Park Administration Research Articles

Disputes over Feeding Resources Provoke Agonistic Interactions Between Capuchins and Humans in Brasília National Park, Brazil

ABSTRACT Progressive urbanization has led to increased human–primate interactions, often resulting in aggression, especially when humans offer food. In Brasília National Park, the local capuchin monkeys are known for their intense interactions with the visitors at the Pedreira Pool. In this context, this study investigated factors predicting aggressive behavior between capuchins and humans. The sampling was conducted over a one-year period, and behaviors were recorded using “all events” sampling. Two binary logistic regression models were applied to predict when the monkeys and humans were most likely to be aggressive. A total of 722 encounters between capuchins and humans were observed during this study, totaling 616.5 hours of monitoring. Of these, 364 occurred during the dry season and 358 during the rainy season The monkeys were more aggressive toward the humans during the dry season, when the humans were either being aggressive toward the capuchins or photographing them, when food was involved, and when fewer humans were involved in the interaction. The humans were more aggressive toward the capuchins when the capuchins stole food or were being aggressive and when more children were present. Aggressive behavior in the capuchins was caused primarily by disputes over food and was exacerbated by aggressive human behavior toward the capuchins and attempts to photograph them. While offering food may reduce agonism in the short term, it may have contributed to a long-term increase in aggressive behavior by attracting the monkeys into more frequent contact with human visitors. The number of humans in close proximity during an encounter was a predictor of aggressive behavior in the capuchins toward the humans, which indicates that the monkeys assess the costs and benefits of approaching humans. Park administrators should prevent, or at least reduce, the entry of food into the park.

Tourism-generated energy use characteristics and sustainability transitions

Mountain tourism destinations are characterized as significantly impacted by their remoteness, seasonal climatic variations, and fragile ecosystems. These factors greatly influence the development, distribution, and consumption of energy sources in the tourism sector. With the increasing popularity of mountain parks and protected areas as tourism destinations, it is critical to understand the interplay between tourism development (e.g. expansion of tourism facilities), patterns of energy sources (diversity and consumption levels) in the tourism sector, and overall sustainability of resources use at the destination level. Current literature reveals a dearth of research on energy issues in mountain protected areas, which is somewhat surprising as energy and resource consumption issues are becoming more important from a climate change perspective. This paper examines contemporary energy use patterns in the Sagarmatha (Mount Everest) National Park of Nepal. A mixed methods is applied to analyze development trends and transitions in energy use. Data were collected based on questionnaire surveys of tourism facilities, complemented by semi-structured interviews. The findings indicate that energy sources used in the facilities have gone through a significant change, from a firewood-dependent tourism center to increasing use of alternative sources including liquified petroleum gas (LPG) and hydroelectricity. About one-third of the facilities did not use firewood. The heterogeneous geographic distribution of the facilities affects the spatial use of energy sources. Furthermore, we argue that the coordination efforts between the national park administration and local communities, the growth of tourism, the construction of hydropower plants, and the advancement of transportation are the leading causes of the changes in energy use patterns. Knowledge of the energy use characteristics and drivers influencing the energy transitions can inform future policies that promote a low-carbon economy in mountain destinations.

Home Team Effect and Opinion Network after the Sewol Ferry Disaster: A mixed-method study of the influence of symbol and feedback on liberal versus conservative newspapers’ negative opinions

Studies on the symbol and feedback effects on the opinion based on the theory are lacking. Acknowledging that the media express their stance and opinion and that negative opinions are critical to policy change, this paper fills the gap in the literature by illustrating and comparing the effects of emotional and cognitive symbols and positive and negative feedback on the liberal and conservative newspapers’ negative opinions of South Korean President Park Geun-hye’s administration (Park administration) after the Sewol Ferry sank. This study used qualitative and quantitative methods to analyze the archival data, including 424 newspaper editorials and economic data published from April to December 2014. Multiple regression analyses were conducted following a content analysis of newspaper editorials, and network analysis was used to analyze the data. The results mostly supported the hypotheses that symbols and feedback affect the negative opinion on the political discourse, with new findings that deviate from the existing theories. The emotional symbols exerted a stronger influence on the negative opinion compared to cognitive symbols, regardless of the newspaper’s stance. The political system’s response to the positive and negative feedback was not definite; instead, it varied depending on the situation and newspaper perspective. The liberal newspaper responded to symbols and feedback more sensitively compared to the conservative one under the conservative administration. The conservative newspaper expressed more lenient negative opinions towards the conservative administration than the liberal newspaper, supporting the home team effect. These findings have practical and theoretical implications for future studies, highlighting the application of opinion networks in social science.

Socialization of Sports Massage for Visitors of Pakui Park in Makassar City

This study investigates the impact of sport massage socialization on the knowledge and interest of visitors to Pakui Park in engaging in physical activity. A total of 100 visitors, comprising 50 men and 50 women, participated in this study. The results reveal that sport massage socialization significantly enhances the knowledge and interest of visitors to Pakui Park in participating in physical activity. Furthermore, the socialization of sport massage improves visitors' understanding of the benefits of sport massage in preventing injuries and enhancing physical performance. The findings suggest that sport massage socialization is an effective strategy for promoting physical activity and a healthy lifestyle among visitors to Pakui Park. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge on the role of sport massage in promoting physical activity and provides insights for policymakers, health professionals, and park administrators to develop targeted interventions aimed at encouraging visitors to engage in regular physical activity and adopt a healthy lifestyle.

Contractual Mechanisms in National Park Management: A Multi-Task Principal–Agent Model

In the management of national parks, the principal–agent relationship is key to efficient and effective management. Based on multi-task principal–agent theory, this study examines the dual functions of central government incentives and guidance and the objectives of local National Park Administration offices in environmental conservation and reasonable resource utilization. First, this study constructs a multi-task principal–agent model for central and local governments within the national park management system and identifies effective contractual mechanisms. Second, this study examines the relationship between the intensity of central government incentives and the ecological conservation atmosphere coefficient. Third, by integrating the three stages of national park management system advancement, this study explores the central government’s incentive strategies at different stages. The findings indicate that local governments receive limited ecological conservation support, underscoring the need for long-term central government incentives. The findings also confirm that the effective management of national parks by local governments can only be achieved by eliminating external uncertainties, reducing the variable costs of innovative advancements, and controlling risk aversion in local National Park Administration processes. In addition, this study includes empirical data for sensitivity analyses to understand the robustness of the model under different scenarios. This study offers valuable insights and practical suggestions for enhancing national park management.

What affect the satisfaction, preferences, and visitation of pocket parks? Evidence from Shanghai

The phenomenon of rapid urbanization and densification in megacities has emphasized the significance of access and exposure to urban green spaces. Pocket parks, due to their small size, low cost, and accessibility, have the potential to meet the daily needs of nearby residents for urban green spaces. They play crucial roles in enhancing the satisfaction and health benefits of city residents through physical activities, social engagement, and stress relief. In this study, we conducted a survey to evaluate pocket park satisfaction and to identify the importance level of different park attributes from users' perspective. The results showed that (1) The satisfaction levels of visitors in terms of environment, facilities, management, and overall satisfaction were significantly associated with their social groups, while the satisfaction levels related to environment and landscape were significantly different among visitors of different age and visiting frequency groups, respectively; (2) visuality characters had higher importance level than perceptibility characters, with “well-maintained facilities”, “landscape richness” and “safety facilities”, “hard landscape”, and “plant conservation” having the highest importance scores; (3) proximity to parks, visitors’ age and overall satisfaction had significant impact on pocket park visiting frequency. These findings provide implications for decision makers to on how to build high-quality and well-designed pocket parks that have a positive impact on the well-being of citizens. Management implicationsThe work in this study is related to the mangement of pocket parks. It explored factors that affected visitors’ satisfaction and preferences towards different attributes and features of pocket parks. It also identified the predictors for visiting frequencies of pocket parks. The findings will provide implications for decision makers to on how to build high-quality and well-designed pocket parks that can attract more citizens. The high importance of “well-maintained facilities” and “plant conservation” showed this study will also help park administrators to prioritize their work in the management and maintenance of pocket parks.

Interdisciplinary methodology for the characterisation of archaeological metal grave goods from the Museum of Patagonia by PIXE, DRX, and SEM/EDS

AbstractWe present a study of a selection of metal ornaments belonging to archaeological funerary goods from Patagonic Indigenous groups. They are part of the ‘Andrés Giai’ Collection, under the guard of the Museum of Patagonia (Nahuel Huapi National Park [PNNH]; National Parks Administration [APN]), Argentina. The absence of contextual information and its current conservation status motivated the design of an interdisciplinary methodology to develop an Integral Conservation Plan that considered the selection of analytical techniques. Here, we implemented complementary nondestructive characterisation techniques such as particle induced X‐ray emission (PIXE), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). We developed a methodology enabling us to characterise each piece with respect to its metallic composition and degradation products, and in certain cases, their manufacturing process. These findings have contributed with essential information for the tailored conservation treatment proposal. Moreover, they provided key information in regard to the reconstruction of contextual data for each piece. In addition, the methodology proposed for the Integral Conservation Plan takes into account an optimisation of the techniques to be used in order to minimise unnecessary handling of goods whilst ensuring an appropriate use of technological and economic resources whilst minimising time on potentially unconclusive measurements and results.

Study on the Development of Interregional Synergistic Construction (Taking the China-Belarus Industrial Park and the International Land Port of Gansu as Examples)

The year 2023 marks the 10th anniversary of the initiation of the «One Belt and One Road» initiative. Belarus, as one of the countries along the One Belt and One Road, is actively responding to the initiative’s call and participating in its joint implementation. The author creatively establishes a connection and conducts a profound analysis of the China- Belarus Industrial Park and the International Land Port of Gansu (Lanzhou). The article assesses the present status and development progress of the two projects, identifying pertinent issues and proposing solutions through a methodical approach that combines theoretical analysis with practical application. A theoretical framework for these two projects is presented, aiding in surmounting challenges and charting the future trajectory of collaboration. The study’s objective is to introduce novel developmental concepts for Park administrators and policymakers, while also pinpointing fresh avenues for growth within the Park development of both countries, to contribute to economic advancement more effectively.

The Participation between Indigenous Empowerment and State Normalization

The present work starts from a social and systematic anthropological perspective with its epistemological limitations and openings with a constant analytical and methodological deconstruction within the framework of critical and reflexive practices. We will seek to understand the dynamics and implications of the normative, historical and structural relations between the State and indigenous peoples in two working spaces: the Provincial Council of Indigenous Affairs (CPAI) located in La Plata, and the comanagement in Bariloche located within the National Parks Administration (APN). Therefore, we will investigate and analyze a heterogeneous corpus that includes legal and administrative materials composed of a particular language and logic of state bureaucracy. In this context, we will observe these dynamics and tensions through the legal personality as a case of analysis of such strategic uses by indigenous people to reaffirm themselves as communities and, at the same time, this process translated into a normative “waiting” as a control mechanism. This will allow us to understand the historical, normative and structural relations with the State and participation as the main dimension of work.

Landscape research: from paradigm through GIS technology to monitoring (on the example of the territory of the Slobozhansky National Nature Park)

For 10 years, a group of specialists from the department of physical geography and cartography has been exploring the territories of national parks consistently using information technology tools, improving their use in combination with ground test landscape surveys. This article reflects the experience of such scientific and applied development in relation to the territory of Slobozhansky National Nature Park. The purpose of this development is to improve the existing technologies of complex interpretation of geodata for the design and monitoring of the territory in their systematic combination with the methods of online mapping and in-depth meaningful interpretation for the scientific support of the organization of the territory and the administration of the national parks. This article covers currently known and possible scientific approaches and measures that rely on scientific and applied measures used by the national parks administration in management processes. The most recent issues highlighted in this article compared to the previous published works of the authors are the formulation of the trinity paradigm of the process of creating a landscape model of the territory. A set of individual tasks is defined, the consistent implementation of which ensures the achievement of the goal: selection of appropriate types, scales and optical ranges of remote sensing, taking into account the landscape conditions inherent in the location of the territory of the national park; development, on these grounds, of the technology of thematic landscape mapping, geoecological assessment and control of results on test areas of the terrain; peculiarities of drawing legends of applied landscape maps using GIS technologies; making corrections and additions to the existing defining documents of projects of the national park organization and developing recommendations for their improvement; design of the monitoring system of Slobozhansky National Nature Park. In the paradigm of applied landscape research, the national park should be designed based on the trinity of remote sensing and human intelligence: a) the technical level of providing remote sensing; b) taking into account the ambiguity of the optical image of the area depending on the purpose of geodata interpretation; c) tasks that are also solved ambiguously: the selection of certain ranges and scales of soundings, the selection of test areas and even the compilation of legends of a large-scale landscape map. The specified ambiguity is manifested in the variability of constructions and creates the subjectivity of applied landscape research. Methodological basis. The system-structural approach is manifested in the identification and identification of those spatial connections between visually significant and hidden from direct observation properties (mainly water-heat balance indicators) of the landscape, which change in an ambiguous dependence on regional background indicators, therefore must be taken into account in design and monitoring. Scientific results. In addition to theoretical generalizations, the article briefly presents the implementation of the highlighted approach in the study of landscapes of the Slobozhansky National Nature Park.

Personalization of Executive Power After COVID-19 Onset in South Korea

How has COVID-19 affected the personalization of executive power in South Korea? To answer this question, we draw on the conceptual framework of personalization concerning democracies and autocracies. We find that, personalization attempts were made via mechanism of personnel management (e.g., the appointment of allies within the pandemic-response bureaucracy) and via mechanism violence which consists of enacting the Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention Act, which restricted the freedom of assembly of anti-government forces. However, personnel management was more pronounced than the mechanism of violence due to the role of administrative courts and the National Human Rights Commission, which prevented an outright ban of freedom of assembly. Under the Park administration, many personalization attempts were made but not fully realized due to the fragmented command chain within the pandemic bureaucracy. We discuss the prospects of continued personalization under the Yoon administration via personnel management in the pandemic bureaucracy.

Expanding protected areas: a case for repairing intergenerational social capital rather than taking the path of least resistance

With many international entities pushing for the protection of 30% of terrestrial and marine habitat by 2030 through the 30x30 global initiative, the expansion of protected areas (PA) will inevitably interface with populations carrying lived experiences of PA management as well as their community’s collective memory of how the promises and outcomes of previous PA establishments materialized. One community recently experiencing a government’s desire to expand a PA is the Ngöbe Indigenous community of Salt Creek, located in and around the Bastimentos Island National Marine Park in Bocas del Toro, Panama. This qualitative case study applies an intergenerational social capital lens to demonstrate that time does not heal past grievances with park administration as broken social capital is a type of intergenerational trauma. It is suggested that repairing social capital is vital to achieving future sustainable tourism and global PA targets but will be a long and intentional process to overcome the collective memory of broken promises. While governments may find it expedient to expand PAs in areas with less resistance, we suggest the investment in repairing social capital will likely lead to better social and environmental outcomes and better align with the ethos of sustainable tourism and collaborative governance.

Information Literacy Using the Central Sulawesi Museum on Motivation for Learning History at SMA Labschool Untad Palu

The importance of information literacy learning among teachers and students has enhanced comprehension and digital media skills. Learning activity and motivation are the factors that spark a particular behavior and give it a resistant orientation that will result in tenacity and not easily cracks in reaching achievement despite many obstacles, basically having a variety of learning-related motivations. This study introduces museums to students as a learning resource to explore the function of information literacy and the desire to study student history. It is qualitative research. People will be asked to participate in interviews and observations, contributing information, opinions, and perceptions to understand the social phenomenon from the participant's perspective. The results indicated how much cultural park administrators and museums promoted using information technologies to attract visitors to educational institutions. Offering details on museum collections and exhibitions relating to historical topics might help implementers of cultural parks and museums motivate students to learn more. This is particularly beneficial for technical implementers since it helps the general public learn about museum collections through brochures, catalogs, websites for cultural parks and museums, and social media, like Instagram.

Assessment of LULC changes in Western Himalayan Mountain Landscape: A Case of Sainj River Valley, Himachal Pradesh (India)

Landscape is multifaceted and it is the result of human interactions with their surrounding environment. More than half of the population of the world is dependent on the mountains for their ecosystem services which are now exhibiting signs of human pressure in the form of environment degradation. Himalayan Mountains are also fast succumbing to human greed for land and resources, resulting in the changes in their landscape. In this work we evaluate land use/land cover (LULC) changes in the biodiversity hotspot within a particular region located in the Western Himalaya. Sainj River Valley is in Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh. This study area is one of the major tributary of river Beas with an altitudinal range between 900 to 5800 meters, covering an area of 748.33 km2 and supporting a population over 25000 persons. For this study, we use GIS tools and remote sensing imagery of LANDSAT 5 and LANDSAT 8 for the year 1989 and 2020 respectively. Image classification has been done by using supervised classification with Maximum Likelihood Classifier (MLC) where seven different classes are identified. The result reveals significant increase in land use classes such as agriculture (34.19%); settlements (89.42%), barren land (33.54%), and pasture land (19.01%) while noticeable decrease has been observed in snow cover (60%) and forest land (14.18%). A considerable change in barren land to pasture and forest land reflects the biodiversity conservation and management efforts of the park administration.

Оцінка збитків міських парків у контексті повоєнної відбудови міст України та сталого розвитку

In order to restore the affected cities into a more comfortable habitat, and special attention should be paid to city parks. The reproduction of public spaces allows to ensure the social activity of the locals and the cultural development of society. In order to make the most effective decisions to restore parks, it is urgent to develop methods of evaluation of parks losses as a result of military events. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to analyze the existing methods of evaluation of losses with green planting, and the development and proposal of author's methods of calculations of losses of parks. Using the methods of analysis and synthesis, the assessment of modern regulatory documents for the evaluation of green spaces was carried out, and on the basis of established taxes for green spaces for cities, the formulas for calculations of losses were proposed. Simplified parking rates based on point indicators, which can be used as a simplified version of preventive analysis, is also proposed. The practical importance of the article is to expand the losses of parks that can be used in the evaluation of parks by utility companies of the parking space and park administrations.

How Salary and Supervision Affects Turnover Intention Through Job Satisfaction the Case of Industrial Zone Located in Ethiopia

Purpose – Industrial parks face shortage experts, and it is important to exam-ine the factors that influence turnover intention among experts working in the industrial parks. Low salary and supervision may lead to employee dissatis-faction and a significant inverse relationship between job satisfaction, includ-ing subsequent effects on turnover among employees working in the indus-trial parks. However, little or no study was done on the mediating role of job satisfaction and turnover intention among industrial park workers in Ethiopia industrial parks considering supervision and salary as independent variables. Aim - This study examine the mediating effects of job satisfaction on turnover intention among employee of industrial parks located in the eastern part of Ethiopia Design/methodology/approach – A cross-sectional survey design employed by including 400 sample in the study. SEM based PLS were used to examine the mediating effect of job satisfaction between salary, supervision and em-ployee turnover intention. Findings: This study showed that job satisfaction significantly mediated the relationship between salary, supervision and turnover intention. 19.4 percent of the variance in turnover intention explained by salary whereas, 66.6 percent of the variance caused by supervision. The mediation pathway accounted for 41.6 percent of the variance between the independent and dependent varia-bles. Significant relationship between pay, supervision and job satisfaction of workers at the industrial park. It is imperative to state unequivocally that, satisfied workers perform more efficiently, are more committed, and desire to work with their respective. Organizations for a lifetime. Efforts should there-fore be made to enhance the workers’ satisfaction with their job. Implications for nursing management - This study provides industrial park administrators with a resource to build a supportive environment to increase employees job satisfaction and to decrease turnover that affects overall productivity of the sector at regional level

Strictest nature conservation: China's national park policy underpinned by power shift and turf dynamic

China initiated the national park policy in 2015 to achieve the strictest nature conservation. This study pointed out that the core of this policy is to increase central authority. Hence, adopting the bureaucratic politics and Actor-centered Power theory, the study aimed to analyze the power shift and turf dynamics among ministries in the national park policy process. Based on the evidence, the study found that before 2015, ministries' overlapping turfs in managing protected areas weakened the central coercion of local nature conservation, resulting in excessive exploitation of these areas. To enhance conservation effectiveness, top leaders initiated the national park policy. Top leaders reclaimed ministerial turfs through coercive power, whereas, utilized the ownership of the national park policy to incentivize them to participate in pilots. Ultimately, the 2018 ministry reform led to the State Forestry and Grassland Administration acquiring turf over protected areas including national parks. At the same time, top leaders maintained the potential coercion through information provided by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment that retained supervision authority over national parks. This ministerial restructuring established robust national park administrations, breaking local power patterns and strengthening the central control on nature conservation, which ensures the strictest nature conservation. This study contributed to understanding Chinese national park policy based on the perspective of political science. Furthermore, it provided an analytical framework of power and turf for research on bureaucratic politics.

WEB PLATFORMS FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT: THE PARCO ARCHEOLOGICO DEL COLOSSEO CASE STUDY

Abstract. This paper describes the digitization test of Fonte Giuturna (Giuturna spring) in the Roman Forum area, from survey to data management through the in-use monitoring system, the WebApp SyPEAH of the Parco Archeologico del Colosseo. The location of Giuturna Spring, characterized by the presence of heterogeneous archaeological remains from different ages, was surveyed in May 2022 as part of a research project that aimed to superintend the entire Cultural Heritage digitization pipeline to provide the Archaeological Park Administration the digitization guidelines as a tool to standardize future surveys and data deliveries.Inspired by the desire to build a system of protection and conservation at the service of sustainable exploitation, SyPEAH is a web platform based on open-source modules designed to manage archaeological records with a WebGIS approach. It supports the use of several 3D data formats, including point clouds. The paper focuses on the web platform, describing the web app’s main features, especially in terms of point cloud data management. Moreover, possible future development of the platform intended to implement usability for single archaeological objects is described.

A Behavioral Investigation of Preference for a Playground Sensory Maze

Universal design (UD) is an approach that acknowledges the diversity of an individual’s needs and aims to design products and indoor/outdoor environments that are useable by the majority of the population (Center for UD, 1997). UD for learning is a framework that provides teachers with guidance on how to support to children with diverse needs in the general education classroom with the goal to promote inclusion of all children. For playgrounds, UD means building playgrounds that are usable by a wide range of individuals, regardless of age, gender, size, race/ethnicity, culture, or ability. The current study explored UD in playground design and builds. Specifically, the overall impact of a sensory maze on children’s preference levels as measured by adult and child surveys, and observations. Three sources of data collection were obtained on the sensory maze’s effectiveness: adult surveys (N = 431), adult open-ended surveys (N = 366), child surveys (N = 1,182), and observations of the children playing on the playground (N = 21,763 intervals of 10 minutes). Study results demonstrate that the sensory maze is a favorite for children with sensory disabilities (i.e., sensory processing disorder, blind, visual impairment). Study findings suggest that the sensory maze may be a valuable piece of playground equipment on a community playground, be an asset to all individuals, and allow adults to participate in the play with their children. Designing playgrounds with playground equipment that is proven effective through rigorous research should be seen as central in park administration. Park administrators, who build universally designed playgrounds in their communities, will provide a play space that meets the needs of all community residents and allows them to play, engage in the outdoors, and meet other individuals which can lead to fruitful and rewarding peer relationships.

Focus Groups of Park Administrators and Residents Regarding Dog Park Development and Success: A Case Study in Norfolk, Virginia

Two focus groups were conducted as part of a case study to reflect on dog park success in Norfolk, Virginia. One focus group included administrators from Norfolk Parks and Recreation dog park staff. The second focus group included member residents from neighborhood civic leagues or dog park associations. Two general guiding questions for the focus groups were: (a) What are the essential aspects of successful dog parks? and (b) What policies and procedures were developed for dog parks? Topical areas reflecting the first question included essential aspects of successful dog parks and the general benefits of dog parks. Topical areas reflecting the second question included the reasons why dog parks were established in Norfolk and the policies and procedures for establishing dog parks. City administrators and residents participating in the focus groups agreed overall about why dog parks were established in Norfolk—in response to a community need due to dense population, small yards, and apartment buildings. There was agreement between both groups regarding amenities that make dog parks successful—fencing, water, and shade; however, other amenities for success varied according to structural or functional aspects. Despite the similarities in the two focus group discussions about reasons for dog park establishment, the discussions diverged once researchers asked about policies related to the establishment and maintenance of dog parks. Residents expressed frustration with being charged with half of the establishment and upkeep of the dog park. The discussion followed frameworks of public engagement, power dynamics, and co-production/co-governance. Management implications include revisiting or adjusting policies related to dog park development (including fundraising), taking into consideration a highly transient population and its implications for dog park association leadership, consideration of a dog park liaison, and problems associated with unfenced dog parks. Norfolk dog parks were found to be highly successful and civic leaders noted Norfolk park administrators have been responsive to resident needs, and they were given an opportunity for feedback on the process.