Parked Car Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF WORLD EXPERIENCE IN DESIGNING PARKING IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT

The article analyzes the world experience of parking design, examines examples of parking facilities in economically developed countries in Europe and the United States. Four parking buildings, which differ in design solutions and play different architectural roles in the environment, were analyzed in detail. This indicates the direct impact of the surrounding space and context on the design of new buildings and car parkings in particular. 
 The analysis was performed on the three-dimensional, architectural planning and compositional-aesthetic characteristics, resulting in features and successful design solutions were highlighted. These examples of foreign experience in parking design were considered in particular in the context of the existing urban environment: an analysis of the new buildings impact on the overall perception of space and the harmony of intervention in the environment is carried out. Generalizations were made on the basis of the analysis, as a result, the features of modern design of parking lots in the urban environment were highlighted. 
 The obtained results indicate broad perspectives and opportunities for the design of such facilities in Ukraine. In particular, the analysis of designing quality parkings is important for Lviv, where citizens face new problems every day due to growing urbanization and historical preconditions, such as constant lack of parking spaces, chaotic parked cars on streets and pedestrian zones, traffic congestion, reduction level of mobility of citizens and related. The analysis also highlighted the most important aspects to consider at the parking project stage. It will help Ukrainian architects to make the most relevant and harmonious spatial and architectural planning and compositional-aesthetic decisions, creating new parking facilities in Ukraine.

Numerical Comparison of the Hydrological Response of Different Permeable Pavements in Urban Area

Floods are becoming more frequent, especially in urban environments where most of the surface is waterproofed. Permeable pavement (PP) can be applied as low impact development (LID) systems for runoff mitigation in urban areas. Their effectiveness can be assessed, case by case, by numerical simulations. In this study, the effectiveness of mitigating runoff of different permeable pavements has been evaluated. In particular, porous asphalt (PA), pervious concrete (PC), permeable interlocking concrete pavement (PICP) and grid pavement (GP) have been investigated using EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) software. To this aim, a car parking area located in the University Campus of Palermo (Italy) has been taken as a case study, considering several scenarios, each having a different percentage and planimetric layout of a PP type combined with an impermeable pavement. All the scenarios were tested assuming four synthetic rainfall events, referring to return periods of 5, 10, 50 and 100 years, and a real high return period event that occurred in Palermo in 2020. The results showed that amongst the different PPs considered, only the PA, bounded at the bottom by an impermeable layer, was practically ineffective. The other three PPs, proved to be effective in a noticeable way and furthermore for each scenario studied, they proved to bear almost the same mitigated runoff. The results proved appreciable differences in runoff as a function of the location of the PP over the study area.

Vacant Car Parks Detection Using Digital Image Processing Methods

Long car queues are often encountered in some public facilities because visitors should be around to find an empty parking space. One way to minimize this case is to use a parking information system that shows the location of the parking lot that is empty or occupied with their amounts. This research presented two digital image processing methods for detecting empty space occupied in the image of the car parking area. There are vehicle detection and edge detection method. Vehicle detection is the method used to detect objects in the image by subtracting the parking area image, an empty parking lot, from the image containing the car. In contrast, the edge detection method detects the object's edge. The results from these two methods were then compared using the AND function to obtain the condition of an empty or occupied box for each box in the parking lot. Threshold values affect the determination of the parking lot. In this research, the data used are images of open car parks in the Malang Town Square (Matos) shopping center, Mall Olympic Garden (MOG), and data sourced from journals with similar topics [16]. The test results show that the best detection results are obtained in detecting occupied parking spaces in the parking lot in Malang Town Square (Matos), with a threshold of 10 and an accuracy of 99.4% with a threshold of 10.

Testing cycling infrastructure layout in virtual environments: An examination from a bicycle rider’s perspective in simulation and online

Marked on-road infrastructure for bicycle riders is a fast and cost-efficient way to expand cycling infrastructure and thus promote cycling as a means of transport. Infrastructure layout has been shown to influence cyclists’ as well as car drivers’ behavior towards cyclists in traffic observations, with on-street markings for cyclists in some circumstances reducing overtaking distances by car drivers. Simulator and online studies promise to provide a fast and easy way of rapid prototyping infrastructure layouts. But, despite of good face validity, how trustworthy are the results of both these research tools? In a case-study to inform planning authorities, two studies, one in a cycling simulator and an online survey, evaluated the effects of different on-street markings from bicycle riders’ perspectives. Results showed that in mixed traffic stronger visual separation between parking cars and flowing traffic and a bicycle pictogram on the road induced greater lateral distance of bicycle riders from parking cars. This infrastructure layout was also rated as safe, comfortable, and comprehensible from bicycle riders’ perspectives. From a methods’ evaluation perspective, effects from the cycling simulator may be interpreted as behaviorally valid relatively between conditions only. Both methods offer a cost-effective approach to initially test infrastructure solutions by weeding out the less favorable ones in the early stages of the design.

Street food Design in Public Space Gunung Sari Indah Surabaya

The development of Gunung Sari Indah as a new neighborhood creates an impetus for increased housing and street food. Street food vendors set up shop on strategic roads to sell their products, causing crowds and traffic jams that disrupt the comfort. As a result, the focus of this research is on how to design street food in public spaces. This research uses the questioner, interview, and field survey methods. The questionnaire and interview are held to learn about the seller's aspirations for layout setting and facilities that they expect. A field survey is required to learn about the existing conditions, such as road width, seller position, and products offered. Furthermore, the issue of COVID-19 should be considered to avoid the virus spreading in public places. As a result, the layout setting should be aware of new normal health protocols such as physical distancing, handwashing, and environmental hygiene. The street food layout setting will be formed by a color box mural with an area of one car parking lot 2.5 m x 5 m for one seller, resulting in a gap. Then, the East Road, which closes in the evening, will be the focus of street food. Nonetheless, signage is required for traffic management in order to reduce traffic congestion and provide comfort to visitors to this area.

Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation for Parked-Cars-Based Cellular-V2V Heterogeneous Networks

As the fast development of vehicular network, the layout of the roadside unit (RSU) is indispensable. Due to the shackles of factors, such as coverage and cost, there is an urgent need for effective solution to solve the contradiction that RSU cannot be deployed on large scale. Parked cars provide a feasible solution for replacing RSUs and effectively reducing the arrangement of edge nodes. Inspired by this, parked cars as RSUs (P-RSUs) are leveraged to support cities’ vehicular network in this article. We first construct the P-RSU-based cellular-V2V heterogeneous networks (C-V2V HetNets) system model, and then formulate an optimization problem to maximize the energy efficiency (EE) of C-V2V HetNets with parked cars. Since the proposed issue is an NP-hard mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem coupled with P-RSU incentive, we reformulate it into two subproblems, which are the P-RSU recruitment and the joint resource allocation. For the first subproblem, an effective reverse auction-based mechanism is given to encourage parked cars participate and become P-RSUs. For the second subproblem, nonlinear fractional programming is used to optimize transmission power, and many-to-one matching is utilized to effectively obtain channel reusing scheme constrained by QoS. Moreover, a multihop-based transmission strategy is given to further expand vehicular network coverage. Algorithms are evaluated based on real-world scenarios using SUMO. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed approach can both effectively recruit P-RSUs with low cost and achieve excellent system performance in terms of EE, spectrum efficiency, and network coverage compared to other benchmark algorithms.

Analisis Konfigurasi pada Ruang Terbuka Sebagai Titik Evakuasi Studi kasus: Kawasan Bangunan Universitas Bandar Lampung

Apart from functioning as a place for social interaction, open space holds an important role as an emergency evacuation point when a disaster takes place. The concept of open space as an emergency evacuation spot is crucial to be adopted, one of which is in the educational complex, particularly related to the safety of the users such as students, lecturers, staff, etc., and to ensure the social activities among them. This study aims to analyze open space configuration patterns and identify the potential of the open space in the educational area or campus complex, taking as an example, Universitas Bandar Lampung, Lampung (UBL). The research uses a quantitative method that started with data collection from field observation to gather the information about emergency assembly point location settings and conduct space syntax analysis utilizing software called DepthmapX. Furthermore, several analyses, such as Visibility Graph Analysis (VGA), Isovist analysis, and agent tools analysis, have been conducted on the collected data to obtain an image of the UBL open space potential. The result shows that the open space of a car parking area (P3) is the most optimal spot to be the emergency assembly point with the highest values of connectivity, integration, and intelligibility (876.96, 1.08, and 0.23386).

Numerical Simulation of Natural Ventilation Effectiveness in Removing Fire Smoke at Multi-Storey Car Park

simulation study using Fire Dynamic Simulation (FDS) has been conducted on a simplified car park model. As this work aims to analyse the effectiveness of natural ventilation in the dissipation of smoke, all models’ dimensions and opening size corresponded to the Uniform Building by Law (UBBL) 1984 requirements, which allowed the models to be without any mechanical ventilation system or alarm. The fire source is produced by a modelled car located at the centre of the building at the rate of 4MW. This is to represent a possible case within a car park area. Focuses were placed on the heat and hazardous gases produced by the car. The result shows that designs with different parameters exhibited different natural ventilation results for temperature and visibility at a preset height of 2.5m. Another critical observation was made on the smoke concentration and temperature outputs, which concentrated on the opening and tight corners. This is due to the inability of the heat flow to be removed from the building via natural ventilation. Therefore, this study reasonably concludes the importance of opening size and fire position with this simulation results and data.Keywords: fire dynamic; FDS simulation; natural ventilation; fire safety design

Assessing transportation system efficiency in its relationship with urban housing: A data envelopment analysis

Urban housing and transportation are strongly related systems. However, few studies have explored the balance between urban housing and transportation systems. Excess investment in transportation systems puts intense pressure on local governments' budgets, especially in shrinking urban areas. In this study, we measured the spatial efficiency of Sapporo city's transportation system using data envelopment analysis. Our results highlight that two-thirds of the urban area were running below capacity. Among them, car parking sites and car parking areas had the highest surplus capacity at 27.81% and 15.86%, respectively. Meanwhile, bus stops, road density, and train station service areas exceeded the demand by about 12%–16%. The results also show that the shortfall in the filling rate of housing was high at 3.82%. Finally, based on our analysis, we introduced recommendations for city policymakers to improve the city's overall efficiency.

From Association Copy

from Association Copy Brian Teare for Stephen Motika Nausea, collage, these works on paper— a way to begin ill again, everything unfinished. I’m still thinking about painting. San Francisco winter returns, its thin light rinsed and acidic, etching everything’s edges. At the museum we’re looking at panels by Ellsworth Kelly. I’m bored by their bright glossy geometry, and my friend Frances says something like “Imagine choosing not to use most of the tools at your disposal.” That’s useful for me. A poem begins when I’ve forgotten how to make one. I don’t know why. One day the tools are gone. As are the rules that guide their use. Then what. Another doctor’s appointment, first— disgust to give up to get rid of the language value of anything at all or to do the work to doubt that the work needs doing I open the notebook. I feel stupid, choosing making in the waiting room: pain scale, color field, patient history, pale tile of the clinic bathroom. Then what. Take a number. Why. Go on— [End Page 107] Being ill in my thirties is like certain paintings in the sixties, Agnes Martin saying yes to the grid and no to pretty much everything else. “Horizontal lines for forty years,” she says in documentary footage, “must be some kind of record.” Her certainty and discipline, her tape and ruler, those graphite lines floating on gesso. Abstraction seems double-voiced, saying yes to what, saying no to what, is what I ask, negotiating define object define event move the “inside” of the picturebetween invisible and visible, the ineffable and the clinic, what is considered to be the “material” flower fruit phallus book & vase what principles obeyed, what principles refused, embodied by what materials and processes, the morning I vomit between parked cars and stand up, fog rolling off Twin Peaks, not a drawing not a structurenot a speech not a construction with a stained collar I go to the doctor and now here is Jasper Johns, who writes in his sketchbook, “It is what it does. What can you do with it?” [End Page 108] During the years preceding her psychotic break and his breakup with Rauschenberg, Martin lived on Coenties Slip and Johns on Pearl Street, a short distance neither crossed to the other. Her biographer Nancy Princenthal argues that “Johns was developing a language that had much in common with Martin’s.” Would either ultimately agree with that? In the early sixties certain of their canvasses might have had a passing resemblance, but Martin’s metaphysical obsessions were in part informed by visionary experience. Johns had aesthetic obsessions in part informed by the gay male coterie of Rauschenberg, Cage, and Cunningham, and in part by art history, Duchamp in particular. Abstraction for her meant a fairly limited vocabulary, whereas for him it meant a rearrangementthe air must move in as well as out of “the painted space.” Not the grid’s fixity, but a dexterous restlessness, meaning’s mutability and manipulability no sadness just disaster [End Page 109] What’s the event that bisects a biography, after which nothing is the same? What’s the shape of the moment when you lose everything except your life? Double negative, skull against canvas. Outside the doctor’s office, my love and I part ways. I take a different route home, avoiding Dolores Park, its empty wintry hill. To ask another artist afterward: how do I do this? writing or painting as a way of writing or painting or as a way of doing something else another possibility way can be used to meanthis is the way I do this this is the way he does this this is the way he does it I do it this way The event’s so big my body can’t hold it. I need to build a structure it can live in. Lead section. Bronze junk. Glove. Glass. Brush. Dark glass → mouth. It swallows everything. I follow the taste of salt, thinking until the ambulance arrives. “What’s that even mean,” I hear myself saying to the EMT. Someone pulls a curtain across it...

Model Free Reinforcement Learning to Determine Pricing Policy for Car Parking Lots

Model Free Reinforcement Learning to Determine Pricing Policy for Car Parking Lots

Numerical study of airflow and temperature variations inside car at different solar intensity angles

The influence of solar intensity at various angles on the air temperature inside a parking car is depicted in this study. The influence of sun intensity angle on the inside temperature distribution of a car was investigated numerically. Ansys Fluent version 2020 R1 was used to create CFD simulations of a Chevrolet Camaro automobile at various sun angles. The approach was developed from among those submitted by the GrabCAD community. The sun's inclination changed as it moved from the front of the car to the back at various angles. The solar angle affects thermal comfort inside the car, according to these models' examination of air temperature and velocity patterns. The findings show that the solar angle at −8° has a deficient effect on solar intensity inside the car compared to other angles. The characteristics of the solar incident on the rear glass at an orthogonal angle, which the rear glass design is more flatten than the front glass and closer to the seats.

A Fully Automated Car Parking Lot

Most car parking lots in the country have not been fully automated and many of them serve temporal, manual parking needs. A fully automated car parking lot assures of flexibility, improved efficiency and minimisation of manual tasks. In this paper, use was made of Siemens Step 7 PLC and WinCC Flexible Advanced software to design a fully automated car parking lot. The number of parking spaces available, the parking space number and position, arrival and departure times of cars and the time spent at the parking space are provided by the design. Simulations of designed system using Simatic PLC SIM confirmed the fulfillment of the design criteria and reliability of the developed flowcharts. Remote operator monitoring and control of the car parking lot has been actualised. Simulation results on the parking of six cars for a time duration of 0.5 hr, 1 hr, 1.5 hrs, 2 hrs, 2.5 hrs and 3 hrs, respectively yielded a total amount of GH 17.00. It stands to reason that hitherto existing manual car parking lots should be converted into the fully automated type using a PLC and an HMI workstation in order to bring orderliness and deserving responsibility to car parking in Ghana.

PERENCANAAN GEDUNG PARKIR MOBIL TIGA LANTAI DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN STRUKTUR BETON DI AREA DEPO MRT JAKARTA

The Jakarta MRT depot is experiencing increasing development. Currently, the car park area at the Jakarta MRT Depot is not functioning properly due to the lack of available land, so that many four-wheeled vehicles are parked inappropriately. To overcome these problems, it is necessary to build a car parking area at the Jakarta MRT Depot. The plan is to build a parking building with an area of 6,656 m2, a parking angle design of 90°, a reinforced concrete structure consisting of two floors. The beam dimensions are 650 mm x 500 mm, the column dimensions are 500 mm x 500 mm and the plate thickness is 200 mm. The parking building can accommodate as many as 400 four-wheeled vehicles. In planning the car park building, data are used, including the results of ground sondir. Analysis of calculations using the SAP2000 Version20 design and structure application.

Design Thinking Approach for the Development of Theme Park Application

Theme entertainment businesses rely very much on providing their visitors with the most memorable experiences. To do so, top operators have put a considerable amount of effort and investment in their facilities and activities in their parks. However, after a customer interview, several pain points are still found such as long toilet queues, finding available parking lots, being unable to find the parked car, and no real-time thrill ride information/status. Similar with other domains in the tourism market, most of these problems are easy to solve with the help of having a smartphone application that delivers such information right to the customer’s hands. This study outlines the development process of a theme park application based on a design thinking approach. Our MVP prototypes have obtained good feedback from potential users in both qualitative and quantitative usability tests.

Smart LIFI based Parking System

Abstract: A major issue in public places like shopping malls, museums and hospitals is parking. Parking is the main service used by the people in these private units. The management of these public units invests more time and money in designing parking systems. Existing parking systems are equipped with appropriate sensors and controllers to count the parked cars automatically, but it does not indicate empty parking slots. These systems consume more power and tend to wireless interference. The proposed system, namely, Visible Light Communication based Smart Parking System introduces Visible Light Communication, a data communication technology using a low power Arduino Uno – Atmega328microcontroller to help drivers to get real-time parking information. Real-time information on free parking slots helps drivers to save time and reduce fuel consumption. Visible Light Communication (VLC) or Li Fi or Optical Wireless technology means the wireless data transfer using LED. Wireless interference is greatly reduced by using VLC. The proposed system is suitable for multiple floor buildings, which involves data gathering from parking side modules integrated in multiple floors of the building. Parking side modules continuously collects the data and intimates the module integrated in the vehicle section. The module in the vehicle section interfaces a GSM modem to send the detected information to the user mobile. The result of the proposed system is validated in an indoor environment. Keywords: LED, LI-FI, WI-FI

Cooling effect and heat index (HI) assessment on car cabin cooler powered by solar panel in parked car

Damage to the car compartment, thermal discomfort, fuel wastage, health risks, and the death threat of passengers/pets in the cabin due to high temperatures in cars parked under the sun is an interesting discussion. Therefore, this research examines the characteristics of solar cells-based cabin cooler system on car parked under the sun. Four ST32M100W-FLP solar panels installed on the car roof are used to activate the existing evaporator blower with modified wiring lines. The blower is activated in two modes, i.e addition and without addition of external air at blower speed levels 1 (m˙=0.0086 kg/s) and level 2 (m˙=0.0114 kg/s). The results showed that the car cabin cooler able to reduce cabin temperature by 9.8 °C. In addition to temperature reduction, latent and sensible cooling effect, as well as heat index (HI) are also discussed in this paper. It was found that due to increased humidity, the release of sensible heat affects the car cabin cooling while parked under the sun from noon to afternoon. Finally, the car cabin cooler can reduce the heat index (HI) from danger and extreme danger categories to caution and extreme caution category.

The human touch.

COVID-19 has forced us into social distancing against humans' need for physical contact. Will we return to consensual embrace after the pandemic or still keep our distance?

Natural Radioactivity and Radon Exhalation from Building Materials in Underground Parking Lots

The change of natural ionizing radiation and the radon exhalation rates from typical building materials in underground parking lots are presented in the article. The activity concentration of natural radionuclides 232Th, 226Ra, and 40K in six important types of construction materials, which are mostly used in Lithuania, were analyzed using high-resolution gamma spectroscopy. The highest values were found in concrete and ferroconcrete samples: 226Ra 44 and 90 Bq kg−1; 232Th 29 and 34 Bq kg−1; 40K 581 and 603 Bq kg−1. A strong positive correlation (0.88) was observed between radium activity concentration and radon concentration. The activity indexes (Iα and Iγ) and radium equivalent activity (Req) evaluating the suitability of materials for such constructions from the view of radiation safety were determined. The average values of the calculated absorbed dose rate in samples ranged from 18.24 nGy h−1 in the sand to 87.26 nGy h−1 in ferroconcrete. The calculated annual effective dose was below the limit of 1.0 mSv y−1. The values of the external and internal hazards index (Hex and Hin) were all below unity, and the values of Iγ and Iα were below the recommended levels of 0.5 and 1. Dosimetric analysis of underground parking lots was carried out. It was determined that the external equivalent dose rate caused by the 222Rn progeny radiation in the underground car parking lots varies from 17 to 30% of the total equivalent dose rate.

The “ReadyPark” Collaborative Parking Search Strategy

Many of us have experienced this when driving in the city, we had to “turn for hours” to find a parking space. To attenuate this drawback, this paper proposes a collaborative parking search strategy based on the reality of a drivers network in which, depending on his/her role at a given time, each one can help the others to find public on-street parking spots. To highlight a situation of parking spot scarcity, we assume the extreme case where there is no free space and the only solution to park is to swap with a parked car that leaves its location. Under this assumption, agent-based modelling and simulations allow to compare the ReadyPark solution with the classical approach that consists, by luck, in taking the place of a nearby car that is leaving its spot.