were not different between the groups, the highest numerical value was determined in the SD36 group. Foot pad dermatitis, hock burn and breast burn levels were significantly higher in SD18 chickens (P < 0.05), however incidence of finger crookedness and valgus-varus deformity did not differ between the treatments. The litter moisture contents were similar between treatments, and ranged from 25.6 to 32.6%. Different stocking density treatments during the first 10 days of the experiment had no significant effect on slaughter, abdominal fat, carcass parts, color and pH values in the breast and thigh meat. In conclusion, rearing broiler chickens by dividing the poultry house area by half during the first 10 days (36 birds/m2) could help to improve the overall productivity (EPEF) by providing ease of maintenance, efficient heating and better control.

Environmental contamination of arsenic: pathway analysis through water-soil-feed-livestock in Nadia District (India) and potential human health risk.

This study investigated arsenic (As) concentrations in diverse environmental components and their potential impact on the health risks faced by residents of the arsenic (As)-contaminated Nadia district in West Bengal, India. A random selection of 182 cattle and 255 goats from 40 livestock farmers in the district revealed that both animals and humans were naturally exposed to elevated arsenic levels through contaminated drinking water, foods, grasses, concentrate feeds, various fodder tree leaves, and other food/feed resources. The mean As concentration in roughages (483.18µg/kg DM) was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than in tree leaves (391.53µg/kg DM), and concentrate feed/ingredients (186.66µg/kg DM). Pond water exhibited higher arsenic levels (106.11µg/L) compared to shallow tube well water (47.96µg/L) and deep tube well water/tap water (10.64µg/L and 10.04µg/L, respectively). The mean arsenic concentration in soils DM of fodder fields, crop fields, and grassland was 10.25, 10.58, and 10.20mg/kg, respectively. It was observed that protein-rich feeds had lower levels of arsenic accumulation (p < 0.048), while fiber-rich feeds containing more cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin had higher arsenic levels (p < 0.017). Goats consumed 73.46% more arsenic per kg body weight compared to dairy cows. Although chronic and sub-chronic arsenic exposure in the district did not typically manifest symptoms or visible signs in ruminant animals, concentrations in the hair and feces of both cattle and goats exceeded normal values. Cattle feces had significantly higher arsenic (410.43µg/kg DM) levels (p < 0.001) than goat feces (227.00µg/kg DM), and arsenic concentration in cattle hair (1917.74µg/kg DM) was also significantly greater (p < 0.001) than goat hair (1435.74µg/kg DM). Arsenic levels in milk samples from both species were below 10µg/kg. Liver (356.02µg/kg DM) and kidney (317.22µg/kg DM) contained significantly higher (p < 0.001) levels of arsenic compared to muscle (204.23µg/kg DM), and bone (161.98µg/kg DM) in local meat-type adult male goats. The skin accumulated the highest amount of arsenic (576.24µg/kg DM) among the non-edible parts of the goat carcass. The cumulative cancer risk value for adults was 4.96 × 10-3, exceeding the threshold value (1 × 10-6). This suggests a significant risk of cancer development for the population in arsenic-affected areas. Non-cancer risks (hazard indexes) were estimated at 11.01 for adults. Our observations revealed that the highest bioaccumulation of arsenic occurred in the hair of cows, and goats in the examined localities. The biotransformation factor (BTF) for hair was much higher compared to other excreted samples from both species. The calculated BTF followed the order: hair > feces > milk for cows and goats. Livestock farmers in Nadia district are advised to carefully select feed resources, prioritizing those high in crude protein and low in neutral detergent fiber, and they should provide drinking water from deep aquifers to ensure the safety of milk and meat for human consumption.

449 Comparative study on performance, carcass traits and meat quality of different varieties of guinea fowl

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate productive, reproductive performance, carcass characteristics, chemical composition and meat quality of four varieties of guinea fowl. A total of 200 guinea fowls from White, Pearl, Lavender and Mixed varieties were reared in an intensive production system from 0 to 20 wk of age. Guinea fowl keets were reared provided with balanced recommended ration (Starter diet: ME 2,950 kcal/kg, CP 23% for initial 8 wk; Grower diet: ME 2,950 kcal/kg, CP 16% for 9 to 16 wk and Layer diet: ME 2,900 kcal/kg, CP 17% from 17 wk till the end of the laying period). There was no significant (P &amp;lt; 0.05) difference found in body weight (BW) from 0 to 20 wk old guinea fowl. However, BW of Pearl variety was greater than other varieties numerically (Table 1). At adult age, a total of 40 birds (10 from each variety) were slaughtered according to standard method and carcasses were cut into parts. Weights were taken for all carcass parts. Proximate analysis and meat quality were performed on breast and thigh meat, as well as on abdominal fat of the studied guinea fowls. Carcass weight (930.33 ± 27.37 g), dressing percentage (67.6 ± 0.013%), breast weight (228.33 ± 13.68 g) and thigh weight (166.33 ± 6.69 g) of Pearl variety was significantly (P &amp;lt; 0.001) greatest (Table 2). Measured abdominal fat (23 ± 0.13) was found to be significantly (P &amp;lt; 0.001) greatest in Pearl variety. Furthermore, there was no significant difference found in crude protein among breast and thigh meat of different varieties. The ether extract (EE) and crude fiber (CF) of breast (EE: 0.27, CF:0.33) and thigh meat (EE: 0.20, CF:0.33) of Lavender variety was significantly (P &amp;lt; 0.05) less than other varieties (Table 3). In case of reproductive parameters, Pearl variety exhibited better egg fertility (65.72 ± 6.10) numerically and significantly greater (P &amp;lt; 0.001) hatchability percentage (76.75 ± 3.88) than other varieties. Meat color values of all the varieties of guinea fowl found in this study are in line with the demands of poultry consumers (Table 4). Regarding water holding capacity (WHC) and drip loss (DL), there was no discernible difference (P &amp;gt; 0.05). Considering all the parameters especially cooking loss (CL) and pH, there was a noticeable difference (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in which the Lavender (CL: 24.81 ± 0.69, pH:6.12 ± 0.05) and White variety (CL: 25.35 ± 0.69, pH: 6.11 ± 0.05) performed better than the other varieties.

Nano-emulsified black soldier fly oil concerning performance traits, health, and immunity of broilers

In the antibiotic-free era, traditional antibiotics have been suggested as alternatives to antibiotic-based growth promoters. Among the various methods, self-nano-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) are increasingly utilized to improve the bioavailability of oils containing essential substances. In this study, we evaluated the effects of black soldier fly oil (BSFO) SNEDDS in chicken drinking water on growth performance, small intestine histomorphology, and poultry health status. We divided 225 male Indian River strain broiler chickens into five treatment groups, each consisting of 5 replicates. The chickens were reared from to 0 to 35 d of age in a controlled environmental housing system. The BSFO SNEDDS was administered via drinking water. Treatments included ordinary drinking water (P1), bacitracin (P2), and 10 mL/L (P3), 20 mL/L (P4), and 30 mL/L (P5) BSFO SNEDDS. The observed parameters included growth performance, carcass yield, blood hematology, intestinal histomorphology, digestive microflora, and immunoglobulin (Ig) levels. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's test. The results indicated that administering BSFO SNEDDS via drinking water improved feed conversion (P < 0.05), enhanced the performance index (P < 0.05), increased carcass percentage (P < 0.001), and increased the weight of the carcass parts. Additionally, it increased villus height (P < 0.01), lowered jejunal pH (P < 0.001), reduced pathogenic bacteria in the jejunum, and decreased the leukocyte count. BSFO SNEDDS in drinking water is expected to be used as a traditional antibiotic with the potential to replace synthetic antibiotic growth promoters in broiler chickens.

Research Note: Carcass yield and meat quality in high- and low-water efficient broiler lines exposed to heat stress

Heat stress (HS) and water scarcity are significant challenges to sustainable poultry production worldwide. It is, therefore, critical to identify effective strategies to prevent, withstand, or adapt to these challenges. After four generations of divergent selection for water efficiency, the present study was undertaken to determine the effect of HS on meat quality and muscle myopathy incidences in high (HWE)- and low (LWE)-water efficient broilers. Day-old male chicks (240 chicks/line) were allotted randomly by line and body weight-matched groups to 12 controlled-environmental chambers (2 pens/chamber). At d29, birds were exposed to 2 environmental conditions (thermoneutral (TN), 25°C; or cyclic HS, 36°C, 9h/d) in a 2 × 2 factorial design. On d49, birds were processed, carcass parts were weighed, meat quality and muscle myopathy incidence were assessed. Processing data were analyzed by Two-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD multiple comparison test, and frequency of muscle myopathy score between groups was determined using Chi-square and Fisher's exact test. Significance was set at P < 0.05. As no significant environment by line interaction was discerned, the 2 main factors were analyzed separately. High water efficient birds had significantly higher tender- and leg quarter (LQ)-weight as well as carcass without giblet (WOG), chilled carcass WOG (CWOG), wing, LQ, and rack yields compared to their LWE counterparts. Both abdominal fat content and yields were significantly greater in LWE than HWE chickens. Chronic HS exposure significantly decreased dock, WOG, fat, CWOG, breast, tender, wing, and LQ weights as well as breast yield. HWE chickens had a significantly lower b* value compared to the LWE birds and HS significantly reduced the drip loss and the b* value compared to TN condition. Compared to LWE, HWE birds had higher and lower incidence of severe woody breast (WB) and white striping (WS) under TN and HS, respectively. HS reduced the incidence of both myopathies in both lines. In conclusion, the genetic selection for water efficiency seems to improve carcass yield, reduce fat content, and decrease the breast b* value. HWE birds had higher incidences of WB and WS under TN, which is reversed under HS conditions.

The Effect of the Boar Taint Masking Strategy (Adding Dried Origanum vulgare or Allium sativum) on Sensory Characteristics.

With increasing efforts to ban surgical castration, it is important to find ways to mask the level of boar taint in meat. The aim of this study was to test the possibility of masking boar taint or skatole levels by adding dried Origanum vulgare or Allium sativum and to evaluate consumer sensory preferences towards the skatole concentration in different carcass parts (longissimus lumborum; semimembranosus; neck chop and subcutaneous fat) and the masking strategy (addition of Allium sativum or Origanum vulgare). In the first experiment, the effect of the masking strategy was evaluated at three different skatole concentrations (0.069, 0.269 and 0.463 µg/g). The results showed that the samples with low and medium skatole levels were significantly different between the control group and the groups treated with Origanum vulgare or Allium sativum. In both cases, the addition of Allium sativum and Origanum vulgare had a positive effect on the parameters of abnormal odour and pleasantness of odour (p < 0.05). According to the results of the second experiment, meat samples from leaner parts, such as the neck chop semimembranosus and longissimus lumborum, not treated with Allium sativum and Origanum vulgare for masking, were significantly (p < 0.05) worse in terms of the occurrence of boar taint or abnormal odour than the masked samples. No significant differences were found between the two masking methods.

Growth and Linear Body Developments of New Zealand White rabbit bucks fed diets supplemented with Azanza garckeana (Goron Tula) fruit meal

Ethno- and traditional medicine have inferred that Azanza garckeana plant products possessed varying phytochemicals and pharmacological properties capable of stimulating muscular growth and cellular development. Thus, this study was conducted to examine the direct and residual effects of Azanza garckeana fruit on the growth, linear body developments and carcass composition of New Zealand White rabbit bucks. Sixty New Zealand White rabbit bucks were randomly assigned to 4 treatments of 15 bucks, replicated three times in a completely randomized design. The experimental diets were formulated and supplemented with Azanza garckeana fruit meal at 0, 100, 200 and 300g/kg respectively, representing T , T , 1 2 T and T . The study was conducted in two experimental phases, the direct and the residual 3 4 phase. At the end of each experimental phase, data were collected on the growth, linear body parameters and on the carcass compositions. Results showed that the different supplementation levels of Azanza garckeana fruit up to 300g/kg on the direct phase improved the final weights (T 2276.67g to T 2446.67g), weight gain (T 1295.22g to T 1449.89g) and 1 4 1 4 the weights of the skin (T 237.00g to T 259.00g). It also increased the weight of the forelimb 1 4 (T1 199.33g to T4 258.33g), hindlimb (T1 255.33g to T4 292.67g), backcuts (T1 189.03g to T4 564.57g), the ear lengths (11.49cm in T to 13.52cm in T ), heart girts (26.04cm in T to 1 4 1 28.00cm in T ) and the body length (36.33cm in T to 38.66cm in T ). On the residual phase, the 4 1 4 different supplementation levels of Azanza garckeana fruit reduced the weight gain (T1 215.33g to T 54.65g), dressed weights (from 2110.42g in T to 1936.83g in T ) and dressed 4 1 4 percentages (84.69% in T to 77.44% in T ); but had no significant (P&gt;0.05) effects on the 1 4 carcass parts and on the linear body development of the rabbit bucks. It is therefore, concluded that the different supplementation levels of Azanza garckeana fruit impacted favourably on the growth of the rabbit bucks, carcass development and on the linear body growth; but had no residual effects on the carcass parts and linear body growth of the rabbit bucks.

Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality of Wild-Living Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos L.) Originating from Croatia.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of sex and hunting location on carcass characteristics and meat quality of wild-living mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) from Croatia. Twenty-eight mallards (14 ♂; 14 ♀) were hunted at two hunting locations (HL I = 8 ♂, 8 ♀; HL II = 6 ♂, 6 ♀) in the Croatian lowlands. The carcasses were eviscerated, dressed, and dissected, and the individual internal organs and carcass parts were weighed. The breast muscle (m. pectoralis major) was sampled and used to determine color, pH, drip loss, cooking loss, shear force, and proximate chemical and fatty acid composition. Sex and HL had a significant effect on the majority of carcass characteristics analyzed, but they had no effect on the physical meat parameters. The protein and ash content of mallard meat was significantly higher in HL II (23.16% vs. 22.67%; 1.45% vs. 1.36%, respectively) and the moisture content in females (72.40% vs. 71.59%). HL had a significant effect on SFA (II 33.96% vs. I 29.91%), PUFA n-3 (II 3.55% vs. I 2.69%), PUFA/SFA and n-6/n-3 ratios, and all lipid indices. Females had a significantly higher C22:6n-3 content, a higher PI index and a lower n-6/n-3 ratio. The data presented in this study contribute to a better understanding of game-bird meat quality originating from different regions.

Rodent and broiler feeding studies with maize containing genetically modified event DP-915635-4 show no adverse effects on health or performance

Several regulatory agencies continue to require animal feeding studies to approve new genetically modified crops despite such studies providing little value in the safety assessment. Feeding studies with maize grain containing event DP-915635-4 (DP915635), a new corn rootworm management trait, were conducted to fulfill that requirement. Diets fed to Crl:CD®(SD) rats for 90 days contained up to 50% ground maize grain from DP915635, non-transgenic control, or non-transgenic reference hybrids (P1197, 6158, and 6365). Ross 708 broilers received phase diets containing up to 67% maize grain from each source for 42 days. Growth performance was compared between animals fed DP915635 and control diets; rats were further evaluated for clinical and neurobehavioral measures, ophthalmology, clinical pathology, organ weights, and gross and microscopic pathology, whereas carcass parts and select organ yields were determined for broilers. Reference group inclusion assisted in determining natural variation influence on observed significant differences between DP915635 and control groups. DP915635 maize grain diet consumption did not affect any measure evaluated in either feeding study. Results demonstrated DP-915635-4 maize grain safety and nutritional equivalency when fed in nutritionally adequate diets, adding to the existing literature confirming the lack of significant effects of feeding grain from genetically modified plants.

Meta-analysis on the global prevalence of Arcobacter in food-producing animals and humans

The genus Arcobacter has been associated with illnesses in both animals and humans, where Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and Arcobacter skirrowii have been linked to numerous cases of gastrointestinal diseases in humans. While isolated instances of Arcobacter infection have been reported in certain areas, comprehensive data reflecting the global impact of Arcobacter infection are lacking. This meta-analysis was conducted with the objective of assessing the aggregated prevalence of Arcobacter across diverse sources on a global scale. We conducted a thorough literature search of the Scopus, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases to identify studies published from 1992 to 2022 on Arcobacter prevalence in humans and food-producing animals. We utilized multilevel random effects meta-analysis models to gauge the average occurrence of Arcobacter and to examine various factors that could influence incidence outcomes. Seventy-five articles were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of Arcobacter spp. from different sources was 21.9% (95% CI: 18.0%–26.1%), and the mean prevalence of A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus, and A. skirrowii was 15.1%, 2.8%, and 0.1%, respectively. Arcobacter spp. had the lowest prevalence in humans (1.8%; 95% CI: 0.7%–3.3%) and the highest in broilers (38.8%; 95% CI: 28.0%–50.1%). Among animal-derived food products, carcasses or carcass parts exhibited the highest Arcobacter spp. prevalence of 28.6% (28.6%; 95% CI: 23.7%–33.7%). This meta-analysis revealed that A. butzleri is the most prevalent Arcobacter species worldwide, with broilers, as well as seafood, being the primary hosts of Arcobacter spp. We recommend developing appropriate prevention strategies and conducting further local in-depth studies to establish the actual epidemiological burden of Arcobacter.

Comparison of Carcass Percentage Among Four Duck Breeds under Traditional Rearing Conditions

The research aims to determine the extent of differences in the carcass composition of four types of ducks using semi-intensive cultivation. A total of 16 ducks aged 3 months were used as experimental units. A completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replications was the research design. The results showed that ducks of the same age, namely: Alabio ducks, Peking ducks, Mojosari ducks, and Manila ducks, showed very significant differences (P&lt;0.01) in the variables of slaughter weight, carcass percentage, thigh and back percentage. However, there was no significant difference (P&gt;0.05) in the percentage of chest, wings, and neck. It was concluded that the live weight, carcass percentage, and carcass parts of Manila ducks were higher than those of Alabio, Peking, and Mojosari ducks. Meanwhile, Alabio ducks are taller than Peking ducks and Mojosari ducks.

Combined Dietary Supplementation of Tenebrio molitor Larvae and Chitosan in Growing Pigs: A Pilot Study.

Nowadays, the global animal industry faces considerable challenges in securing sufficient feed resources. Responding to consumer demands for reduced use of antibiotics in animal nutrition, better animal welfare status, and reduced impact on the environment, there is an increased urgency to develop innovative functional feeds with a reduced environmental footprint and the ability to improve meat quality and safety. In an effort to explore innovative feed ingredients for growing pig diets, the combined dietary supplementation of Tenebrio molitor larvae and chitosan was investigated. An experimental trial was performed with 48 weaned pigs (34 days of life; mixed sex) that were randomly assigned to four treatment groups (with six males and six females each): Group A (control), Group B (supplemented with T. molitor larvae at 10%), Group C (supplemented with chitosan at 0.05%), and Group D (supplemented with both ingredients at 10% and 0.05%, respectively). On the 42nd day of the experimental trial, samples of blood, feces, and carcass parts were taken for analysis. The results indicated that the insect larvae meal significantly improved (p < 0.05) overall performance, increased (p < 0.05) blood red blood cell content, increased meat phenolic content (p < 0.05), improved meat oxidative stability (p < 0.05), and affected meat fatty acid profile (p < 0.05). On the other hand, chitosan had no significant effect on overall performance (p > 0.05), but it significantly increased blood lymphocyte content (p < 0.05), affected the fecal microbiota (p < 0.05), improved meat oxidative stability (p < 0.05), increased meat phenolic content (p < 0.05), and affected meat fatty acid composition (p < 0.05) and (p < 0.05) meat color. Finally, the combined use of both T. molitor and chitosan significantly affected some important zootechnical parameters (p < 0.05), fecal microbial populations (p < 0.05), meat color (p < 0.05), and fatty acid profile (p < 0.05). Further investigation into the potential interaction between insect larvae meals and chitosan in pig diets is advised.

Effects of the encapsulation of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Spirulina platensis on carcass yield and meat quality of broilers under heat stress conditions

Aim of study: To evaluate the effects of adding Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA), Spirulina platensis (SP) and the encapsulation of LA on the relative weights of carcass parts and meat quality of broilers subjected to heat stress. Area of study: The work was performed at the University of Jiroft, Iran. Material and methods: Two hundred forty 1-day-old male broilers (Ross 308) were used in a completely randomized design, with six treatments and four replicates (cages, 10 birds per cage). Dietary treatments included: (i) corn-soybean as control diet (CON), (ii) 0.02% LA, (iii) 1% SP, (iv) 0.02% LA + 1% SP, (v) 0.02% of encapsulated LA, and (vi) 0.02% encapsulated LA + 1% SP. Main results: The relative weight of the carcass increased in all experimental groups except in the 0.02% LA encapsulated group (p˂0.05). Birds fed diets containing LA+SP (0.02% LA+ 1%SP and 0.02% LA encapsulated+1% SP) had a significantly higher relative weight of the breast (p˂0.05). Dietary supplementation with SP, LA+SP, and encapsulated LA+SP significantly increased water holding capacity and decreased cook loss, respectively (p˂0.05), whereas dietary LA+SP and encapsulated LA+SP decreased drip loss (p&lt;0.05), compared to the CON group. Moisture and pH were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments (p˃0.05). The malondialdehyde content of thigh and breast meat at 30 and 37 days after the slaughter was reduced (p˂0.05) in the SP, LA+SP, and LA encapsulated +SP groups. Research highlights: Based on results, including LA, SP and encapsulated LA in broilerʼs feeds were effective in improving carcass yield, quality and oxidative stability of broiler meat under heat stress condition.

Effect of lyophilized plant aqueous extracts on pH, colour and myoglobin in rabbit meat during refrigerated and frozen storage

The effect of the treatment with lyophilized antioxidant extracts of wild basil (Clinopodium vulgare L.) and basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in rabbit meat on pH, colour and myoglobin changes during refrigerated and frozen storage was investigated. The experimental design included 3 groups of meat – one control and two treated with lyophilized plant extracts (in amount 1:100). The meat was derived from three carcass parts- loin, hind leg and fore leg The meat samples were stored at 4°C for 7 days, after that the storage proceeded for 90 days at -45°C. The study demonstrated different effect of the plant antioxidants on pH and colour, as well as the changes in the myoglobin and its redox forms that depended on the carcass part. The values of pH and decreased during frozen storage. The treatment with plant extracts and storage led to considerable discoloration of the meat from hind leg and fore leg, displayed by decrease of the redness, corresponding to lower percentage of OMb but higher of MetMb. The results suggest certain pro oxidative effect of the plant extracts in this study and require further research with different doses, storage times and temperatures in order to determine the optimal antioxidant application.

Effect of Boiling on Chemical Composition of Small Brown Snail (Cornu aspersum aspersum) Meat

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the changes occurring as a result of boiling (100°C, 1 h) small brown snail (Cornu aspersum aspersum) meat in relation to its proximate composition, calcium, phosphorus and cholesterol content, as well as the profile of fatty acids and nutritional quality indices of the lipids. This species of snail was selected for research because it is currently of the greatest economic importance among edible terrestrial snails. It was hypothesized that the cooking effect may be different for foot and visceral sac. Samples for the research were collected from 6 populations bred on experimental fields of the National Research Institute of Animal Production in balice (Poland). The foot and the visceral sac, the edible parts of the snail species under investigation, were analysed separately, raw and boiled in water. The results were then compared to analogous studies carried out by other authors on beef, pork and poultry. It was found that in the visceral sac of Cornu aspersum aspersum the shares of dry matter, crude protein, fat, ash, calcium and phosphorus were greater than those in the foot (P&lt;0.05), both in the raw and boiled material, whereas the cholesterol content was higher in the foot (P&lt;0.05). Generally, especially in the foot, the heat treatment elevated the levels of the afore-mentioned quantities, yet the increases were not always statistically significant. Boiling the snail meat caused moderate changes in the fatty acid composition. The profile of the fatty acids and the nutritional quality indices of the foot fat were more advantageous than those in the visceral sac. In both parts of the snail carcass, the polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids (PUFA/SFA) ratio substantially exceeded the minimum value of 0.45 recommended by the British Department of Health. However, the n-6/n-3 ratio was too high, exceeding the maximum recommended level of 4.0 twofold and as much as threefold in the case of the foot and the visceral sac, respectively. In the foot, due to boiling, an increase of the share of sfa and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was observed, while PUFA, n-6 and n-3 decreased. In the visceral sac, the changes were less pronounced with a slight decrease of the share of sfa and PUFA, and an increase of MUFA. Therefore, in the foot, boiling worsened the PUFA/SFA ratio, the nutritive value index (NVI = (C18:0 + C18:1) / C16:0) and dietary fatty acids having a desirable neutral and hypocholesterolemic effect in humans (DFA = Σ MUFA + Σ PUFA + C18:0), but in the visceral sac these indices practically did not change. On the whole, the trends of the changes in terms of chemical composition due to boiling found in the small brown snail meat are similar to those after heat treatment of meat from popular farm animals, but the ranges of the changes differ.

Study the difference in a carcass and the relative weight of the Molar, White Pekin and Brown Iraqi local duck carcass parts.

The existing experiment was intended to explore differences among three breeds of duck, Molar, White Pekin, and Brown Iraqi local duck, in carcass traits and some organs. Thirty ducks (n= 10 of each breed) were reared at age 2 months in an open scheme for 8 weeks. At the end of this period, before and after slaughter, the weight of all ducks had taken. The carcass, thighs, back and neck, wings, and breast were estimated by balance. Then, some slaughter organs, heart, liver, and gizzard were weighed. The statistical analysis of current data showed a significant (P≤0.05) raising in live body weight (LBW) in molar ducks compared with other breed ducks. On the other hand, the results of carcass traits recorded a significant (P&lt;0.05) increment in wings percentage in molar ducks compared with White Pekin and Brown Iraqi local ducks. Also, the statistical examination verified a significant (P&lt;0.05) increment in heart and gizzard percentages in molar ducks compared to other breeds. The regression equations were also verified for determining live body weight by slaughter traits in three breed ducks. Concluded that there are differences among Molar, Pekin, and Brown Iraqi local ducks in live body weight and carcass weight, as well as weights of some organs; also improved significantly in Molar ducks comparison with White Pekin and Brown Iraqi local ducks. Keywords: Ducks; slaughter; breed.

Using the Principal Component Analysis of Body Weight in Three Genetic Groups of Japanese Quail

The total number of (189) three genetic quail chicks (White = 54, brown = 64, and gray = 71) were used to identify the components effecting body weight Using the principal component analysis. Means, standard errors, and standard deviation of body weight and the cuts parts were calculated using the descriptive statistic of SPSS/PASW statistics for Windows version 19. One-way analysis of variance was used to test the effect of genetic line on the traits. The results of the statistical analysis indicated that the highest Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy for three lines of Japanese quail recorded to the brown quail, and also brown quail given higher and significant superiority of most parts of carcass and internal viscera which included weights of chest (g), thigh (g), back (g), neck (g), and wing (g) compared with white and grey quails. The first principal component (PC1), second (PC2) and three (PC3) were higher from white quail with Eigen values compared with brown and grey quails. Higher percentage of carcass component for white quail recorded to wings while for brown and grey quail recorded to chest part. We concluded from this study that the three principal components that extracted from White, Brown and Grey can be used for genetic improvement body weight, and also to predicting the best carcass parts weight while we can be used brown Japanese quail as a broiler due to its high carcass parts weight compared white and gray Japanese quail.