Parsley Root Research Articles

Pythium species associated with root rot complex in winter-grown parsnip and parsley crops in south eastern Australia

Root rot of parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) and parsley (Petroselinum crispum) crops in south-eastern Australia is a disease complex, causing up to 80 % and 100 % yield losses, respectively. It is attributed to a range of fungi and oomycetes. We report on isolation and identification of eleven Pythium spp. from naturally infected roots of parsnip and parsley collected during systematic monthly surveys of commercial, winter-grown crops with prevailing root rots at Devon Meadows and Clyde, Victoria, Australia in 2009 to 2011. Pythium intermedium, P. ultimum var. ultimum, P. rostratifingens and species from the P. dissotocum complex were common to both hosts. Pythium irregulare, P. sylvaticum, P. camurandrum, P. vanterpoolii and P. tracheiphilum were isolated only from parsnip; and P. mastophorum and P. sulcatum only from parsley. This is the first report of P. camurandrum and P. rostratifingens in Australia and the first report of P. tracheiphilum and P. vanterpoolii from parsnip in Australia. Selected Pythium spp. tested for their pathogenicity in glasshouse conditions were pathogenic to both hosts. Pythium sulcatum, P. mastophorum and P. tracheiphilum caused severe root in 35 %, 53 % and 25 % of parsley seedlings, respectively. Pythium sulcatum and P. intermedium caused severe root in 50 % and 15 % of parsnip seedlings, respectively. In growth chamber studies, P. sulcatum was pathogenic to parsley seedlings at 10 °C, 18 °C and 24 °C.

Effect of sowing date on biometrical features of Hamburg parsley plants

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between sowing date and the biometrics features of the roots and leaves of parsley. Seeds of parsley cultivars ‘BerliA„ska PNE’ and ‘Cukrowa’ were sown in 5 times in 2004 year: 5 July, 25 August, 5 and 15 September, 17 November and 12 April 2005. Plants were harvested then the average root diameter was greater than 20 mm. Due to harvest time dependence of the size of the root, was no effect of sowing date on the diameter and the weight of gained parsley roots. Shorter roots and the lower coefficient of shape produced plants that sprouted before winter (5 July, 25 August, 5 and 15 September). The highest number of leaves produced by plants sowing on 5 July and 17 November, and the lowest – by plants sowing on 25 August and 12 April. The lowest length of leaves were found in plants obtained from sowing on 5 July (20.8 cm), it was more than twice shorter than in plants from different dates of sowing. The largest weight of leaves had the plants from sowing on 5 and 15 September or 17 November. Those plants are also characterized by a smaller root/shoot weight ratio. Tested cultivars differ in the length and coefficient of shape of the root and root/shoot weight ratio.

Nitrogen metabolites in cucumber leaves treated with parsley root extracts

以黄瓜品种"津春4号"为材料, 在黄瓜植株第1片真叶长至宽5 cm时, 使用西芹鲜根及根际区物的乙醇、丙酮和蒸馏水浸提液对黄瓜植株进行化感处理(灌根), 测定处理后黄瓜叶片内几种氮代谢物质含量的变化, 从氮代谢角度研究西芹鲜根及根际区物浸提液处理后黄瓜植株对黄瓜枯萎病菌的化感抑制作用机理。结果表明: 处理后黄瓜叶片内可溶性蛋白质、氨、丝氨酸、精氨酸、脯氨酸与总氨基酸含量均高于对照, 含量达到峰值时分别较丙酮对照增加10.58%、18.31%、6.54%、3.10%、9.64%和3.16%, 而硝酸盐、甘氨酸和蛋氨酸含量则低于对照, 含量达到最低值时分别较丙酮对照降低7.52%、3.41%和15.55%。对于不同西芹根物质浸提液处理, 丙酮浸提液处理的氮代谢物质含量变化最显著, 乙醇浸提液处理次之, 蒸馏水浸提液处理变化最低, 西芹鲜根浸提液处理的氮代谢物质含量变化高于西芹根际区物浸提液处理。

Stereoselective bioreduction for the resolution of racemic mixtures of bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,6-dione using vegetables

► For the enantioseparation of racemic bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,6-dione, vegetables of the family Apiaceae were found to be suitable. ► Reaction conditions were optimized using celery roots. ► (+)-Enantiomer of bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,6-dione was obtained with the optical purity of 90–98% and the yield of more than 90%. Screening of various vegetables as biocatalysts for the stereoselective bioreduction and resolution of racemic bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,6-dione was performed. Vegetables of the family Apiaceae , i.e. the roots of parsnip ( Pastinaca sativa ), celery ( Apium graveolens ), parsley ( Petroselinum crispum ) and carrot ( Daucus carota ) were found to be the best. The methodology described here allows the efficient enantioseparation of (+)-enantiomer of bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,6-dione. The reaction time, temperature and the amount of celery roots were optimized and (+)-enantiomer was obtained with the optical purity of 90–98% and the yield of more than 90%.

Occurrence of root parsley pathogens inhabiting seeds

The studies on root parsley pathogens inhabiting seeds were conducted during 1981-1988 and in 1993. Filter paper method with prefreezing and keeping under light was used. Each test sample comprised 500 seeds. Pathogenicity of collected fungal isolates was tested following two laboratory methods. 238 seed samples were studied. 18 fungal species were found but only 7 proved to be important pathogens of root parsley. The most common inhabitants of root parsley seeds were <em>Alternaria</em> spp. <em>A.allernata</em> occurred on 74,8% of seeds but only a few isolates showed to be slightly pathogenic while <em>A.petroselini</em> and <em>A.radicina</em> were higly pathogenic and inhabited 11,4 and 4,2% of seeds, respectively. The second group of important pathogens were species of <em>Fusarium</em> found on 3,9% of seeds. <em>F.avenaceum</em> dominated as it comprised 48% of <em>Fusarium</em> isolates, the next were as follow: <em>F.culmorum</em> - 20%, <em>F.equiseti</em> - 15%, <em>F.solani</em> - 8%, <em>F.oxysporum</em> - 7% and <em>F.dimerum</em> -2%. Some fungi like <em>Botrytis cinerea, Septoria petroselini</em> and <em>Phoma</em> spp. inhabited low number of seeds, respectively O,4; 0,5 and 0,8%, but they were highly pathogenic to root parsley. The fungi: <em>Bipolaris sorokiniana, Drechslera biseptata, Stemphylium botryosum</em> and <em>Ulocludium consortiale</em> showed slight pathogenicity. They were isolated from 3,8% of seeds.

Lithium content in selected root vegetables against its content in soil

In the first half of September 2003, 44 samples of cultivated root vegetables ie carrot, parsley, celery and beetroot at their consumption maturity, were collected from arable lands in the Miechowski county. Samples were gathered from the fields of considerable area (0.5–2.0 ha) vegetable cultivation. The collected plant material was subjected to dry mineralization, ash was dissolved in HNO3 and obtained mineralizat was analysed. Soil samples were taken from the same locations as vegetables, from the depth of 0–25 cm. Basic physicochemical properties of the soil samples were determined by means of methods universally applied in agricultural chemistry. Total lithium content in the soils was determined after mineralization at a temperature of 450 C, then digestion with a mixture of acids (HClO4 and HNO3) and dissolving in HCl. Content of this element soluble forms was determined after extraction with 0.1 mol dm HCl solution. The total lithium content in the examined soils varied widely (2.79 to 12.20 mg kg), with a geometric mean of 7.78 mg kg. The content of the soluble forms of lithium extracted with 0.1 mol dm HCl solution varied from 0.057 to 0.251 mg kg, with a geometric mean of 0.119 mgLi kg. It was fund significant correlation between total lithium content and share of floatable fraction and colloidal clay in studied soils, as well as between content of soluble lithium forms and share of colloidal clay in soil. The lithium content in the vegetables varied depending on species and part of the plant. A geometric mean of lithium content in roots varied from 0.206 mgLi kg (parsley) to 0.365 mgLi kg (beetroot). Tops of vegetables contained 3–5 times more lithium than their roots. It was stated, that physicochemical properties of studied soils not uniformly affected lithium content in vegetables, what demonstrated values of simple correlation coefficients. Lithium content in roots of all vegetables and tops of beetroot and parsley depended on soluble forms of lithium content in soil. Moreover, lithium content in carrot roots as well as parsley roots and tops was affected DOI: 10.2428/ecea.2013.20(11)124 ECOL CHEM ENG A. 2013;20(11):1359-1368 1 Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. A. Mickiewicza 21, 31–120 Krakow, Poland, phone: +48 12 662 43 48, fax +48 12 662 43 41, email: rrrogoz@cyf.kr.edu.pl * Corresponding author: rrrogoz@cyf.kr.edu.pl by total lithium content in the soil. However, soil reaction had no significant effect on lithium content in organs of studied root vegetables.

Root parsley protection against damping off

Seed treatment ofroot parsley was done to protect <i>Petroselinum santivum</i> seedlings against damping off. Fungicides used as seed dressers were applied in 3 doses: 3, 5 and 10 g/kg. Seeds were treated with 7 dressers (Table l) used separately and in mixture with 3 g/kg of Rovral 50 WP (50% iprodione) and 1 g/kg of Apron 35 SD (35% metalaxyl). Two seed samples of Berlińska cultivar were used: first sample was strongly infected by <i>Alternaria petroselini</i> and <i>A.radicina</i> both 27,6% and also by <i>Fusarium</i> spp. 5,4% (Test I), and second sample revealed lower percentage of infection 4,6% and 1,2%, respectively (Test II). The experiments were conducted under laboratory, glasshouse and field conditions. Complete seedlings protection in all experiments was achieved for treatments when fungicide mixture was used in the highest dose (10 g/kg). Decrease of fungicides concentrations were connected with lower effectiveness of disease control. No phytotoxic effects of the tested fungicide mixtures were observed under the glasshouse or field conditions.

Reasoned opinion on the modification of the existing MRLs for chlorantraniliprole in carrots, parsnips, parsley root and celeriac

Reasoned opinion on the modification of the existing MRLs for chlorantraniliprole in carrots, parsnips, parsley root and celeriac

Heavy metals health risk assessment for population via consumption of vegetables grown in old mining area; a case study: Banat County, Romania

BackgroundThe aim of this study is to measure the levels of heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd and Pb) found in common vegetables (parsley, carrot, onion, lettuce, cucumber and green beans) grown in contaminated mining areas compared with those grown in reference clear area and to determine their potential detrimental effects via calculation of the daily metal intake (DImetal) and Target Hazard Quotients (THQ) for normal daily consumption of these vegetables, for male and female gender.ResultsCompared with the reference in contaminated areas, soil and plant contents of all analyzed metals are higher, usually over normally content for Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb. Particularly, in soil, higher values than intervention threshold values (ITV) were found for Cu and Pb and higher than maximum allowable limits (MAL) for Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb for parsley roots and leaves, carrot roots, cabbage, lettuce and cucumber. DImetal and THQ values for male and female were calculated for each vegetable and metal and for which oral reference doses exist. The combined THQ values calculated are concerning in that they are usually below the safe level of THQ<1 for all vegetables grown in reference area. In contaminated Moldova Noua (M) area the combined THQ exceeded the safe level only for parsley roots, while in more contaminated Ruschita (R) area combined THQ exceeded the safe level for parsley and carrot roots, lettuce and cabbage. Cd and Pb, most toxic metals to humans, have an increasing prevalence in the combined THQ for leafy (cabbage and lettuce) and fruit vegetables (cucumber). In the root vegetables only Pb has an increasing prevalence in combined THQ values. In all areas female THQ is higher than male THQ.ConclusionThe results of this study regarding metal contents in soils, vegetables, DImetal and THQ suggest that the consumption of some vegetables (especially parsley, carrot and cabbage and less for lettuce, cucumber and green beans) is not free of risks in these areas. The complex THQ parameter use in health risk assessment of heavy metals provides a better image than using only a simple parameter (contents of metals in soils and vegetables).

First Report of Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria) Infecting Parsley in Turkey

Commercial parsley plants in Safranbolu were found with symptoms of decline, stunting, yellowing and many galls in the roots, symptoms typical of infestation by root knot nematodes. Morphological, biochemical and molecular methods were used to identify the causal root knot nematode species. Morphological characteristic and perineal patterns of the females and isoenzyme phenotypes matched the description of Meloidogyne arenaria. Polymerase chain reaction with the M. arenaria species-specific Far/Rar primer set also produced a 420-bp fragment, the same as obtained with a positive control population of M. arenaria. Results, therefore, confirm that the root knot nematodes isolated from parsley roots were M. arenaria. This is the first report of M. arenaria infecting parsley in Turkey.

Comparative analysis of radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds present in everyday use spice plants by means of spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods

Comparative analysis of radical scavenging and antioxidant activities of phenolic compounds present in everyday use spice plants was carried out by means of spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods. Six spice plant samples, namely onion (Allium cepa), parsley (Petroselinum crispum) roots and leaves, celery (Apium graveolens) roots and leaves and leaves of dill (Anethum graveolens) were analyzed. Total amount of phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity (RSA) was the highest in celery leaves and dill extracts and was the lowest in celery roots. Comparing commonly used spectrophotometric analysis of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) RSA of extracts with the results obtained using reversed-phase chromatographic separation with on-line post-column radical scavenging reaction detection, good correlation was obtained (R(2)=0.848). Studies using HPLC system with electrochemical detector showed that bioactive phytochemicals can be separated and antioxidant activities of individual compounds evaluated without the need of a complex HPLC system with reaction detector. The results obtained using electrochemical detection correlate with the RSA assayed using spectrophotometric method (R(2)=0.893).

Study of genetic variation among parsley (Petroselinum Crispum (Mill.) Nym.) samples using RAPD and ISSR markers

RAPD and ISSR markers have been used to classify 32 samples of parsley (Petroselinum Crispum (Mill.) Nym. ex A. W. Hill) including the root and leaf plants. In total, 51 RAPD and 66 ISSR markers were amplified by five RAPD and six ISSR primers. On average, the ISSR and RAPD spectra had 11 and 10.2 bands, respectively. The matrix of genetic distances between the samples was constructed using Jaccard coefficients. The dendrogram constructed by the UPGMA method graphically shows the values of genetic distances. The distance between root and leaf forms of parsley was 0.292.

Antioxidant activities of celery and parsley juices in rats treated with doxorubicin.

We have examined the influence of diluted pure celery and parsley leaf and root juices and their combinations with doxorubicin on the antioxidant status [as measured by the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)] in liver homogenate and hemolysate and on the contents of cytochrome P450 in liver homogenate. It was found that doxorubicin significantly decreased the content of reduced glutathione and the total antioxidative status (FRAP) in liver homogenate and hemolysate, while celery and parsley juices alone and in combination with doxorubicin had different actions. Doxorubicin and celery juice had no effect on content of cytochrome P450. However, in combination with doxorubicin, parsley root juice significant increased, and parsley leaves juice decreased the cytochrome P450 content (compared to doxorubicin treated animals). Only parsley root juice significantly increased the content of cytochrome P450.

THE GERMAN PARSLEY GERMPLASM COLLECTION - INTERACTION OF MORPHOLOGICAL, MOLECULAR AND PHYTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERS

The German parsley (Petroselinum crispum [Mill.] Nyman) germplasm collection (220 accessions) was cultivated at two different places in order to study the variability and biodiversity of the collection. With the help of a descriptor a standardized morphological characterisation of the accessions was done. 14 curled, 169 smooth and 25 root parsleys were found. 12 accessions were a mix of smooth and curled parsleys. Differences in the 1000 grain weight and in the flowering time of the morphological types could be detected. However, the measurement of the chlorophyll content was not an appropriate method to distinguish between the morphological types. Different molecular markers were used to explain the relationship between the accessions. All root parsleys form a cluster together with some smooth leaf parsleys, the other smooth and curled parsleys appear in a second cluster. Furthermore, the composition of the essential oil and the volatile compounds were analysed. The content of myrcene and β-phellandrene can be correlated with root parsley and leaf parsley, respectively. For the volatile compounds two groups could be defined which correlate with the molecular clusters. In conclusion, a very well characterised parsley collection will be available for further breeding purposes.

Study of some quantitative features of variety of parsley saccharinate.

As the variety of Saccharata parsley root was created to ICDLF Vidra presented phenotypic expression of interest in this variety in the specific conditions SCDL Iernut. Setting up experiences was carried out the seed of 100 elite who have been carried out 100 families in the fields of study by the former plants mother (CSD pm), the year of each biological cycle from seed to seed. purifications have used biological method of negative individual selection that was eliminated by plants, unrepresentative families. harvest has used the method for selecting the ascending. In mother plant phase have been performed biometric measurements on 20 plants/family. Using statistical calculation has been determined the variability of studied features (Tab. 1), and production capacity of the production of roots per hectare. Height rosette of leaves, presents medium variability (S% =15.65) and falls within the confidence interval K = (29.28 to 40.14 cm) promoting mechanized harvesting nozzle of leaves. Length roots recorded values (average length of a value of 15.65 cm3, and the range of confidence K= (11.17-20.08) which indicates that the soil is characterized by favorable qualities for developing roots of parsley. The height of seed plant” - are important as uniformity for mechanized harvesting. Average value was 124.76 cm and has a medium variability (13.40%).

Modification of the existing MRLs for trifloxystrobin in parsnips, parsley root, salsify, swedes and turnips

EFSA JournalVolume 7, Issue 12 314r Reasoned OpinionOpen Access Modification of the existing MRLs for trifloxystrobin in parsnips, parsley root, salsify, swedes and turnips European Food Safety Authority, European Food Safety AuthoritySearch for more papers by this author European Food Safety Authority, European Food Safety AuthoritySearch for more papers by this author First published: 17 December 2009 https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.314r Approval date: 16 June 2009 Published date: 17 December 2009 Question number: EFSA-Q-2009-00464 AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume7, Issue12December 2009314r ReferencesRelatedInformation

The effect of salinity on the growth, yield and essential oils of turnip‐rooted and leaf parsley cultivated within the Mediterranean region

AbstractBACKGROUND: Turnip‐rooted parsley, a field‐crop of northern Europe, has recently been introduced to the Mediterranean region for fresh consumption or production of essential oil. Because of soil salinity within this area, the sensitivity of turnip‐rooted and two other parsley subspecies (plain‐ and curly‐leafed) to salt was studied.RESULTS: NaCl or CaCl2 additions to the irrigation water raised the electrical conductivity (EC) in increments from 0.5 dS m−1 to 4.5 dS m−1 (year 1) or 6.0 dS m−1 (year 2), reducing parsley foliage weight in year 2, but increasing the root weight of turnip‐rooted parsley in year 1. Raising the EC with NaCl increased the yield of foliar essential oil from curly‐leafed parsley (both years), but not from the other cultivars. CaCl2 had less effect on oil yield. The relative concentrations of the principal aroma constituents (β‐phellandrene, myristicin, β‐myrcene and apiole) of the foliar essential oil were affected by NaCl or CaCl2 in a way that differed between cultivars. Oil yield from parsley roots was very low and apparently unaffected by salinity.CONCLUSION: All three parsley subspecies are moderately sensitive to salinity, but may be cultivated at &lt;4.5 dS m−1 EC. Salinity may assist oil production by increasing oil yield (curly‐leafed parsley) and positively affecting certain aroma constituents. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry

Oligogalacturonate hydrolase with unique substrate preference from the pulp of parsley roots

The main form of pectate hydrolases in the cell wall of parsley roots showed a unique substrate preference of a plant exopolygalacturonase because it clearly preferred the substrates with degree of polymerization about 10. This form was separated from the others, purified and characterized. Enzyme exhibited sharp pH optimum corresponding to pH 4.7, molecular mass 53.5 kDa, and isoelectric point 5.3. It was stable at 50°C in 2-h assay and had optimum of temperature at 60°C (activation energy being 37.0 kJ/mol). The interaction with concanavalin A indicated the glycosylation of enzyme. Substrates were cleaved from the non-reducing end.

Vegetables as biocatalysts in stereoselective hydrolysis of labile organic compounds

Hydrolysis of labile esters of β-hydroxyketones has been performed with whole plant tissue from various vegetables. The pheromone 5-hydroxy-4-methyl-3-heptanone (1) was used as the model compound. Hydrolysis of acetates and benzoates of 1 was unsuccessful using normal conditions of ester hydrolysis, both by chemical hydrolysis and by the means of commercial lipases. When, however, whole cells of carrot, celery root, eggplant, parsley root, parsnip and potato were used as reagents, hydrolysis of the acetates was successful. At low conversion the hydrolysis was stereoselective and at total conversion virtually no formation of by-products was observed. The selectivity varied among the eight vegetables that were evaluated. Methods of preparation and substrate-to-plant ratio were examined. Furthermore, acetates and benzoates of three analogous compounds [5-hydroxy-3-heptanone (2), 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-3-heptanone (3) and 5-ethyl-6-hydroxy-4-octanone (4)] were hydrolyzed by potato and sweet potato to various degrees, indicating that the method is general for the mild and stereoselective hydrolysis of secondary β-alkoxy- and β-aryloxyketones.

The effect of nitrogen fertilization on plant growth and the nitrate content of leaves and roots of parsley in the Mediterranean region

Curly-leafed and turnip-rooted parsley have recently been introduced to Greece as alternative herbs within the programme for crop diversification. Because the response of these subspecies to nitrogen (N) application under the warm climatic conditions of the Mediterranean region is unknown, both were cultivated over three consecutive years in order to evaluate their yield potential and quality (in terms of nitrate content) in relation to nitrogen application in comparison with the traditionally cultivated plain-leafed subspecies. Nitrogen was applied as ammonium nitrate in the form of liquid feeds at rates of 30–450 mg kg −1. Foliage and root yield increased with N application up to a level of 150 mg kg −1 and the nitrate content of the tissues was low. Increasing N application rates to 300 or 450 mg kg −1 did not cause a further increase in yield, but the nitrate content of the tissues increased. In view of health concerns with respect to human nitrate intake and environmental threats posed by excessive N application, it is concluded that the optimum level of ammonium nitrate application under local conditions should be 150 mg kg −1. Overall, all three subspecies responded to N in a similar way in terms of yield and nitrate content.