Parking Fee Research Articles

Festivals and tourism development: Examples from Tanzania and Zimbabwe

This study examines the impact of festivals in developing tourism in Zimbabwe and Tanzania borrowing experience from the two countries and other countries. The significance of festivals in development of tourism is relentless. The study identified major festivals and their importance. Festivals are gradually turning out to be arenas of discussions aiding people to prompt their understandings on broader social, political and cultural issues. Festivals are part of the most significant products of tourism, nonetheless also crucial component of humanity. This study is descriptive by design and it synthesizes published journal articles, books, magazines and newspapers. Correspondingly, the research employed Google scholar to search for the keywords to gain access to different information on the subject. The study also applied content analysis to evaluate the idea of festivals in relation to tourism. The study reveals that festivals have enormous contribution in the growth and development of tourism sector. Festivals draw tourists, where in turn tourists spend money, which enhances the local economy equally on and off the festival place. On-place spending comprises parking fees for those with vehicles, food (game meat), beverage, soft drinks, shopping and souvenir sales. Festivals in the tourism sector have ability to build relationship especially in the festival planning stage, during and after. The study further found that festivals form an opportunity to a group to induce their preference and belief. Crucial investigation of the impact of festivals in tourism development presented that festivals are one of the great vital tourism products, but also essential ingredient of society. This research shows that festivals have important contribution in growth of tourism. This study highlights the potentials of festivals in diversifying tourism products. The paper is based only on literature review to arrive at conclusion and the literature is relatively old. Survey method can be used for broader appreciation of festivals in the countries.

Analisis Kualitas Pelayanan Parkir Tepi Jalan Umum di Kota Pekalongan

This article aims to analyze the quality of public services regarding public roadside parking in Pekalongan City. The problem in this study is focused on parking problems, namely limited land or vehicle parking lots so that people park their vehicles arbitrarily. In addition, it is also due to the actions of several parking attendants who collect parking fees that exceed the provisions and the presence of illegal or unofficial parking attendants who make parking arrangements and collect parking fees. In order to approach these problems, the theoretical references from Zeitaml and Ilosa are used, namely tangible, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, transparency and security. The data were collected through direct observation and interviews with informants and analyzed qualitatively. This study concludes that the quality of parking services on the edge of public roads is not good. This is indicated by the three dimensions that state that they are not good, namely reliability, responsiveness and assurance, although four dimensions state that they are quite good, namely tangible, assurance, empathy, transparency and security, so that the quality of parking services on the edge of public roads needs to be improved.

Optimizing urban electric vehicle incentive policy mixes in China: Perspective of residential preference heterogeneity

The large-scale diffusion of electric vehicles (EVs) helps pave the way towards carbon peak and neutrality goals, while it is affected by the governmental incentive policies at different levels. This paper studies the optimization of demand-side policy mixes from the perspective of residential preference heterogeneity with 18 EV pilot cities in China as the case. A latent class model is used to investigate urban residents’ preferences for demand-side policies and characterization of urban heterogeneities of the preferences. Valid survey data from 1455 respondents were collected from a stated preference experiment, which segmented urban residents into a “policy-sensitive” group (8.25% of the sample), “policy-indifferent” group (27.97%), and “policy-cognitive” group according to their preferences. The 18 pilot cities were grouped into three clusters according to the different compositions of the preference segments. Our analysis shows that it may not be necessary for the municipal governments to provide subsidies for the installations of home chargers currently. Besides, different optimized policy mixes of bus lane access privileges, replacement subsidies, toll discounts, and preferential parking fees for charging were proposed for the three clusters of cities. Our research paradigm applies to cities in other countries that need to optimize EV policy mixes.

Optimal allocation of shared parking spaces for hospital parkers considering parking choice behavior under bounded rationality

ABSTRACT Lack of parking spaces at downtown hospitals causes urban problems like patient access delays and additional carbon emissions. This paper proposes a cumulative prospect theory-based shared parking space allocation model (CPT-SPSA model) to alleviate the parking difficulties. The CPT-SPSA model aims to maximize the profit of the shared parking platform under time window constraints considering the parking choice behavior of hospital parkers. To determine the parking choice behavior, cumulative prospect theory (CPT) is utilized to model parkers’ evaluation of parking lots considering individual heterogeneity. Numerical experiments indicate that the profit of the platform and the utilization rate of the shared parking spaces are improved significantly and more successful matches of shared parking supply and demand are achieved under the CPT-SPSA model. Those with different parking purposes vary in acceptance of each parking lot. The platform can earn more profit by reasonably adjusting the parking fees of the shared parking spaces.

Impact of Shared Parking in the Central Business District on Real Estate Value Appreciation

Shared parking, as an important means of revitalizing static traffic facilities, has received widespread attention from all walks of life. At the microlevel, this paper analyzes a total of more than one million parking data points (including the license plate information of each vehicle, the time of entering and leaving the parking lot, the parking time and the parking fee, and so on) in Chongqing, studies the change cycle and change characteristics of the data, and draws the conclusion that the traffic volumes of office buildings and shopping malls are significantly different on weekdays and weekends. Based on the performed analysis, this paper establishes a supply-and-demand-based appreciation model to project the impact of the implementation of shared parking on real estate value appreciation. The calculation results show that the implementation of shared parking can increase the value of the parking lot studied in the example by 17% of its original value. Although the model established in this article is aimed at the sharing of parking spaces between an office building in the city’s central business district and the surrounding shopping mall, it can also be extended and applied to the evaluation of parking space sharing between general buildings. Overall, this paper provides effective methods into revitalizing parking space resources to ease urban traffic congestion.

Private Autonomous Vehicles and Their Impacts on Near-Activity Location Travel Patterns: Integrated Mode Choice and Parking Assignment Model

The goal of this study was to analyze the impact of private autonomous vehicles (PAVs), specifically their near-activity location travel patterns, on vehicle miles traveled (VMT). The study proposes an integrated mode choice and simulation-based parking assignment model, along with an iterative solution approach, to analyze the impacts of PAVs on VMT, mode choice, parking lot usage, and other system performance measures. The dynamic simulation-based parking assignment model determines the parking location choice of each traveler as a function of the spatial–temporal demand for parking from the mode choice model, whereas the multinomial logit mode choice model determines mode splits based on the costs and service quality of each travel mode coming, in part, from the parking assignment model. The paper presents a case study to illustrate the power of the modeling framework. The case study varies the percentage of persons with a private vehicle (PV) who own a PAV versus a private conventional vehicle (PCV). The results indicated that PAV owners traveled an extra 0.11 to 1.51 mi compared with PCV owners on average, and the PV mode share was significantly higher for PAV owners. Therefore, as PCVs are converted into PAVs in the future, the results indicate substantial increases in VMT near activity destinations. However, the results also indicated that adjusting parking fees and redistributing parking lot capacities could reduce VMT. The significant increase in VMT from PAVs implies that planners should develop policies to reduce PAV deadheading miles near activity locations, as the automated era comes closer.

Illegal Levies as a Negative Element Contributing to The Decrease of The Tourism Potential on Madura

As revealed by the World Economic Forum, there is a correlation between corruption and tourism: the higher the level of corruption of a state, as reflected in the Corruption Perceptions Index of Transparency International, the lower the number of foreign tourists visiting the state. As such, a very strong correlation exists between the community development index, tourism, and the community’s legal awareness on the journey to the eradication of illegal fees. Illegal fees have to date been regarded as something normal in society. Illegal fees have become a regular in every sector, which must be ceased, and this holds true to the tourism sector as well. It is thus become essential to study the correlation between illegal fees in the tourism sector and the undermined tourism potential on Madura.Illegal fees have become part of the systems applied in Indonesia, including in the tourism sector. One of the reasons behind visitors’ disinterest in visiting a tourist attraction is the illegal fees someone imposes there, whether they be in the form of entrance fees or in the form of parking fees. The absence of a price standard allows some irresponsible persons to collect such fees as entrance and parking fees at tourist attractions variably according to the situation that arises in a given time.This paper uses a socio-legal research method to investigate directly into the relationship between illegal fees in the tourism sector and the undermined tourism potential on Madura. Primary data, collected through interviews, survey, and observation, were analyzed descriptively.

Women-only parking spaces: Determinants of parking space choice, investment decision, and a case study of Wuhan, China

This paper investigates the effects of introducing women-only parking spaces on drivers’ parking behavior and operator’s investment behavior based on a field survey of a parking lot in Wuhan, China. An econometric model is presented to identify the major determinants of influencing drivers’ time for completing the parking process at a parking space and their parking choice decisions towards the women-only parking spaces. Optimization models are developed to jointly determine the optimal proportion of the women-only parking spaces in a parking lot and/or the optimal parking fees so as to maximize the total net profit of operator, which is from the operations of car park and shopping mall. A case study from Wuhan China is conducted for illustrating the applications of the models. The findings show that driver’s gender, driving age, vehicle length, and parking environment (obstacles on one or both sides of a parking space) have significant impacts on the time for completing the parking process at a parking space. Women-only parking spaces can help reduce such time. Driver’s gender, driving age, and the past parking experience at the women-only parking spaces significantly influence driver’s choice of the women-only parking spaces, whereas educational degree and the past parking experience have no statistically significanteffects. However, investment in the women-only parking spaces may lead to a loss in the net profit of operator, and thus the investment decision on the women-only parking spaces should be carefully made for the operator in practice. These findings have important implications for planning of parking facilities and evaluation of parking policies.

Differentiated fares depend on bus line and time for urban public transport network based on travelers’ day-to-day group behavior

Considering travelers’ day-to-day group behavior based on social interaction, this paper proposes a differentiated fare strategy depending on bus line and time. Based on the analysis of travelers’ generalized cost, a day-to-day group travel behavior evolution model with social interaction is established, and the corresponding OD matrix evolutionary model based on the complexity of the group behavior is designed. Set the differentiated fares of bus lines, private car parking fees and bus departure frequency as the optimization variables, the multi-objective optimization model is established to maximize the profit of the public transportation system and travelers’ utility On this basis, the improved particle swarm multi-objective optimization algorithm is introduced to solve the model. Finally, the proposed model and algorithm are applied to a bus network under real case. The numerical results show that: (1) The implementation of differentiated fares depends on bus line and time based on travelers’ day-to-day group behavior can improve the Pareto frontier, in which the travelers obtain higher utility and the public transportation system achieves higher profit than the model based on perfect rationality; (2) Compared with the traditional traffic flow model, the day-to-day evolution model of group behavior under differentiated fares can reduce the congestion of the network; (3) Properly reducing the information interaction range of travelers can effectively reduce the travel time under the differentiated fares.

An Evaluation of Temporal- and Spatial-Based Dynamic Parking Pricing for Commercial Establishments

All smart parking management systems (SPMS) have incorporated the dynamic pricing into its features and capabilities. The collection of parking fees on a corresponding spot has been dependent on either its time- or space-value, with most SPMS utilizing temporal-based parking fee collection. However, little to no study has been conducted to assess or evaluate these pricing schemes according to its friendliness and economics towards both parkers and business operators. In this work, we evaluate two current temporal- and three proposed spatiotemporal-based dynamic parking pricing methods by computing their social optimum range and economic effects to both users and parking management entities. Our extensive analysis utilizing both empirical mobility traces and driver parking duration behavior provide important insights in the current pricing setups and present necessary adjustments in improving parking fee collection that contribute to societal benefits.

Constraints to Optimising Revenue Potential in Subnational Governments in Kenya: Lessons from Nairobi City County

Optimisation of revenue potential in the subnational governments in Kenya is core to meeting the their recurrent and development expenditure needs without overrelying on national government transfers. However, the subnational governments face constraints that limit their potential to enhance their revenue collections. Therefore, this study examines the constraints to own source revenue (OSR) collections in Nairobi City County (NCC), assesses challenges to optimal collection of parking fees, and identifies measures to address the challenges inherent to the collection of single business permits (SBPs) debts in the county. The study employed desk review and survey design targeting 170 key informants from the NCC Government and the Kenya Revenue Authority distributed across the 17 sub-counties. The study found that the major constraints to OSR collection in the NCC are inadequate revenue collection tools, equipment and machines (82%); inadequate capacity of the debt collection unit to follow taxpayers who default or delay in making payments (68%); poor tax education/awareness within the county (63%); below par adoption of information and communications technology systems combined with the prevalence of manual revenue collection in making payments (58%); inadequate staff numbers to collect the fees and charges (53%); and lack of legal framework (policies, rules and regulations) for collection of all the revenue streams (51%). The study also found that the main challenges to optimal collection of parking fees in the NCC are high parking fees; system failure; insecurity; unmarked parking lots; interference by parking boys; lack of parking spaces, among others. The study makes suggestions for addressing the challenges in the collection of SBPs debts and provides comprehensive recommendations on dealing with the identified constraints to revenue optimisation in the NCC, applicable to other subnational governments across sub-Saharan Africa.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ МІСЦЕВОГО ОПОДАТКУВАННЯ, ЯК ОСНОВИ ФОРМУВАННЯ ДОХОДІВ ОБ’ЄДНАНИХ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНИХ ГРОМАД В УКРАЇНІ

The scientific article is devoted to the peculiarities of the formation of the system of tax revenues as sources of revenues of the budgets of the united territorial communities in the modern conditions of administrative-territorial reform in Ukraine. The norms of legislative acts that establish the system of local taxes and fees and the system of local and national taxes and fees that are credited to local budgets are studied in order to determine their "weight" in budget revenues. It is established that according to the Budget Code of Ukraine, the deduction of 60 percent of personal income tax to the local budget stimulates local governments to create new jobs and new enterprises in the region. Since local governments cannot influence the determination of types of national taxes, as directed to local budgets, and cannot establish any benefits for the payment of this category of taxes, it is justified to regulate the mechanism of tax revenues through the introduction of new types of local taxes, tourist tax, vehicle parking fee, and entertainment fee. It is determined that a significant part of OTG budget revenues depends on transfers, the tendency to regularity and increase of which persists. The fiscal role of local taxes of Ukraine is compared with foreign countries. The peculiarities of local taxation were studied on the example of the budgets of territorial communities of Kharkiv region and the powers of local self-government bodies to establish the conditions for accrual and payment of local taxes and fees were clarified and the need to expand the powers of local authorities over elements of the tax mechanism. Proposals have been developed to increase the financial independence of local governments at the level of territorial communities through tax tools, including powers to autonomy in regulating tax rates and benefits, as well as by amending the Law of Ukraine "On Local Self-Government" to consolidate the right of united territorial community submit to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine bills on amendments to the Tax Code of Ukraine on the conditions of payment of current local taxes or the introduction of new local taxes and fees at the stage of drafting the annual budget law.

Равновесие Нэша при выделении площадей для организации платных и бесплатных парковок с учетом интересов автомобилистов, городских властей и владельцев парковок

The problem of optimizаtion the distribution of urban territory near a center of gravity (airport, railway station, mall, etc.) between two types of parking lots: paid and free is considered. Obviously, under otherwise equal conditions the car user will choose free parking, but this will lead to an increase in the time to find a parking space. Therefore, paying for parking is beneficial for people who have a higher their value of time. Paid parking operator determine the size of the parking fee - if the price is low enough, all parking spaces will be occupied and there will be problems with parking, in addition, there will be lost profits. Lost profits will also occur if the price is high enough, because if the price goes up, fewer car users will be ready to use paid parking services. The city authorities' task is to determine part of the land which should be allocated for paid parking on the understanding that the rest of the land goes to free parking. The paid parking owners' task is to determine the optimal price in order to maximize the profit. Car users choose parking based on their value of time. A mathematical model was built with three types of participants: car users, municipal authorities and parking operators. The strategy of the passenger is the choice of parking, the goal is to minimize the cost and time. The strategy of the municipality is the allocation of territory for parking, the goal is similar to the goals of passengers. Parking operator with the strategy "parking price" achieves to maximize profit. The interaction of the participants is described within the framework of game theory, the objective functions of the players are considered, and the existence of the Nash equilibrium is proved. Numerical examples are considered, options for the development of the presented model are described. The dependence of characteristics on the total allocated number of parking spaces in two types of parking lots, the price of parking and the intensity of the car flow to the center of gravity is presented.

Developing Mathematical Modeling Tasks Using Parking Fee for Learning Mathematics

<p style="text-align: justify;">The purpose of this study is to produce valid mathematical modeling tasks using parking fees for learning mathematical modeling in SMK. This study used a research development approach by Akker, Gravemeijer, McKenney and Nieveen. This research consists of 3 stages, namely analysis, design and evaluation. The analysis step was carried out by analyzing students, curriculum, vocational needs, context needed and mathematical modeling. The second step is design and product. The last step is a formative evaluation design which consists of self-evaluation, one-to-one, expert review, small group, and field test. The research only conducted self-evaluation, one-to-one, and expert review. Data analysis used descriptive walk through, expert commentary analysis, solution analysis and student comments to get a valid parking fee context mathematical modeling problem for learning mathematics. This research has produced mathematical modeling problems valid using the context of parking fees for mathematics learning in SMK. The results of this study suggest that it is important for teachers to design and implement mathematical modeling problems using interesting and meaningful real-world contexts in learning mathematics, further research is important to provide scaffolding for students in mathematical modeling problems for mathematics learning, finally, research and learning mathematical modeling crucial to be applied in the future.</p>

ANALISIS KEPUASAN WISATAWAN TERHADAP PANTAI BAHARI JAWAI DI KABUPATEN SAMBAS

Marine ecotourism is the potential of an area to improve the welfare of coastal communities. The Jawai Marine Tourism Beach, located in Sambas Regency, is a tourist location developed from self-help at the start of the pandemic of COVID-19. In its development, the management of this area is still making continuous improvements in marine tourism services in fulfilling the wishes and needs of visitors. This research aims to determine the level of visitor satisfaction based on the Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) and the attribute importance level based on the Importance Performance Analysis (IPA). This research has conducted from March-July 2021 at The Bahari Coast of Jawai Sambas Regency. Research methods are quantitative research methods. The research method is a quantitative research method with accidental sampling techniques. Data was obtained by distributing 220 questionnaires to visitors. The results showed that the CSI data was 69.21%, which means that the manager's performance has not met the needs and desires of visitors. Based on the results of data processing that has been carried out with IPA, several attributes must be improved and improved. The attributes which need to be improved to upgrade the service quality of the Jawai Marine Tourism Park are 1). Accommodation costs such as toilet, parking, and entrance fees; 2). Prices of food, drinks, and souvenirs. All stakeholders are expected to contribute to the development of marine ecotourism in the form of ideas, ideas, energy, thoughts, and financial assistance.

PEMETAAN LAHAN PARKIR DENGAN METODE POLYGON UNTUK PENDAPATAN ASLI DAERAH KOTA PEKALONGAN

Parking is a potential regional revenue which is quite high because it is realized that the number from year to year has increased. Based on data from the Pekalongan City Transportation Service, in 2019 it has reached Rp. 1,205 billion or 75 percent of the target set, which is Rp. 1.6 billion. The parking area managed by the Pekalongan City Government so far has managed 424 points, the types of fees managed are divided into parking fees on the edge of public roads and off-street parking with a composition of 30 percent of PAD and 70 percent for parking attendants. The existence of this considerable potential poses a challenge for local governments to manage it. In the implementation of roadside retribution policies, there have been problems in managing parking lots, including the existence of strategic parking areas but not registered with the local government, the distribution and area of ??managed parking lots so that potential parking levy tax revenues can be known. In the research conducted using quantitative, qualitative, and R&D research methods with mapping with the polygon method so that the parking area managed by the Pekalongan City Government and the potential income from parking retribution taxes as a Pekalongan City Original Revenue Source (PAD) can be found..
 
 Keywords: GIS, polygon, retribution, PAD

Proximity to public transportation and sustainable commuting to college. A case study of an Italian suburban campus

As sustainability has become a key and urgent challenge both in urban and suburban contexts, in the last years commuting patterns of university populations have received a growing attention from scholars and policymakers. Urgent solutions are required to improve the people quality of life, by encouraging, especially in systematic mobility, the use of alternative and greener transport modes than private vehicles. In this paper we examine, as a case study, the students and staff commuting habits of a public medium-size university campus that is located in a peripheral area of the city of Varese (north-west of Italy) far from the rail and extra-urban bus stations and with many green spaces. Using data from a survey on a sample of more than 1800 respondents, the goal of this paper is to investigate, by a multinomial logit model, the main determinants of the commuting mode (car, bus, train and carpooling) and the car dominance motivations, particularly focusing on the spatial/trip factors. The main results highlight the crucial role of public transport (bus and train stops and stations) proximity both in medium-short and long-distance trips. Other factors affecting the mode choice concern the commuter age and partially the gender, the frequency and length of the trips. Differently from the results of the empirical literature about urban colleges, we found a positive correlation between the distance and the use of train. The findings of this study could help the policymakers to identify the most effective sustainable transport policies, for example introducing parking fees and increasing the public transit accessibility..

Parking violations as an economic gamble for public space

Parking fees and fines represent contested issues in cities, as they conflict with vehicle owners' opinion over ‘rights’ to public space. As cities have moved to regulate vehicle density by introducing parking fees, a share of drivers may feel compelled to ‘cheat’, weighing the price of parking fees against the cost of fines, or to simply park illegally outside designated areas. To better understand these interrelationships, this paper considers negotiations of public space as an economic gamble that can be assessed on the basis of parking violations. The study is situated in Freiburg, Germany, and relies on a mixed-methods approach that investigates the views of the regulatory agency and its enforcement officers, as well as registered parking violations (n = 181,735, in 2019). Time-spatial probabilities of being fined when parking illegally are calculated as risks, defined as detection probability per “hexagon-hour”, an indicator integrating space and time. Results confirm that in the inner city, it is economically rational not to pay parking fees during 86.1% of hexagon-hours, and in surrounding areas during 99.9% of the time. Findings confirm that urban space can be negotiated in an equilibrium of fees, fines and controls. To make vehicle ownership and use less attractive, the price of parking needs to be high. Fines need to be high in relation to fees, and control densities need to constitute significant detection risks.

Design and Build a Modern Parking Application Based on Android

Parking is a non-moving condition of a vehicle that is not temporary. Problem associated parking di Samarinda is disparity between revenue targets with the realization of revenue from parking fees. The performance of roadside parking management is not optimal yet, where there are still many illegal parking officers. While their official parking attendants tend to be dishonest and do not hand over parking fee tickets to motorists , this study offers a solution that might solve the above problems by creating an android -based parking application made for parking attendants , this application is used by parking attendants to recorded all parked vehicles and stored directly on the web service . The Apps is made using Android Studio and Postman to test the API provided. The results of this study are expected to reduce the impact of disparities between revenue targets and revenue realization from parking fees.

What's the 'Big' Deal with Shared Micromobility? Evolution, Curb Policy, and Potential Developments in North America

Shared micromobility – or short-term access to shared bikes and scooters – provides a flexible alternative for households living in urban areas, individuals seeking first- and last-mile connections to public transportation, and those without access to a private vehicle trying to reach jobs and essential services. In this paper, the authors discuss the history, growth, and evolution of bike and scooter sharing in North America; summarize the demographics and impacts of shared micromobility; and explore shared micromobility policies and practices for managing devices and operations such as: device caps, service area limitations, designated parking areas, fees, equipment/operational requirements, and enforcement. In the future, enhancements in device automation, battery range, charging times, and weight are likely to contribute to the evolution and development of additional devices and service models, which could allow improved range and e-hail for shared micromobility devices.