Part IIB Research Articles

Foreword: The Degradation of American Democracy—and the Court

Foreword: The Degradation of American Democracy—and the Court

A unified materials approach to mitigating optical nonlinearities in optical fiber. II. B. The optical fiber, material additivity and the nonlinear coefficients

AbstractThe purpose of this paper, Part IIB in the trilogy [Int J Appl Glass Sci. 2018 (not available); Int J Appl Glass Sci. 2018 (not available); Int J Appl Glass Sci. 2018 (not available)], is to describe the continuum models employed to deduce the effects of differential thermal expansion in the clad optical fiber in addition to the nonlinear optical behaviors at high intensities of light. In this continuation of Part IIA, more of the state‐of‐the‐art in W‐S‐based continuum material models are reviewed here with specific examples provided based on canonical material systems suggested from the findings of Part I and treated in detail in Part III. Part IIB pays particular attention to the optical fiber and its nonlinearities.

A Possible WTO Agreement on Investment-Identifying Emerging Issues and Their Implications for India

The potential of foreign investment to inject a positive and multiplier effect on the receiving economy’s national output is now universally recognised. Most developing countries are unilaterally liberalizing their capital account and actively pursuing foreign capital to finance, primarily, their infrastructure and development projects. In 2015, global FDI flows stood at US$ 1.76 trillion, increasing by more than 5.5 times in the last two decades (US $315 billion in 1995). In rhythm with the forces of globalisation, as capital began to disavow its territorial linkages and started moving freely across borders, concerns regarding the inability of States to establish the legal institutions necessary to offer protection for foreign investments and demands for an international investment protection regime heightened. The scepticism regarding host State’s behaviour was founded on the assumption that, although there is initially a convergence in the interests of the foreign investor and the host State in bringing in investment, post-establishment, the aspirations of the investor and the objectives of the State are fundamentally conflictive. Whereas the investor is forever aiming to maximise its profits and exit the market without suffering a financial loss, the host State, guided by the purpose of keeping the investment steadfast, has an incentive to amend the governing laws or put in place capital controls, if not expropriate the investment without compensation. It was against this background of scepticism regarding hostile host State behaviour that international legal instruments for protection of foreign investment first developed. They were concluded at the bilateral level as a set of rules that would offer a minimum standard of protection to foreign investments. Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) containing disciplines on non-discrimination, expropriation, fair and equitable treatment of investors and investments, prohibition of performance requirements and provisions on investor-state dispute settlement system (ISDS) were the first concrete building blocks for an international investment protection regime. It was expected that these scattered fragments of bilateral treaties would eventually pave the way to a multilateral investment agreement. Concerted efforts to initiate negotiations for such an agreement under the WTO framework were made at the Singapore Ministerial Conference of the WTO in 1996. However, the path towards multilateralism in international investment law has been fraught with complexities and has eluded the consensus that was visible in other areas of international economic laws (GATT and then WTO for international trade law and the IMF for international monetary law). This paper attempts to identify and evaluate the issues that need to be addressed before moving towards a multilateral agreement, specifically from the perspective of India. This issue has gained emphasis today as the efforts to locate a multilateral investment agreement within the WTO matrix have once again gained traction. In the run up to the 10th WTO Ministerial Conference at Nairobi, certain members proposed “new issues” as an item for consideration at Nairobi. Amongst other issues, the facilitator’s report that was circulated before the Nairobi Ministerial Conference mentioned ‘investment’ as an issue that could be pursued after Nairobi or as a recurring issue. The renewal of attention towards the “Singapore new issues” forms part of a larger narrative to develop multilateral rules on competition, investment, e-commerce, government procurement so as to enhance the participation of micro, small and medium enterprises in regional and global value chains. Even as debates continue regarding the appropriateness of the WTO as a forum for negotiating multilateral investment disciplines on investment and whether multilateral disciplines would actually contribute to enhanced MSME participation in GVCs, it seems pertinent to look at some of the substantive issues surrounding the extant international investment regime so as to assess whether any of these issues can be resolved by progressing from bilateralism to multilateralism. Part II of the paper identifies the issues underlying the multilateralization of the investment regime. The issues are broadly divided into three parts. Issues that pertain to the extant bilateral treaty framework are assimilated under Part IIa. The more fundamental question of whether FDI itself has the natural quality of positively impacting the economy of the host State has been dealt with under Part IIb. Issues that are India-centric, but could very well confront policy makers in other developing countries as they enter the transitory phase and liberalise FDI, are analysed in Part IIc. Part III concludes.

David Rees, FRS 1918–2013

David Rees, FRS 1918–2013

Clinical evaluation of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer and analysis of survival rate.

e16508 Background: Cervical cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the female reproductive system. Globally, there are an estimated 530,000 new cases of cervical cancer each year. One third of these cases occur in China, where the average age of cervical cancer patients is decreasing. To evaluate the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) followed by radical surgery (RS) among patients with locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC) and survival outcomes. Methods: From January 2008 to December 2012, 800 previously untreated patients with LACC (stage IB2、IIA2 and part IIB, tumor diameter > 4 cm) from West China Second Hospital were assigned to receive either NACT followed by radical surgery (NACT- RS) or RS directly for clinical evaluation. Results: 36.63% of cervical cancer patients were under 40 years. The clinical response for NACT was 89.54%.Catheter removal time was shorter (29.84 days vs. 32.14 days, P < 0.05), percentage of operative complications (7.30% vs. 13.62%, P < 0.05) and radiochemot...

Analytic Theory of Finite Asymptotic Expansions in the Real Domain. Part II-A: The Factorizational Theory for Chebyshev Asymptotic Scales

This paper, divided into three parts (Part II-A, Part II-B and Part II-C), contains the detailed factorizational theory of asymptotic expansions of type (?) , , , where the asymptotic scale , , is assumed to be an extended complete Chebyshev system on a one-sided neighborhood of . It follows two pre-viously published papers: the first, labelled as Part I, contains the complete (elementary but non-trivial) theory for ; the second is a survey highlighting only the main results without proofs. All the material appearing in §2 of the survey is here reproduced in an expanded form, as it contains all the preliminary formulas necessary to understand and prove the results. The remaining part of the survey—especially the heuristical considerations and consequent conjectures in §3—may serve as a good introduction to the complete theory.

Analytic Theory of Finite Asymptotic Expansions in the Real Domain. Part II-B: Solutions of Differential Inequalities and Asymptotic Admissibility of Standard Derivatives

Part II-B of our work continues the factorizational theory of asymptotic expansions of type (*) , , where the asymptotic scale , , is assumed to be an extended complete Chebyshev system on a one-sided neighborhood of x0. The main result states that to each scale of this type it remains as-sociated an important class of functions (namely that of generalized convex functions) enjoying the property that the expansion (*), if valid, is automatically formally differentiable n ? 1 times in the two special senses characterized in Part II-A. A second result shows that formal applications of ordinary derivatives to an asymptotic expansion are rarely admissible and that they may also yield skew results even for scales of powers.

Town of Greece, New York v Galloway et al: Docket no 12-696: Supreme Court of the United States: Kennedy J delivered the opinion of the Court except as to Part II- B, joined by Roberts CJ and Alito J in full, and Scalia and Thomas JJ except as to Part II-B; Alito J concurring, joined by Scalia J; Thomas J

Town of Greece, New York v Galloway et al: Docket no 12-696: Supreme Court of the United States: Kennedy J delivered the opinion of the Court except as to Part II- B, joined by Roberts CJ and Alito J in full, and Scalia and Thomas JJ except as to Part II-B; Alito J concurring, joined by Scalia J; Thomas J

The complete Codex Zouche-Nuttall: Mixtec lineage histories and political biographies

Foreword, by Rex Koontz Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1. The First Historian of the New World Chapter 2. Historiography and Native History Chapter 3. Reading Techniques Chapter 4. Document 1 (Obverse), Part 1, Pages 1-13: Lord Eight Wind Chapter 5. Document 1 (Obverse), Part IIA, Pages 14-19: The Ladies Three Flint Chapter 6. Document 1 (Obverse), Part IIA continued, Pages 20-21: The War from Heaven and Lady One Death Chapter 7. Document 1 (Obverse), Part IIB, Pages 22-35: Genealogies Chapter 8. Document 1 (Obverse), Part IIIA-B, Pages 36-41: The Four Lords from Apoala Chapter 9. Document 1 (Obverse): Discussion and Interpretation Chapter 10. Document 2 (Reverse), Pages 42-84: Introduction to the Political Biography of Eight Deer Jaguar Claw of Tilantongo Chapter 11. Document 2 (Reverse), Sections 1-6, Pages 42-50: Parentage Statement, Childhood Military Career, Chalcatongo Event, Transition from Chalcatongo to Tututepec, Eight Deer as Lord of Tututepec. Chapter 12. Document 2 (Reverse), Sections 7-12, Pages 51-74: Eight Deer's Toltec Alliance through the Conquests with the Toltecs Chapter 13. Document 2 (Reverse), Sections 13-14, Pages 75-84: The Battle in the Sky through the Siege of Hua Chino Chapter 14. The Four Voices of Mixtec History Appendix 1. The Mixtec Calendar Appendix 2. Occurrence of 260-Day Sacred Calendars in the 365-Day Mixtec Solar Calendar Appendix 3. The Cycle of 260 Days (Tonalpohualli) Appendix 4. The Calendrics of Codex Zouche-Nuttall Pages 42-84 Appendix 5. The Mixtec Calendar Cycle Correspondences from Byland and Pohl (1994) Appendix 6. The Complete Mixtec/Aztec Calendar Notes Bibliography Index

Contributions of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, noradrenaline, and neuropeptide Y to local warming-induced cutaneous vasodilatation in men

We performed a two-part study to determine the roles of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and the vasoconstrictor nerves neurotransmitters noradrenaline (NA) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the cutaneous vasodilator response to local skin warming. Forearm skin sites were instrumented with intradermal microdialysis fibres, local heaters, and laser-Doppler flow (LDF) probes. Sites were locally heated from 34 to 42°C. LDF was expressed as cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC; LDF/mean arterial pressure). In Part I, we tested whether sympathetic noradrenergic nerves acted via eNOS. In 8 male participants, treatments were as follows: 1) untreated; 2) bretylium tosylate (BT), preventing sympathetic neurotransmitter release; 3) l-NAA to inhibit eNOS; and 4) combined BT+l-NAA. At treated sites, the initial peak response was markedly reduced, and the plateau phase response to 35min of local warming was also reduced (P<0.05), which was not different among those sites (P>0.05). In Part II, we tested whether NA and NPY were involved in the vasodilator response to local warming. In Part IIa, treatments were: 1) untreated; 2) propranolol and yohimbine to antagonize α- and β-receptors; 3) l-NAA; and 4) combined propranolol, yohimbine, and l-NAA. In Part IIb, conditions were: 1) untreated; 2) BIBP to antagonize Y1-receptors; 3) l-NAA; and 4) combined BIBP and l-NAA. All treatments caused a reduction in the initial peak and plateau responses to local skin warming (P<0.05). The results of Part II indicate that both NA and NPY play roles in the cutaneous vasodilator response and their actions are achieved via eNOS. These data indicate that NA and NPY are involved in the initial, rapid rise in skin blood flow at the onset of local skin warming. However, their vasodilator actions in response to local skin warming appears to be manifested through eNOS.

Gene Patents at Home and Abroad: Should the WTO Take Action in Light of Myriad?

In 2012 the U.S. Supreme Court granted certiorari to the Myriad case. In doing so, the Court created an opportunity to harmonize U.S. patent law with global patent law norms regarding patents for composition claims of isolated human gene segments. The domestic importance of this case is high: it is estimated that as of 2005, 40,000 patents in the U.S encompass approximately twenty percent of the human genome.While the decision of the Myriad case is uncertain, the current global operating environment for gene patents poses a veritable minefield for practitioners in relevant industries. This article will attempt to address three questions. First: Is there a practical difference between allowing a patent on isolated genes and disallowing a patent on the method used with the isolated genes to diagnose patients? Second: Should the World Trade Organization (WTO) consider adopting a uniform approach on this issue, or is it too controversial? Third: Does a U.S. Supreme Court decision to disallow Myriad Genetics’ isolated gene sequence patents violate Article 27 of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement)?In part IIA, this article will examine the current posture of the Myriad case. In part IIB, the article will examine the background of international laws regarding patent law as relevant to the issue of isolated human gene segments. In part IIC, the article will examine the international law regarding patent law and human gene patents. In part IID, the article will examine the relevant U.S. domestic precedent affecting the validity of Myriad’s composition claims.In part IIIA, the article will analyze the differences between allowing a patent on isolated genes and disallowing a patent on the method used with the isolated genes to diagnose patients. In part IIIB, this article will analyze the considerations facing the WTO in considering whether to adopt a uniform approach to human gene patents.The article concludes that there is a difference between allowing a patent composition claim for on an isolated gene patent while disallowing an associated method claim. The WTO should not consider incorporating the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Substantive Patent Law Treaty into WTO TRIPS. Rather, there are existing mechanisms in the WTO TRIPS agreement that may be amended to facilitate a uniform, global treatment of human gene patents.Finally, a U.S. Supreme Court decision that disallows Myriad Genetics’ isolated gene sequence patents likely would not violate the current WTO TRIPS Agreement Article 27 because of the principle of nationality present in WTO TRIPS and other international patent agreements.

Announcement for short courses on modelling and computation of multiphase flows part I: Bases part IIA: New reactor systems and methods or part IIB: Computational multi-fluid dynamics (CMFD) Part III: CMFD with commercial codes

Announcement for short courses on modelling and computation of multiphase flows part I: Bases part IIA: New reactor systems and methods or part IIB: Computational multi-fluid dynamics (CMFD) Part III: CMFD with commercial codes

Kansas School District Efficiency Study: Part IIb: School District Efficiency Profiles G-N

Kansas School District Efficiency Study: Part IIb: School District Efficiency Profiles G-N

Aspects of D-brane dynamics in supergravity backgrounds with fluxes, kappa-symmetry and equations of motion. Part IIB

We derive and carry out a detailed analysis of the equations of motion of the type IIB D-branes in generic supergravity backgrounds with fluxes making account of the worldvolume Born–Infeld gauge field and putting a special emphasis on the structure of the Dirac equation for D p-brane fermionic modes. We present an explicit form of the worldvolume field equations for each of the D p-branes ( p = 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 ) in the cases in which the Neveu–Schwarz flux and the Ramond–Ramond p-form flux along the D p-brane worldvolume are zero and the supergravity backgrounds do not necessarily induce the worldvolume Born–Infeld flux. We then give several examples of D3-, D5- and D7-brane configurations in which the worldvolume Born–Infeld flux is intrinsically non-zero and therefore must be taken into account in studying problems where such branes are involved. The examples include D3- and D5-brane instantons carrying (self-dual) worldvolume gauge fields in warped compactification backgrounds.

Announcement for short courses on modelling and computation of multiphase flows Part I: Bases Part IIA: New reactor systems and methods Part IIB: Computational multi-fluid dynamics (CMFD) with a new module: Part IIC: CMFD with commercial codes

Announcement for short courses on modelling and computation of multiphase flows Part I: Bases Part IIA: New reactor systems and methods Part IIB: Computational multi-fluid dynamics (CMFD) with a new module: Part IIC: CMFD with commercial codes

Effects of hair, clothing, and headgear on localization of three-dimensional sounds Part IIb

Seven 20–25-year-old normal hearing (≤20 dBHL) native male-undergraduates listened twice to treatments of 85 virtual source locations in a large dark anechoic chamber. The 3-D-stimuli were anew-calculated white noise bursts, amplitude modulated (40-Hz sine), repeated after a pause (total duration 3×275=825 ms), HRTF-convolved and headphone-equalized (Sennheiser HD580). The HRTFs were measured from a Cortex dummy head wearing different garments: 1=alpaca pullover only; 2=1+curly pony-tailed thick-hair+eye-glasses; 3=1+long thin-hair (ear-covering); 4=1+mens trilby; 5=2+bicycle helmet+jacket [Riederer, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., this issue]. Perceived directions were signified by placing a tailored digitizer-stylus over an illuminated ball darkened after the response. Subjects did the experiments during three days, each consisting of a 2-h session of several randomized sets with multiple breaks. Azimuth and elevation errors were investigated separately in factorial within-subjects ANOVA showing strong dependence p(≤0.004) on all main effects and interactions (garment, elevation, azimuth). The grand mean errors were approximately 16°–19°. Confused angles were retained around the ±90°-interaural axis and cos(elev)-weighting was applied to azimuth errors. The total front−back/back−front confusion rate was 18.38% and up−down/down−up 12.21%. The confusions (except left−right/right−left, 2.07%) and reaction times depended strongly on azimuth (main effect) and garment (interaction). [Work supported by Graduate School of Electronics, Telecommunication and Automation.]

Partnership for Developing Quality Care Pathway Initiative for People with Learning Disabilities. Part iib: Challenging Behaviour

Partnership for Developing Quality Care Pathway Initiative for People with Learning Disabilities. Part iib: Challenging Behaviour

Polyamines in health and nutrition

Foreword. Preface. Acknowledgements. Part I: What do polyamines do? Polyamine synthesis, catabolism and homeostasis. 1. Polyamine biosynthesis, catabolism and homeostasis: an overview D.M.L. Morgan. 2. Regulation of cellular polyamine homeostasis L. Persson, et al. 3. Localisation of polyamines and their biosynthetic/catabolic enzymes R.G. Schipper, et al. 4. Genes of polyamine synthesis and transport: Exploiting genome projects to determine similarities and differences between plant, microbial and animal polyamine metabolic pathways A.J. Michael. 5. Polyamines and the immune system N. Seiler. 6. Role of polyamine metabolism in programmed cell death R.G. Schipper, et al. Part II-A: The polyamine pools of the body: Manipulations of biosynthesis: transgenic approach, inhibitors and analogues. 7. Genetic engineering of polyamine metabolism: consequences of the activation of polyamine biosynthesis or catabolism in transgenic rodents J. Janne, et al. 8. The effects of polyamine synthesis inhibitors on the rat jejunum: Histological effects of inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis on normal and hyperplastic rat jejunum S.W.B. Ewen, et al. 9. Aminooxy polyamine analogues: synthesis and biological P. Kong Thoo Lin, V. Kuksa. Part II-B: The polyamine pools of the body: Contribution by diet and bacteria. 10. Estimation of the polyamine body pool: Contribution by de novo biosynthesis, diet and luminal bacteria A. White, S. Bardocz. 11. Polyamine content of the human diet A. Ralph, S. Bardocz. 12. Polyamine and biogenic amine evolution during food processing Maria Izquierdo-Pulido, et al. 13. Manipulation of polyamines in food plants -- chemical and transgenic approaches A.F. Tiburcio, et al. 14. Polyamine synthesis and metabolism in micro-organisms P.J. Naughton, et al. Part II-C: The polyamine pools of the body: Polyamines in the gut, uptake, distribution and bioavailability. 15. Polyamines in the small bowel and pancreas C. Loser. 16. Dietary polyamines during lactation G. Dandrifosse, et al. 17. Uptake of luminal polyamine by the gut: in vivostudies R. Benamouzig, et al. 18. Uptake, inter-organ distribution and metabolism of dietary polyamines in the rat S. Bardocz, et al. 19. Lectin induced changes in polyamine synthesis, uptake and transport by enterocyte-like CACO-2 cells J.F.J.G. Koninkx, et al. 20. Transglutaminase and polyamines in PHA-induced intestinal hyperplasia A. Sessa, et al. 21. Enzyme limiting polyamine bioavailability of the gut A. Perin, et al. Part II-D The polyamine pools of the body: Manipulation of polyamine body pools. 22. Limiting the availability of polyamines for a developing tumour: an alternative approach to reducing tumour growth I.F. Pryme, et al. 23. Polyamine homeostasis as target for manipulation of growth B. Dorhout, F.A.J. Muskiet. Summary. Appendices. Index.

High-Speed Tools for Global Information Management.II. Specifications and Uses of the Transparent Query Language (TQL) Part IIF. Additional Uses of TQL, Data Structures, Concise Definitions, Conclusions and Acknowledgments

This part, PART IIF [6], concludes the document “HIGH-SPEED TOOLS FOR GLOBAL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT. II. Specifications and Uses of the Transparent Query Language (TQL)” [1–6]. It describes novel applications of TQL, the key data structures, and contains a dictionary of Transparent Query Language terms. PART IIF references PART IIA [1], PART IIB [2], PART IIC [3], PART IID [4], and PART IIE [5] and contains Conclusions and Acknowledgements.

High-Speed Tools for Global Information Management. II. Specifications and Uses of the Transparent Query Language (TQL) PART IID. Manipulation of Information Representations

This part, PART IID [4], of the document “HIGH-SPEED TOOLS FOR GLOBAL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT. II. Specifications and Uses of the Transparent Query Language (TQL)” [1–6] is about normalization and manipulation of information representations. It references PART IIA [1], PART IIB [2] and PART IIC [3]. Concise definitions of Transparent Query Language terms, Conclusions and Acknowledgments are given in PART IIF [6].