Parking Research Articles

Urban heat island patterns in garden cities: Putrajaya as a case study

The garden-city model, characterised by sprawling urban expansion and extensive open spaces, features green and water surfaces alongside substantial road networks, large parking lots and unshaded lands. This diverse landscape contributes to uneven air temperature distribution within the city. Our study investigated urban heat island (UHI) patterns in various urban environments within Putrajaya, focusing on rural, business, residential and near-water areas. Atmospheric data were collected over a year. Putrajaya exhibits two distinct UHI patterns: cool-day-hot-night in residential zones and hot-noon-temperate-elsewhere in impermeable areas. Business areas display alternating patterns based on seasonal climatic conditions and anthropogenic factors. The efficacy of artificial water bodies as a UHI countermeasure in garden cities depends on the size of the water body and the nature of the surrounding land cover. Shaded and green areas exhibit UHI intensities limited to 3°C, while impermeable areas, regardless of proximity to water surfaces, experience UHI up to 6°C. Overall, the garden-city model tends to restrict UHI variations within −1 to 3°C compared to −2 to 4°C in nearby Kuala Lumpur.

An unsupervised low-light image enhancement method for improving V-SLAM localization in uneven low-light construction sites

Construction robots have been increasingly adopted in construction projects to improve productivity, reduce risk, and speed up work cycles. Visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (V-SLAM) technology is widely used in construction robots due to its lightweight weight, cost-effectiveness, and provision of semantic information. On real construction sites, lighting conditions are often challenging due to factors such as uneven lighting intensity, inadequate exposure, or robots in backlit positions (e.g. roughcast houses without artificial lighting, underground car parks), which cause images captured under these conditions to exhibit low signal-to-noise ratio, uneven lighting, color distortion, noise, and other problems. These challenges make the extraction and matching of feature points in V-SLAM difficult, resulting in significant positioning errors or the inability to generate positioning trajectories for construction robotics. Although existing methods for enhancing low-light images can certainly improve image brightness, they still cannot effectively address the localization challenges brought about by low-light construction scenes with uneven illumination and noise. To address the interference of uneven and changing lighting conditions on V-SLAM localization in construction sites, this paper proposes the Unsupervised Reflectance Retinex and Noise model (URRN-Net) to enhance low-light construction images. By using a CNN model based on the Retinex theory to decompose the illumination characteristics of images, we achieve effective brightness restoration of uneven low-light images by utilizing unsupervised loss functions. URRE-Net can reduce the root mean square localization error by >65% compared to low-light images in the ORB-SLAM3 method, and the maximum error is reduced by >71% in on-site experiments. The proposed URRE-Net can be integrated with existing V-SLAM algorithms to provide more robust localization services for low-light construction site applications such as building operations (e.g., interior wall spraying robotic) or construction management tasks (e.g., automatic tunnel inspection).

Smart Parking Slot Management System Using IOT

The paper proposes an innovative approach to tackle the pressing issue of efficient parking space management amidst the backdrop of rapid urbanization and escalating vehicle ownership rates. Through the amalgamation of Internet of Things (IoT) technology and ultrasonic sensors, the Smart Parking Slot Management System (SPSMS) emerges as a promising solution. Within this system, IoT-enabled devices, particularly ultrasonic sensors, are strategically deployed within parking slots to constantly monitor their occupancy status in real-time. These sensors function by detecting the presence or absence of vehicles through precise measurements of the distance between the sensor and the ground surface. Subsequently, the collected data is seamlessly transmitted wirelessly to a centralized server or cloud-based platform via internet connectivity. Upon reception of sensor data, the central server undertakes robust processing and analysis to ascertain the availability of parking slots within the designated area. End-users can conveniently access this pertinent information through a dedicated mobile application or a web interface, facilitating effortless identification and reservation of vacant parking spaces. The system further enhances user experience by incorporating automated notifications, alerting users to nearby available parking slots, alongside real-time updates on parking availability and robust reservation management functionalities. Keywords: Internet of Things, Thing Speak, Arduino Uno, ultrasonic sensor, Node MCU.

Structural Performance of Outdoor Mechanical Garages under Combustion Conditions

In this paper, the firing process and structural failure behavior of outdoor mechanical car parks are innovatively investigated under diverse conditions, leveraging fire experiments, FDS fire simulation, and finite element simulation. The fire experiments reveal the intricate interplay between flame spread and airflow, highlighting the enhanced risk of fire propagation among adjacent spaces. The temperature profile, mirroring the fire’s lifecycle, is delineated into three distinct stages: initial growth, full development, and eventual decay. Notably, full-scale fire simulation in FDS validates the experimental outcomes, underscoring the scalability and reliability of our scaled-down experiments. Furthermore, finite element simulations offer a profound understanding of structural safety in various parking spaces during a fire. Critically, the susceptibility of columns to failure underscores the imperative need for enhanced fire prevention measures in column design, representing a significant advancement in fire protection engineering.

Robust Parking Space Allocation System Using Open CV and Scikit-learn

The proliferation of urbanisation has led to an increased demand for efficient parking management systems. In response, this project presents a Smart Parking Assistant system aimed at providing real-time space availability notifications to users through their smartphones. Leveraging computer vision techniques implemented via Open CV and machine learning algorithms from the Scikit-learn library, the system captures video feed from a webcam to detect and quantify the number of empty parking spaces in a designated area. Upon receiving a request from the user, the system processes the video feed to analyse the occupancy status of parking slots, utilising advanced image processing techniques to accurately identify empty spaces along with mask image of the parking lot. The model built using Scikit-learn efficiently categorises the available slots, enabling the system to relay the precise number of open spaces to the user's smartphone. Furthermore, the Smart Parking Assistant incorporates geo-spatial functionalities to enhance user experience. By integrating the Haversine distance formula, the system calculates the distances between the user's location and nearby parking areas. This information is then displayed to the user, allowing them to conveniently locate and navigate to the nearest available parking facility. The proposed system offers a comprehensive solution to address the challenges associated with parking management in urban environments. By harnessing the power of computer vision, machine learning, and geo-spatial technologies, it provides users with timely and accurate information regarding parking space availability, ultimately improving efficiency and convenience in urban parking scenarios.

Evaluasi Lanskap Sejarah dan Budaya Berdasarkan Konsep Taman Islami di Area Masjid Agung Keraton Sumenep

The Islamic garden is a garden inspired by the garden of paradise which is often mentioned in the Qur'an and the Hadith of the Prophet. Jannah et al. (2015) conducted a study on Islamic gardens with the method of approaching the value of the content of the Qur'an and hadith, which examined the elements and characteristics of the park as well as sharia boundaries that must be considered in an Islamic garden. This study aims to continue the research which is applied to the mosque garden landscape through the evaluation stage, so that the final result can be recommended in the form of a design based on the concept of an Islamic garden. The research object chosen is the Landscape of the Jamik Sumenep Mosque. This research was conducted using a qualitative descriptive method and literature study, which consisted of the following stages: 1) Evaluation of the mosque garden landscape based on Islamic concepts, 2) User perception analysis, and 3) Preparation of recommendations for the mosque garden landscape design concept. The process of collecting qualitative descriptive data is done by direct observation in the field, interviews with related parties, distributing questionnaires and documentation. While the literature study was taken from the main literature in Islam, namely the Qur'an and hadith, along with other scientific literature related to the Islamic garden. Based on the results of the evaluation and perceptions of respondents, in general the garden landscape of the Jamik Sumenep Mosque is in accordance with the criteria for garden inspiration based on Islamic concepts, there are no garden elements and characteristics that are contrary to sharia. The resulting design recommendations are in the form of a site plan, adding plant species to the garden, adding a sinage, a fountain element, arranging parking lots, structuring circulation paths and adding trash cans. Respondents' perception stated that the garden landscape of the Jamik Sumenep mosque played a very important role in supporting the function of the mosque as a center of worship.
 
 Keywords: Mosque, Landscape Evaluation, Islamic Garden.

Risk-constrained bidding and offering strategy for sector-coupled electricity-hydrogen systems incorporating accessibility level of mobility sector

To enhance the economic viability of integrated energy systems, it is important to balance risk and reward while ensuring operational flexibility and compliance with regulatory constraints. Developing an integrated risk measurement method for energy trading in energy markets that complies with regulatory constraints adds another layer of complexity, especially when dealing with large-scale heterogeneous energy systems, such as those dominated by green hydrogen. Ensuring adherence to market regulations, grid codes, and flexible requirements requires a thorough understanding of legal frameworks and policy considerations, as well as integrating regulatory constraints into the bidding/offering strategies. To address these challenges and enable the profitable development of integrated electricity-hydrogen energy systems (IEHSs), this paper develops a risk-constrained bidding/offering self-scheduling strategy for IEHSs that allows for simultaneous trading in day-ahead energy and reserve electricity markets. The developed self-scheduling strategy regulates hydrogen and power flow in a centralized manner, taking into account the operational limits of the power sector, hydrogen fueling stations (HFSs), electric vehicle parking lots, fuel cell vehicle parking lots, and renewable energy sources. As a salient feature, the important human-related factors in the mobility sector are included in the proposed strategy to motivate private owners to collaborate with IEHSs and to accommodate the charging demand of vehicles with electricity market signals. To obtain the robust day-ahead schedule, economic risks associated with renewable power generation, calls for reserve deployment, and electricity market prices are taken into consideration. Towards this end, a stochastic adaptive robust optimization approach is proposed to control the risk of profit variability, which is solved by a nested column-and-constraint generation algorithm. The effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed strategy are verified using the modified IEEE 14-bus test system, as a standard scale of local IEHSs. The numerical results highlight the synergies impact between HFSs and the power sector, resulting in an increase in the profit of the IEHS from $101.654k to $275.078k. Furthermore, the IEHS can improve its profit margin and competitiveness by employing the tri-level stochastic adaptive robust optimization approach. This approach ensures that the IEHS is resistant to sudden changes in real-time interactions, even with an 8.14% increase in the imbalance cost.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Cangkang Kerang sebagai Bahan Campuran dalam Pembuatan Paving Block (Literature Review)

Various innovations in making paving blocks are made to meet development needs. Where the advantages of paving blocks include easy maintenance, faster implementation time, and easy installation. Paving block is a composition of building materials made from a mixture of Portland cement, fine aggregate, and water. Paving block is one of the building materials that is in great demand by the public as a ground cover material, in addition to cement, asphalt, and concrete which is usually applied to parking lots, parks, school yards, and so on according to the needs of its users. The writing of this article, has the aim of reviewing the results of previous research in the form of compressive test results on the utilization of shell waste in the manufacture of innovative materials in the form of paving blocks, therefore the research method in this article is literature review, literature review does not only mean reading literature, but more towards an in-depth and critical evaluation of previous research on a topic.

PERANCANGAN POWER SUPPLY UNTUK CHARGING STATION KENDARAAN LISTRIK RODA DUA DENGAN SISTEM PLTS ON GRID

Electric vehicles use electrical energy as a substitute for fossil energy. Like gasoline vehicles that require gasoline filling facilities, electric vehicles also require electric energy charging facilities or commonly referred to as charging stations. One of the utilizations of solar power plant can be used for charging electrical energy at the charging station. In this study, a Power Supply Design was carried out for Charging Station for Two-Wheeled Electric Vehicles with Solar Power Plant System on grid in Widya Sabha Building Parking Lot, Udayana University. With the calculation of the energy needed in the Power Supply, the solar power plant design and manufacturing costs can be made. The design of this charging station can accommodate 10 electric motorbikes with solar power plant that can provide energy for 2 electric motorbikes per day for 9 hours of work alternately. By using 11.450 Wp solar panels arranged in series and 1 inverter with a capacity of 4.6 kW, this design produces 8.229 MWh per year. The total initial investment in this design based on market prices in Indonesia is IDR 99.213.000. Based on the investment feasibility, it shows that the investment in this design is feasible to implement.

Integrating Smart Technologies and Mobile Applications to Enhance Shopping Mall Parking Experience

Several studies found that Malaysian shopping malls have reported that traffic issues happen when entering malls. We have found out that the traditional car parking system is not fully utilised with advanced technologies. Here, we come out with a smart parking system called Smart Park. Smart Park is the evolution of the car parking system by integrating traditional parking systems, IoT devices and mobile applications together. Smart Park is important as it can overcome the traffic issue happening in car parks in Malaysian shopping malls. The goal of this study is to find a solution to save customers ‘time and enhance customers’ parking experience before entering the mall. We aim to solve public issues of wasting time in finding car parking in shopping malls and using advanced technologies to overcome the issues.

Mask R-CNN 모델과 YOLO 모델을 활용한 차량 관점의 자율주행 주차 공간 인식 모델 개발

A deep-learning model that allows autonomous cars to recognize available parking spaces when attempting to search for spaces to park in parking lots is proposed herein.
 The proposed deep-learning model is designed to perform spatial recognition, i.e., partitioning the driving space and available parking space into segments from the perspective of the vehicle during autonomous driving. We propose the utilization of the Mask R-CNN model represented by a two-stage detection model in a computer vision field and the YOLO model represented by a one-stage detection model for the recognition of available parking spaces.
 The effectiveness of the proposed model is confirmed via a parking-space-recognition experiment in large indoor parking lots using the output results of the abovementioned two models.

Smart and Secure Vehicle Parking System to Avoid Theft Using Deep Image Recognition

Secure intelligent parking systems are complicated issues around the world. A secure parking system that is larceny-free is considered a luxury now. Parking is expensive and limited in almost all large cities. This research study presents a unique, safe, intelligent parking system based on deep image recognition techniques. To solve this tedious problem, an object detection deep learning model such as You Only Look Once (YOLO) is used. The proposed model is divided into three steps. The first step captures the car's image while entering the parking area. The second step is License plate recognition, in which the license plate is detected and saved the individual characters, and the recognized dataset is used when the driver leaves the parking area. The third step is facing detection and recognition of the taken plate. The fourth step is that the printer generates an invoice code used in case of a mismatch in the face of the driver. Evaluation of the proposed model indicates its efficiency. Accuracy of the following modules is achieved for vehicle detection (99%), number plate detection and recognition 98%, and 95%, respectively, and face detection and recognition 99%, and 97%, respectively. The proposed model's efficiency is shown through its evaluation. To get more security, a two-way screening procedure is used to keep the vehicles secure. So, the identification system's unique idea is to achieve better results by using two cameras and two-way authentication. It also forbids the entrance of those vehicles and drivers who are unauthorized or not allowed by the firm. Moreover, these modules were successfully implemented and evaluated using various performance measures, including precision, recall, and mean average precision.

Reducing Dandory Exchange Process Time on 1800 Ton Injection Molding Machine Using the Single Minute Exchange of Dies (Smed) Method at PT Takagi Sari Multi Utama

Takagi Sari Multi Utama is an automotive company engaged in injection molding, producing automotive products such as motor vehicle parts, car interiors, and exteriors. One of the main influences of the prolonged dandory process is the distance between the mold parking area and the machine, resulting in a total process time of 48.95 minutes, while the company's standard is set at 40 minutes. Minimizing the time can cause the dandory process of mold change using the Single Minute Exchange of Dies (SMED) method by converting the time of internal setup activities into external setup activities. The improvement results using the Single Minute Exchange of Dies (SMED) method reduced the time to 27.67 minutes or equivalent to 1,660.13 seconds. The reduction in dandory mold change process time on the 1800T injection molding machine is 21.29 minutes or equivalent to 1,277.16 seconds, with a percentage decrease of 44%

Smart Car Parking System using PLC

This project involves the development of a system tailored for multilevel parking facilities. The system aims to streamline the parking process by providing real-time information to drivers upon entry. Outside the parking area, a LED indicator is used which displays the available parking spots along with their corresponding numbers. Additionally, the system keeps track of the total number of parking spots available, updating the LED indicator accordingly. By presenting drivers with specific vacant spot numbers upon arrival, the system minimizes the time spent searching for a parking space, ultimately enhancing efficiency and convenience for drivers

Моделювання стійкості та надійності системи грунт-фундамент-будівля при дії силових та високотемпературних впливів

Given the great potential of using the underground space under construction, the question arises of ensuring the stability and reliability of the soil-foundation-building system for the timely detection of signs of destruction, soil subsidence or material fatigue of structures. The analysis of literary sources and the set research tasks were carried out. An urgent scientific and technical task is the development of a numerical model and methodology for the complex calculation of avalanche-like collapse of buildings and structures in the event of fire and explosions, taking into account the peculiarities of the operation of soils and their properties. In the course of research, a numerical model was developed with the help of LIRA-SAPR software and a numerical simulation of a four-story car park (parking lot) was carried out, taking into account the peculiarities of the operation of soils and their properties, which will later be used to simulate an avalanche-like collapse in the event of a fire (explosion). . For this, the first stage was the construction of a model of a four-story car park (parking lot): creating an initial project (determining the dimensions and characteristics of the building, choosing the necessary parameters for modeling - height, width, length, location of entrances and exits, placement of cars); creating a 3D model in the SAPPHIRE 3D program (using tools to build a building: walls, ceiling, floors, stairs, elevators, etc., adding parking elements); setting model parameters (specifying materials for building elements, setting parameters for calculating loads); model analysis and problem solving (checking the model for errors, correcting parameters to achieve optimal results); performing calculations and analyzing the results; preparation of the report and conclusions. In the second stage, the model was checked in the PC "LIRA-SAPR", the soil array was built in the soil module. Works include: import of the model to "LIRA-SAPR"; analysis of the model for compliance (checking the geometry and dimensions of the building in LIRA-CAD, checking the presence of the necessary structural elements and their parameters); creation of a soil massif (starting the soil module as part of LIRA-SAPR, selecting parameters for building a soil massif - soil type, depth, load parameters, etc.); construction of the soil massif (using the tools of the soil module to construct the soil massif under the building, specifying parameters of depth, levels, soil properties, etc.); analysis of the impact of the soil mass on the structure (calculations to determine the impact of soil pressure on the building structure, analysis of the results of the engineering and geological characteristics of the soil mass on the need for correction of the building structure); model correction and re-analysis (making changes to the building model or soil mass parameters, re-analysis of the influence of the soil mass on the structure to determine the appropriate changes and corrections).

CAR PARKING SLOT DETECTION USING YOLO ALGORITHM

Finding free slots in the parking area has become a major problem that the modern society is facing nowadays, which also leads to traffic overcrowding at the parking area. As the number of vehicles are increasing at a quick pace find parking slots has become difficult. The proposed paper helps to solve the parking problem. In traditional parking system a person has to find vacant slot or a gate keeper needs to inform about the available parking slot at parking area. To address the issue, a system where the user will be able to know the number of vacant slots in a particular parking area along with total number of slots at the entrance of the parking area. As a critical component of this project, by built a car parking slot detection system which collects data from a camera at parking area. Today's most popular object detection model YOLO, is trained to achieve desired results with good precision scores at real-time speed. The model will be getting all the parking slots that are present in the parking area, to which marking boxes are drawn around for training. Real time processing is performed on the obtained data by the model to find whether the slot is vacant or occupied. Thus, it gives the information of available vacant slots to park the car at parking area. Key Words: YOLO, Object detection, Computer vision, Machine learning.

Transactive energy management of solar-based range anxious electric vehicle integrated parking lots

Electric vehicles (EVs) are regarded as essential solutions for alleviating climate change and energy crises. EVs can store excess Photovoltaic (PV) generation and transfer energy to other EVs, reducing distribution network upgrade costs. However, the limited range of EVs coupled with inadequate charging infrastructure leads to range anxiety among EV users, thereby becoming a barrier to implementing a transactive energy management system. This research quantifies the range anxiety among EV users and proposes a novel trading mechanism for transactive trading between workplace EVs. The case study solved for a commercial region in Auckland shows a 3–10% reduction in charging cost compared to a conventional V2G system. Further analysis shows that public charging stations can also result in cost savings from 1% to 5%. Still, their impact is limited compared to the number of discharging EVs participating in transactive trading. The uncertainty analysis of PV generation under different scenarios also shows the cost savings of the proposed strategy. The simulation results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed strategy while alleviating range anxiety among EV users.

Neglected puzzle pieces of urban green infrastructure: richness, cover, and composition of insect-pollinated plants in traffic-related green spaces

ContextIn cities, insect-pollinated vascular plants enhance environmental quality, support pollinators, and provide essential ecosystem services for citizens. However, floral communities associated with traffic-related green spaces are rarely considered valuable elements of urban green infrastructure (UGI).ObjectivesThe main objective of this work was to assess if traffic-related green spaces in Finland possess species-rich floral communities and can assist urban ecological restoration—converting degraded areas into functionally diverse ecosystems. Thus, we evaluated richness, cover, and community composition of insect-pollinated plants (emphasizing flowering ones) on traffic islands, parking lots, and road verges.MethodsThe assessment was performed during the mean flowering phenophase of insect-pollinated plants in the European boreal zone (July and August) using a standard quadrat (1 m2) placement method. We studied plants in urban and suburban locations of three highly populated (> 170 000 inhabitants) Finnish cities—Helsinki, Tampere, and Turku. There were 90 sampling sites with 15 replicates per location type in each city and five measurement replicates per green space (habitat) type. The species richness, cover, and composition were assessed in relation to location, habitat type, city, the average daily traffic (ADT), and distance to the road.ResultsUrban locations had lower total plant species richness and fewer indicator species (characterized only by a single indicator species) compared to suburban locations (characterized by five indicator species). Species richness of plants flowering during the time of the survey did not differ among locations. Traffic islands were richer habitats for flowering plants than road verges but did not differ from parking lots. Total vegetation cover and cover of insect-pollinated flowering plants increased with an increasing distance from the road. Vegetation cover differed among habitats being higher on road verges than on traffic islands irrespective of ADT. In all habitat types, the two most common flowering species were yarrow Achillea millefolium and autumn hawkbit Leontodon autumnalis which occurred at 70.2% and 67.8% of the sampling sites, respectively. However, the mean cover of the ten most common flowering species (when present) was low and varied between 1.5 and 9.5% per m2.ConclusionsSimilar richness of flowering plants (but not total plant species) in urban and suburban locations might indicate equal importance of ecosystem services provided by flowering plants in cities irrespective of location. Because traffic islands and parking lots contain rich plant communities, they should be better integrated into UGI and valued by city planners. Management intensity in terms of grass cuts should be ecologically justified. An increase in the number of insect-pollinated plant species in urban traffic-related green spaces might help to improve environmental quality in cities in terms of increasing pollinator biodiversity and reducing pollution.

Parking for Autonomous Vehicle using Deep Learning Approach

In this study, a model is proposed to allow the vehicle to park safely itself using deep learning approach for autonomous parking problem. The proposed method is included three main steps. In the first stage, the vehicle which a remotely controllable is designed to collect data. The goal of second part is prepared a track and label the collected data in order to collect real data with the designed vehicle. In an addition this collected data, is also added CNR parking dataset which is also based on real camera pictures. It has been used 75% of these data as training and 25% of them as testing. Lastly, a deep learning model has been developed based on CNN and transfer learning according to these data. This model classifies whether parking slot is empty or not. if classification is called free, then the vehicle starts to be parking maneuver, the vehicle doesn’t do parking maneuver while it is called busy. As a result, accuracy of the model was calculated about 0.96 which is quite good for park slot occupy detection. It was also performed successfully 7,6 out of every 10-parking maneuver.

PERCEPTION AND ECONOMIC VALUATION OF WAY BELERANG TOURISM IN THE WAY PISANG FOREST MANAGEMENT UNIT (KPH) USING THE TRAVEL COST METHOD

Visitor perceptions and the economic value of tourism greatly influence sustainable tourism development. The aim of the research is to identify visitor perceptions and calculate the economic value of Way Belerang tourism in KPH Way Pisang. Data collection was carried out using interviews, literature studies and documentation. The data that has been collected is then analyzed using a Likert scale, Zonal Travel Cost Method (ZTCM), Individual Travel Cost Method (ITCM) and Multiple Linear Regression. The research results show that the assessment of visitors' perceptions of the facilities is good. Existing facilities are adequate, but repairs need to be made to the ceiling in the rinse area. Promotion and information are not very good because there is not yet complete media available. The tourist attractions are good, the natural attractions and the tourist atmosphere are very supportive. Security and comfort are good, the parking area is large and the guard posts are manned by officers. The average cost to travel to Way Belerang Tourism is IDR 58,876/person/visit, so the economic value of Way Belerang Tourism is IDR 939,725,328/year. Comparison of travel costs based on the visitor's zone of origin within the district Rp. 23,083/zone/visit times, outside the district Rp. 55,195/zone/visit times and outside the province Rp. 114,545/zone/visit times. Supporting promotion and information on Way Belerang requires adequate tools for promoting tourist attractions so that the tourist attractions are more visited by visitors and improving the facilities available at Way Belerang.