Parking Supply Research Articles

Parking Assessment in the Context of Growing Construction Activity and Infrastructure Changes: Simulation of Impact Scenarios

This paper investigates the impact of construction activity and associated parking on the overall parking behaviour of a rapidly changing metropolitan city. The study adopted the modelling and simulation of baseline and impact scenarios of increasing demand, changing parking infrastructure and limited on-street parking supply. Results indicate that construction and population growth, as well as limited parking capacities, will have a significant impact on overall parking behaviour. Furthermore, the proximity to the construction site was identified as an important consideration in carpark location choice. These findings suggest that decisions on capacity and locations should be based on critical factors, including the behaviour of various users and loads. This study has implications for policymakers on the provision and selection of parking infrastructure for a range of users. Outcomes of this research have directly influenced the planning framework for the Parramatta Light Rail project, future zoning, and infrastructure development in Parramatta. These findings can be used for recommendations on developing travel demand management (TDM) strategies for various stakeholders, depending on the context of parking demand, supply, and future changes. However, the study is limited to surveys of actual parking demand without considering latent demand during the peak period of the day.

Disability and Employment; Quota System and Infrastructure Analysis LDA Lahore as a Paradigm

Anin capacity is any condition of the body or mind that makes it more problematic for the individual with the state to do certain accomplishments and cooperate with the world around them.The main objectives of the study are to find the relationship between disability and employment,empower disabled people, provide them with better employment opportunities, make them financially stable and make them independent and incorporate the factors that make the building accessible and comfortable for the disabled. From the literature reviews which were of different ideologies and objectives, the result came is that there are different techniques by which the problems can be solved by involving sustainability, accessibility and adaptability in an infrastructure design. The sector of the LDA has been selected for the research analysis. The quotas for disabled people and the building infrastructure of LDA will be analyzed. For the research analysis, the different types of analysis will be performed on the data which are 3D analysis, Demographics Analysis, questionnaire and Correlation Analysis. The proposals which are given are based on the provision of parking, washrooms facilities,staircases, ramps, handrails, and office furniture and entrance gates.

Optimal allocation of shared parking spaces for hospital parkers considering parking choice behavior under bounded rationality

ABSTRACT Lack of parking spaces at downtown hospitals causes urban problems like patient access delays and additional carbon emissions. This paper proposes a cumulative prospect theory-based shared parking space allocation model (CPT-SPSA model) to alleviate the parking difficulties. The CPT-SPSA model aims to maximize the profit of the shared parking platform under time window constraints considering the parking choice behavior of hospital parkers. To determine the parking choice behavior, cumulative prospect theory (CPT) is utilized to model parkers’ evaluation of parking lots considering individual heterogeneity. Numerical experiments indicate that the profit of the platform and the utilization rate of the shared parking spaces are improved significantly and more successful matches of shared parking supply and demand are achieved under the CPT-SPSA model. Those with different parking purposes vary in acceptance of each parking lot. The platform can earn more profit by reasonably adjusting the parking fees of the shared parking spaces.

Not enough parking, you say? A study of garage use and parking supply for single-family homes in Sacramento and implications for ADUs

Accessory dwelling units (ADUs) are increasingly touted as part of the solution to the intransigent housing shortages facing many metropolitan areas across the United States. But numerous barriers to ADU development persist, including opposition by neighboring households. One persistent question is whether ADU residents would overwhelm on-street parking in the predominately single-family neighborhoods where ADUs are typically built. That question is difficult to answer because there is a surprising dearth of research on the effective parking supply in single-family neighborhoods. We use a survey of homeowners in Sacramento, California, to investigate the supply and sufficiency of residential parking for single-family homes, including how households actually use their garages, and help answer the ADU parking conundrum. After estimating and accounting for actual garage use, we find that more than 75% of households have enough off-street parking available to park all their vehicles. When we combine off-street and on-street parking supplies, we find that households have an average of 1.6 more parking spaces available to them than they have vehicles. That parking surplus is more than enough to accommodate the average ADU tenant and their vehicle, belying claims that ADUs will overwhelm existing parking supplies in single-family neighborhoods.

Research on Parking Problems and Demand based on Parking Generation Rate Model in the Old Town of Hefei

Due to its comprehensive urban functions, high population density, and unreasonable parking space planning, the old town of Hefei is facing a serious problem of uneven distribution of parking spaces. This paper analyzed the current parking situation in the old town of Hefei through the survey results of the current parking situation in the old town. Then, based on the parking generation rate model, considering the impact of price factors and parking service levels on parking demand, a parking generation-prediction model was established to predict the parking demand in the old town of Hefei and the parking demand of each traffic district was obtained. The results show that the contradiction between the supply and demand of parking in the old town of Hefei is still prominent in the future.

Understanding the Linkages and Importance of Urban Greenspaces for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals 2030

Urban greenspaces have an immense contribution to the social, environmental, and economic spectrums of sustainable development. These three spectrums are also the foundation of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030. Thus, this interdependence nature offers an opportunity to study the linkages between urban greenspaces and SDGs targets for acknowledging the importance of urban greenspaces for achieving SDGs 2030. To understand the linkages, the study follows a qualitative study approach. In the approach, a convenient systematic literature search technique has been employed to define urban greenspaces and identify empirical evidence on greenspaces’ contribution to different SDG targets. For ensuring the authenticity and validity of the findings, the study includes only peer-reviewed articles in the systematic technique. Results suggest an immediate association between urban greenspaces and SDG target 11.7, which emphasizes explicitly the provision (quality, quantity, and accessibility) of urban parks and playgrounds for the physical and mental wellbeing of urban citizens, typically the social spectrum of sustainable development. In addition to the apparent link, fourteen more underlying connections have been identified where urban greenspaces can contribute to fourteen different SDG targets. These underlying connections acknowledge the importance of urban greenspaces for achieving SDGs 2030.

Sustainable development: Investigating the correlations between park equality and mortality by multilevel model in Shenzhen, China

• Multilevel regression model was used to correlate the mortality and park equality. • Park accessibility has stronger correlation with mortality compared to green space. • The greater park accessibility is associated with a lower mortality. • This negative correlation disappears when accessibility exceeds 47.72 m 2 /person. • Moderate park constructions are suggested for balancing public health and land use. Numerous studies have revealed that accessible parks are associated with better health outcomes. This interdisciplinary study focuses the spatial equality of local parks in Shenzhen, China, and aims to investigate its correlation with the summation of mortalities for the top four causes of non-accidental death. The paper consists of two parts: firstly, the spatial equality of parks was assessed by several criteria including the Gini index and accessibility calculated by the Gaussian-based two-step-floating catchment area (G2SFCA) method, and then multilevel regression analysis was novelly used to explore the correlation between the equality of park and mortality integrated with geodemographic and economic factors. The results show that the residents living in city centre experience higher accessibility and more equality of parks. There is greater equality regarding neighbourhood parks provision than urban parks provision. Parks that are walking accessible have stronger correlations with mortality compared to all types of green spaces. Most importantly, the greater park accessibility is associated with a lower mortality whereas this relation no longer exists when the accessibility exceeds 47.72m 2 /person, which is concluded that building parks moderately is suggested to balance the health benefits and land scarcity for the sustainable development of cities.

Cruising for Parking with Autonomous and Conventional Vehicles

Parking is a cumbersome part of auto travel because travelers have to search for a spot and walk from that spot to their final destination. This conventional method of parking will change with the arrival of autonomous vehicles (AV). In the near future, users of AVs get dropped off at their final destination and the occupant-free AVs search for the nearest and most convenient parking spot. Hence, individuals no longer bear the discomfort of cruising for parking while sitting in their vehicle. This paper quantifies the impact of AVs on parking occupancy and traffic flow on a corridor that connects a home zone to a downtown zone. The model considers a heterogeneous group of AVs and conventional vehicles (CV) and captures their parking behavior as they try to minimize their generalized travel costs. Insights are obtained from applying the model to two case studies with uniform and linear parking supply along the corridor. We show that (i) CVs park closer to the downtown zone in order to minimize their walking distance, whereas AVs park farther away from the downtown zone to minimize their parking search time, (ii) AVs experience a lower search time than CVs, and (iii) higher AV penetration rates reduce travel costs for both AVs and CVs.

CONSERVATION UNITS IN AMAZONAS: A brief reflection related to the Anavilhanas National Park

Given the importance of strengthening reflections on Conservation Units (UC's) in the Amazon, the present study proposes a discussion on the Parks of the state of Amazonas, as well as a brief reflection related to the Anavilhanas National Park. In the first moment, the number of parks and their spheres of national, state and municipal management is presented. Then, the considerations are turned to the Anavilhanas National Park and its peculiarities. The methodology used consists of a bibliographic review around this theme, as well as the use of information from the Institutions that work directly in the area. As a result, the natural supply of parks represents a potential ally in terms of preserving resources and developing sustainable ecotourism activities. Anavilhanas Park is a national conservation unit, known worldwide, which presents the necessary attractions for sustainable ecotourism, since, since its recognition, as a protected area, it has been generating positive results for this follow-up.Â

Parking design and pricing for regular and autonomous vehicles: a morning commute problem

Autonomous vehicles can profoundly change parking behaviour in the future. Instead of searching for parking, the occupants alight at their final destination and send their occupant-free cars to a parking spot. This paper studies the impact of parking in a morning commute problem with autonomous and regular vehicles. We simplify the complex problem with distinct cost functions to a classic bi-class problem that can be analytically solved. To optimize the system, we develop temporal and spatial parking pricing strategies and a new parking supply design scheme, as practical alternatives for the conventional dynamic congestion pricing.

PAJAK ATAS PARKIR BERBAYAR BADAN LAYANAN UMUM

The public service agency is a central or regional government agency that provides paid services to the community. Usually, public service agencies also provide paid parking, for example, hospitals. In local government parking tax, parking provision carried out by government agencies is excluded from the tax imposition. Meanwhile, the central government in the Value Added Tax (VAT) provisions excludes parking services. So, the purpose of this study is to explain the comparison of the VAT Law and the Local Taxes Law requirement related to parking provision services, describe the relationship between paid parking from the public service agency and the VAT and the Local Taxes Law provision, and explain the ideal taxation of paid parking provision from the public service agency. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. The results clarify that VAT negative list provision in relation to the Local Taxes Law is one way to avoid double taxation on the same object. Paid parking from public service agency is generally one of the exceptions to the imposition of parking taxes according to the Local Taxes Law because it is a parking space administered by the central government and local governments. However, public service agencies may use third-party services to provide paid parking for its parking lot. This paid parking spaces provision service belongs to a public service agency by a third party is a parking tax based on the Local Taxes Law. Meanwhile, the delivery of parking lot management services carried out by third parties is the object of VAT.

Association of neighborhood parks with child health in the United States

BACKGROUND AND AIM: While there is evidence that parks support pediatric health, there have been no national studies looking at both physical and mental health. We assessed whether the presence of a neighborhood park is associated with pediatric physical or mental health or health behaviors across the wider United States. METHODS: Hypotheses about child health and neighborhood parks were investigated among respondents to the National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH) 2016, a nationally representative sample of children and adolescents aged 0-17. Caregivers reported on the presence of parks or playgrounds in the neighborhood and diverse outcomes, including child physical activity, screen-time, sleep, weight, and diagnosis of anxiety, depression, or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Covariates included child and family socio-demographics and, for 29 states, neighborhood urbanicity. RESULTS:Caregivers reported on 49,146 children (mean age 9.4 years; 49% female). There were 11,791 (24%) children living in neighborhoods lacking a park; children in non-urban locations (aOR 2.19, 95%CI 1.40–1.67) or below the federal poverty level (aOR = 1.48, 95%CI 1.38–1.58) had higher odds of lacking a park. Irrespective of socio-demographics, children lacking parks were more likely to be physically inactive (aOR1.36, 95% CI 1.24, 1.48), have excessive screen-time (aOR = 1.19, 95% CI 1.14, 1.25), or obtain inadequate sleep (aOR = 1.23, 95% CI 1.18, 1.29). Children without parks were more likely obese (aOR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.21, 1.43), overweight (aOR 1.25, 95%CI 1.17, 1.33), or diagnosed with ADHD (aOR 1.20, 95% CI 1.12,1.29), but not more anxious or depressed (aOR = 1.04, 95%CI 0.97, 1.11). CONCLUSIONS:Associations between parks and pediatric physical and mental health and health behaviors suggests that the provision of neighborhood parks could represent a low-cost childhood health intervention. KEYWORDS: Built environment, Green space, Children's environmental health, Mental health outcomes, Environmental disparities

Membangun Budaya Literasi Masyarakat Pekon Sukananti Kecamatan Way Tenong Kabupaten Lampung Barat melalui Perpustakaan Desa dan Taman Baca Masyarakat

This service aims to describe the causes of the low interest in reading in the community, especially the young generation of school age in the village of Sukananti; diagnosing various causes of low interest in reading in the Sukananti village community; and designing a program of reading activities as an effort that can encourage people to want to read so that a literacy culture can be realized, especially for the young generation of school age in Sukananti village, Way Tenong district, West Lampung Regency through the provision of village libraries and community reading parks (TBM). The approach used in the implementation of this program and research is a qualitative approach in the form of a case study by examining events or events related to reading interest and literacy culture. Data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and data recording. Data analysis techniques are carried out through the presentation, analysis, description, and presentation of data related to the reading interest and culture of the community. In this case, to be able to build and increase interest in reading in order to foster a literacy culture, it is necessary to carry out various strategies and programs that can reach all levels of society, such as the provision of IT-based village library facilities, procurement of community reading parks, and can be pursued through the involvement of KKN students to teach. read and write for two to three months, and it is necessary to cooperate with the nearest school to provide access for the dropout community to get the opportunity to learn.

Exploration of Housing Adequacy for City Resilience Using Principal Component Analysis

Public housing schemes in developing countries like Nigeria have been assessed from different perspectives. In spite of this, housing development strategies are yet to efficiently meet the needs of contemporary urban society, especially those needs associated with rapid influx of human population in countries of the Global South. Rapid population growth impacts on the social, economic and environmental fabrics of the community. In the same vein, housing for resilient city is said to offer characteristics that would enable housing to relate efficiently with the socioeconomic, physical and environmental demands of the city. However, studies on assessment of housing for city resilience are rare. This study aimed to investigate the environmental characteristics of mass housing schemes that will enhance the adequacy of residential neighbourhoods to efficiently absorb the adverse impacts of rapid urban population growth and promote city resilience. A cross sectional survey of 345 residents in seven selected public housing estates in Abuja, Nigeria was carried out using a structured questionnaire designed from the findings of the review of literature. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics and principal component analysis. The results revealed that the participants felt that housing units' features were generally adequate, while the neighbourhood environmental features were grossly inadequate for city resilience. The four main dimensions of housing adequacy evaluation were the sizes of service provision, plots for houses, availability of utilities, neighbourhood and maintenance facilities; provision of spaces for study room, guest room, laundry and home-based enterprise in dwelling units; the size of housing units and interior spaces; and the provision of car parks, security and educational facilities in the housing estates. The study highlights the specific areas of priority attention in public housing provision in order to ensure that housing developments promote cities resilient to rapid population growth.

Do persons with low socioeconomic status have less access to greenspace? Application of accessibility index to urban parks in Seoul, South Korea

Access to urban greenspace has many benefits such as improved health and social cohesion. If access differs by population, these benefits make access to greenspace an environmental justice issue, but little is known regarding accessibility of parks among different sub-groups in Seoul, South Korea. We explored potential socioeconomic inequities for access to parks in Seoul measuring two park provision metrics: total park area per capita (TPPC), and park accessibility index determined by size and proximity of parks. We assessed correlations between a deprivation index for the 25 Gus (administrative unit equivalent to the US borough) and each park provision metric. Regression analyses were applied for the associations between eight socioeconomic indicators of the 424 Dongs (equivalent to the US neighborhood) and each park provision metric. An interquartile range (IQR) increase in percent elderly (⩾65 years) (3.2%) was significantly associated with larger TPPC (1.6 m2/person, 95% CI: 0.8, 2.4). Park accessibility index was associated with more socioeconomic variables than was TPPC. An IQR increase in percent elderly and divorce rates (1.2/1000 population) was associated with increased park accessibility by 3571 km (95% CI: 1103, 6040) and decreased park accessibility by 1387 (95% CI: −2706, −67), respectively. An IQR increase in percentage of the population receiving social low-income support aid (2.2%) was associated with increased park accessibility (reflecting park size and proximity of parks) of residential parks near residential areas by 1568 (95% CI: 15, 3120). Results suggest higher park access for socioeconomically disadvantaged regions. Findings indicate that measures of detailed park access considering spatial proximity and park size may more accurately measure park inequity compared to more basic metrics (e.g. TPPC), which may bias estimation of park inequity by capturing only one characteristic of parks. Detailed park measures should be considered in urban planning and health studies of greenspace.

Analysis of the Impact of Park Scale on Urban Park Equity Based on 21 Incremental Scenarios in the Urban Core Area of Chongqing, China

AbstractWhilst many cities have implemented strategies for urban park supply, the expected outcome may be productively poor, aggravating the inequality. However, little evidence of reducing urban park inequality through regulating urban park scale has been presented. The indicators of accessibility per capita park area, Gini coefficient, and accessible park share are adopted to assess the urban park inequality in Chongqing and examine park scale impacts, through 21 incremental scenarios. Whilst the overall urban park equity is relatively reasonable in Chongqing's core area, the park accessibility is markedly unequal in distribution. There is no significant difference between the age‐ and income‐vulnerable groups and all residents in urban park equity. However, a highly unequal distribution of comprehensive parks, neighborhood parks, and small pleasance for all residents and vulnerable groups is observed. Moreover, urban park equity can be affected by park scale, where urban park number has a positive impact on accessible per capita park area and a negative effect on Gini coefficient, among all residents and vulnerable groups. There is no significant relationship between park number and the proportion of accessible park share of vulnerable groups. Overall, the impact of park scale is revealed on park‐related equity and policy makers and planners are suggested for public health, environmental equity in urban communities.

Modeling and managing the joint equilibrium of destination and parking choices under hybrid supply of curbside and shared parking

This paper models the joint equilibrium of destination and parking choices in cities under hybrid supply of curbside parking and shared parking. Given the parking supply (capacities and prices), the joint equilibrium of destination and parking choices is formulated as a variational inequality problem. We then discuss the existence and uniqueness/non-uniqueness of the joint equilibrium. We also analyze the pricing strategies of private and public shared parking operators and how these are related to travelers’ destination and parking choices, where a private operator maximizes its profit (can be either monopoly or oligopoly) and a public operator maximizes social benefit. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the model and analytical results, and also to provide further understanding.

COVID-19, the Built Environment, and Health.

Background:Since the dawn of cities, the built environment has both affected infectious disease transmission and evolved in response to infectious diseases. COVID-19 illustrates both dynamics. The pandemic presented an opportunity to implement health promotion and disease prevention strategies in numerous elements of the built environment.Objectives:This commentary aims to identify features of the built environment that affect the risk of COVID-19 as well as to identify elements of the pandemic response with implications for the built environment (and, therefore, for long-term public health).Discussion:Built environment risk factors for COVID-19 transmission include crowding, poverty, and racism (as they manifest in housing and neighborhood features), poor indoor air circulation, and ambient air pollution. Potential long-term implications of COVID-19 for the built environment include changes in building design, increased teleworking, reconfigured streets, changing modes of travel, provision of parks and greenspace, and population shifts out of urban centers. Although it is too early to predict with confidence which of these responses may persist, identifying and monitoring them can help health professionals, architects, urban planners, and decision makers, as well as members of the public, optimize healthy built environments during and after recovery from the pandemic. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP8888

Multi-modal morning commute with endogenous shared autonomous vehicle penetration considering parking space constraint

Autonomous vehicles are poised to generate revolutionary impact on urban mobility and parking availability. This study aims to model the morning commute dynamics in a multi-modal transportation system and examine how to regulate the market in the presence of parking space constraint and shared autonomous vehicles (SAVs). Other than the SAVs, commuters can also choose to take regular vehicles (RVs) or public transit (PT) to travel from home to workplace. SAVs will compete the bottleneck capacity with RVs. The dynamic departure patterns and endogenous penetration rate of SAVs are determined depending on parking supply and other related factors. The conditions for various portfolios of travel modes are derived in details. Analytical propositions, numerical examples, as well as policy implications are given with respect to different market factors such as the additional SAV cost, and parking supply. The results show that there are two possible system optimal solutions depending on the value of transit fare. When the transit fare is low, the system optimum occurs in Scenario CS II&III, wherein all three travel modes are used, the first SAV commuter arrives at the bottleneck just when the last RV commuter leaves, and the parking supply and the additional SAV cost should be controlled to a suitable value; when the transit fare is relatively high, the system optimum appears in Scenario IV, an extreme scenario wherein the parking supply is zero, and only the travel modes of PT and SAVs are used. This paper is helpful in quantifying the impacts of new vehicle technologies and shedding lights on future mobility and parking management.

Impact of built environment on walking in the case of Tehran, Iran

IntroductionGrowth of population, economic activities, and travel demand has resulted in serious problems, including air pollution, particularly in the large cities of developing countries. Many metropolitan areas are thus now seeking strategies to encourage the use of sustainable travel modes, which is significantly affected by built environment (BE). This study examines the impact of BE on walking choice and distance for discretionary trips, namely recreational and shopping trips for the case of Tehran, Iran. Circular buffer is used to explore characteristics of close neighborhoods, while transport-analysis-zone (TAZ) for wider neighborhoods MethodThis study uses a Heckman selection model based on trip characteristics, socioeconomic variables, and objective BE. This two-stage model combines a regression model of walking distance and a binary probit model of walking choice, using Origin-Destination travel data of a clustered sample of 743 Tehran residents in 2014. ResultsResidential density, commercial density, and mixed land-use are observed to have a positive effect on walking distance. Highway density, average block size, and distance to the closest gym have a negative effect on the probability of walking, while the number of bus stations has a positive effect. Also, TAZs with lower–than-mean parking capacity (at destinations) are observed to have a strong tendency toward walking. ConclusionAs the first walking distance model (to our knowledge) to include a parking supply measure, this study can provide insight into walking behavior. Developing neighborhoods with lower highway density, smaller blocks, more gyms, higher mixed land-use, and higher residential and commercial density can encourage people to walk as long-term policies, while parking management like reducing parking capacity as short-term policies.