Parity Ratio Research Articles

Effect of laying parity and sex ratio on reproduction performance and biochemical parameters of White Roman geese kept in an environmentally controlled house

Effect of laying parity and sex ratio on reproduction performance and biochemical parameters of White Roman geese kept in an environmentally controlled house

Evaluating and mitigating unfairness in multimodal remote mental health assessments.

Research on automated mental health assessment tools has been growing in recent years, often aiming to address the subjectivity and bias that existed in the current clinical practice of the psychiatric evaluation process. Despite the substantial health and economic ramifications, the potential unfairness of those automated tools was understudied and required more attention. In this work, we systematically evaluated the fairness level in a multimodal remote mental health dataset and an assessment system, where we compared the fairness level in race, gender, education level, and age. Demographic parity ratio (DPR) and equalized odds ratio (EOR) of classifiers using different modalities were compared, along with the F1 scores in different demographic groups. Post-training classifier threshold optimization was employed to mitigate the unfairness. No statistically significant unfairness was found in the composition of the dataset. Varying degrees of unfairness were identified among modalities, with no single modality consistently demonstrating better fairness across all demographic variables. Post-training mitigation effectively improved both DPR and EOR metrics at the expense of a decrease in F1 scores. Addressing and mitigating unfairness in these automated tools are essential steps in fostering trust among clinicians, gaining deeper insights into their use cases, and facilitating their appropriate utilization.

The Impact of the Soviet Heritage on Women’s Political Leadership in Modern Russia

The study analyzes the specifics of women’s political leadership in the USSR and identifies the factors that predetermined the secondary role of women in Soviet, and later modern Russian politics. The purpose of this study is to identify the features of women’s activities as political leaders in the Soviet state and compare them with the features of women’s participation in political power in modern Russia. To achieve the goal, historical-chronological and comparative analysis are used as research methods. The unique experience of the women’s departments is considered in detail, as well as the personal factor of Soviet women leaders as the reason for political success. It is concluded that during the entire existence of the Soviet Union, the parity ratio of men and women at any level of power was not achieved even despite attempts to introduce various measures, such as a quota system, to achieve this goal. However, among the reasons for this situation, it was highlighted that attempts to achieve gender parity in government were primarily ideological in nature and aimed not at achieving real equality, but at demonstrating the ideology of the USSR on the world stage. The presence of women in the highest government positions in the USSR was an extremely rare phenomenon, since, in order to meet practical needs, the state, as a rule, preferred to involve women in politics at the lowest levels of the political hierarchy. A comparative analysis of women’s political leadership in the Soviet period with the present has shown that the same trend persists in modern Russia.

FairCare: Adversarial training of a heterogeneous graph neural network with attention mechanism to learn fair representations of electronic health records

Electronic health record (EHR) datasets have increasingly been harnessed by artificial intelligence (AI) for predictive modeling, yet the ethnicity fairness of these models remains underexplored. To address this issue, we propose FairCare, a novel deep learning framework for ethnically fair EHR representation. FairCare introduces an ethnicity-heterogeneous graph neural network, enhanced with an attention mechanism to correct biases towards predominant nodes, ensuring that minority groups are fairly represented. Two benchmark datasets are collected from the MIMIC-III database, consists of 21,139 samples (i.e., records) and 41,602 patients (3,431,622 EHR records) for the downstream prediction tasks of mortality and decompensation, respectively. The adversarial learning architecture is fine-tuned with fair representation constraints, and demonstrates significant improvements in fairness metrics, with a 3.025-fold increase in demographic parity ratio (DPR) and reductions to 0.352 and 0.087 in disparate impact (DP) and equality of opportunity (EO), respectively. FairCare also outperforms all comparable methods on mortality and decompensation prediction tasks. Specifically, FairCare achieves AUROC scores of 0.9021 and 0.9217 for these tasks, surpassing the second-best methods by margins of 0.0319 (ConCare) and 0.0213 (AdaCare) in AUROC. We believe that the FairCare framework will attract a broad interest of both computational and medical researchers on medical artificial intelligence (AI). The source code and additional resources are available at http://www.healthinformaticslab.org/supp/resources.php.

Effect of Intake Conditions and Combustion Factors on Gasoline and Diesel Engines Performance and Exhaust Emissions

The study aimed to investigate the effects of intake conditions, including water injection, filter presence, and temperature variations, on the performance of petrol and diesel engines. The experiment was conducted on single-cylinder four-stroke engines at varying speeds and loads. The composition of the exhaust emissions was analyzed to determine the combustion method. The results indicated that injecting a mixture of water and air into the engine inlet could reduce engine emissions by 17-33% and exhaust temperature by 13-35% for both engines. When an air filter and water injection were present, air flow restrictions in the air inlet led to better combustion and less unburned mixture due to increased air availability. The study also investigated the impact of combustion parameters on heat generation and emissions inside the combustion chamber of gasoline and diesel engines. The parameters studied included intake temperature, intake pressure, equivalence ratio, compression ratio, engine speed, turbulence kinetic energy, and combustion chamber design. The test results showed that higher intake temperatures lead to increased heat generation, increased overall engine efficiency, and reduced CO2 and NOx emissions in gasoline engines. Increasing the value of the parity ratio also led to improved overall efficiency of the two engines.

Equity trends for the UHC service coverage sub-index for reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health in Pakistan: evidence from demographic health surveys

BackgroundPakistan, the world's sixth most populous country and the second largest in South Asia, is facing challenges related to reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health (RMNCH) that are exacerbated by various inequities. RMNCH coverage indicators such as antenatal care (ANC) and deliveries at health facilities have been improving over time, and the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is gradually declining but not at the desired rates. Analysing and documenting inequities with reference to key characteristics are useful to unmask the disparities and to amicably implement targeted equity-oriented interventions.MethodsPakistan Demographic Health Survey (PDHS) based UHC service coverage tracer indicators were derived for the RMNCH domain at the national and subnational levels for the two rounds of the PDHS in 2012 and 2017. These derivations were subgrouped into wealth quintiles, place of residence, education and mothers’ age. Dumbbell charts were created to show the trends and quintile-specific coverage. The UHC service coverage sub-index for RMNCH was constructed to measure the absolute and relative parity indices, such as high to low absolute difference and high to low ratios, to quantify health inequities. The population attributable risk was computed to determine the overall population health improvement that is possible if all regions have the same level of health services as the reference point (national level) across the equity domains.ResultsThe results indicate an overall improvement in coverage across all indicators over time, but with a higher concentration of data points towards higher coverage among the wealthiest groups, although the poorest quintile continues to have low coverage in all regions. The UHC service coverage sub-index on RMNCH shows that Pakistan has improved from 45 to 63 overall, while Punjab improved from 50 to 59 and Sindh from 43 to 55. The highest improvement is evident in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province, which has increased from 31 in 2012 to 51 in 2017. All regions made slow progress in narrowing the gap between the poorest and wealthiest groups, with particularly noteworthy improvements in KP and Sindh, as indicated by the parity ratio. The RMNCH service coverage sub-index gap was the greatest among women aged 15–19 years, those who belonged to the poorest wealth quintile, had no education, and resided in rural areas.ConclusionsAnalysing existing data sources from an equity lens supports evidence-based policies, programs and practices with a focus on disadvantaged subgroups.

P-756 Change of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) value for ovarian reserve after minimal invasive benign ovarian cystectomy: Da Vinci robotic system (Xi and SP) and laparoscopic system.

Abstract Study question To investigate impact on ovarian reserve after minimal invasive ovarian cystectomy using two platforms; Da Vinci robotic system (Xi and SP) and laparoscopic system. Summary answer Benign ovarian cystectomy using Da Vinci robotic system takes a long time, but it is an effective minimally invasive method to preserve ovarian function. What is known already With the development of minimally invasive surgical methods such as laparoscopic and robotic system, patient satisfaction has increased not only in terms of pain relief but also cosmetic aspects such as smaller scars. Protection of ovarian function during surgery is important in terms of fertility preservation, and this should be considered first in minimally invasive surgery. Serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a widely used index to evaluate ovarian reserve. Study design, size, duration This study included patients who underwent laparoscopic or Da Vinci robotic (Xi or SP) ovarian cystectomy for benign ovarian cysts between January 1, 2018 and September 30, 2022 at a single institution. A retrospective study was conducted through electronic medical chart review. Participants/materials, setting, methods A total of 128 patients were enrolled. Among them, 71 patients underwent laparoscopic surgery and 58 patients underwent robotic surgery. The preoperative AMH value was determined as the value within 4 weeks before surgery, and the postoperative AMH value was determined as the value from 1 month after surgery to within 1 year after surgery. The AMH change value (ΔAMH) was expressed as a percentage value; (postAMH – preAMH) x 100 / preAMH Main results and the role of chance There was no significant difference in preoperative age, BMI, parity, cyst size, and cyst position ratio. Estimated blood loss during operation, Hb drop, length of hospital day, adhesion detachment rate, and cyst rupture rate also showed no difference. However, the operation time was significantly shorter in the laparoscopic group. (68.51±30.99 minutes vs. 105.17±38.87 minutes, p < 0.01) The mean preoperative AMH was significantly higher in Da Vinci robotic system than laparoscopic system. (5.89±4.81 ng/mL vs. 4.02±3.61 ng/mL, p = 0.02) The mean postoperative AMH was also higher in Da Vinci robotic system. (4.31±3.34 ng/mL vs. 3.02±2.64 ng/mL, p = 0.02) But, the mean ΔAMH was not significantly different between two groups. (-19.55±40.67 % in laparoscopic system vs. -19.95±38.79 % in robotic system, p = 0.96) When the robot groups were divided into Xi system (N = 21) and SP system (N = 37) and compared, but ΔAMH did not show significant differences among the three groups. (-19.55±40.67 % in laparoscopic system vs. -14.63±47.80 % in Xi system vs. -22.97±32.97 % in SP system, p = 0.75) Even in the patient group with preoperative AMH below 2, ΔAMH was -9.50±57.58 % in the laparoscopic system (N = 20) and -11.72±60.92 % in the robotic system (N = 11), showing no significant difference between the two groups. (p = 0.92) Limitations, reasons for caution A limitation of this study is that the measurement period of AMH was set within a wide range within 1 year after surgery. In addition, the small sample size when divided into two systems, SP and Xi, is also a limitation. Wider implications of the findings Compared to the existing laparoscopic system, the robotic system does not show a significant difference in protection of the ovarian reserve, so it will be widely selected as an option for minimally invasive surgery. Trial registration number Not applicable

Ultrasonographic changes in fetal gastrointestinal motility during the last ten days before parturition in dogs.

Fetal gastrointestinal motility (FGM) was suggested as useful to assess fetal maturity. Our study aimed to quantify FGM in relation to days before parturition (DBP), maternal size, and sex ratio of pups. During the last ten days of pregnancy, 23 clinically healthy pregnant bitches of 16 different breeds ranging in age from 2 to 9 years and body weight from 3.5 to 56.8 kg were monitored twice. The fetal intestine was observed in longitudinal and transversal scan on 3 of the most caudal fetuses in both uterine horns. Gestational age was counted backward from parturition day. The number of fetuses showing FGM was recorded in time in I (-11/-5 DBP) and II (-4/0 DBP). A Mann-Whitney test was performed to analyze variations of FGM% in relation to time and parity. A Kruskal-Wallis test was performed to identify variations of FGM% in relation to maternal size and sex ratio. Statistical significance was set at α = 0.05. A total of 147 FGM observations on 50 ultrasonographic monitoring points were performed. The FGM% was higher during time II compared to time I (median: 33%, range 0-100% vs. 100%, range 33-100%; P < 0.0001). FGM% was higher in small compared to large size bitches (median: 100%, range 67-100% vs. 67%, range 0-100%; P = 0.01). FGM% was not affected by parity and sex ratio. As previously reported, a significant increase in FGM% was observed in the last five DBP. FGM observation may be influenced by the maternal size, with easier evaluation in small size bitches, as well as ultrasound equipment and positioning.

The Impact of Financial, Economic and Environmental Factors on Energy Efficiency, Intensity, and Dependence: The Moderating Role of Governance and Institutional Quality

Economies are under serious pressure to sustain themselves due to globalization, focusing simply on economic growth and operational efficiency will not yield the desired sustainable financial and economic position for economies. Management of energy efficiency and reducing the energy dependence and intensity is the core objective for the economy and achievement of the above objective financial, economic, and environmental factors need to be studied. Economic wellbeing critically depends on the efficient use of energy and which type of governance mechanism is in place will also define the ways toward energy efficiency. A better understanding of the relationship will help the economies to fulfill their energy needs efficiently, realize developmental goals, and overcome environmental issues. This study examines the relationship between financial, economic, and environmental factors with energy efficiency, intensity, and dependency with moderating role of governance including institutional quality and governance index for belt and road initiative countries. The core objective of the study is to analyze which financial, economic, and environmental factors serve well in the management of energy efficiency, intensity, and dependence issues and how various dynamics of governance policies including market structure moderate the above-mentioned relationship. For this secondary data is used from world development indicators, market insiders, and Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) data. This research will help the researchers and practitioners to achieve long-term economic, financial, and environmental sustainability. The proposed model predicts that 0.44% change in Total Factor Energy Productivity measure of Energy Efficiency, 0.03% changes in Energy use/Purchasing Power Parity ratio measure of Energy Intensity, and 9.63% changes in Energy Reserves/Energy Production ratio measure of Energy Dependence. Results also reveal that environmental factors including Rural population, Urbanization, Co2 emission, energy use, and energy production will contribute most to achieving sustainable economic growth.

Variation in Female Leverage: The Influence of Kinship and Market Effects on the Extent of Female Power Over Males in Verreaux’s Sifaka

Female mammals employ reproductive strategies (e.g., internal gestation) that result in power asymmetries specific to intersexual dyads. Because the number of eggs available for fertilization at any given time for most mammals is quite limited, having a fertilizable egg is potentially an important source of economic power for females. Control over mating opportunities is a source of intersexual leverage for female Verreaux’s sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi). We examined economic factors thought to influence the value of mating opportunities, and, thus, the extent of female leverage: kinship and market effects. Using a longitudinal dataset of agonistic interactions collected during focal animal sampling of all adult individuals in 10 social groups from 2008 to 2019, we tested the effects of relatedness, female parity, reproductive season, and adult sex ratio (population and group) on (1) the direction of submissive signaling and (2) which sex won a contested resource. While 96% of the acts of submission were directed from males toward females, females only won a third of their conflicts with males. Thus, our study has implications for evolutionary explanations of female-biased power. If female power evolved due to their greater need for food and other resources, then intersexual conflicts would be expected to result in males more consistently relinquishing control of resources. As expected, males were more likely to chatter submissively toward successful mothers, during the mating season, and when the sex ratio was male-biased. Although females generally had less power to win a conflict when their fertilizable egg was less valuable (when they were nulliparous or unsuccessful mothers or when interacting with male kin) and with an increasing female-bias in the sex ratio, this ability to win additionally was influenced by which sex initiated the conflict. Our study demonstrates that female leverage can be influenced by the supply and demand for mating opportunities, but evoking submission does not translate into winning a resource. Indeed, intersexual power is dynamic, contextual, and dependent on the individuals in the dyad.

Influence of Combustion Chamber Design Parameters and Intake Environments on Spark Ignition Engine Performance and Exhaust Gas Emission

In the present paper, the effect of the combustion chamber design parameters on the improvement of combustion efficiency (the heat generated inside the combustion chamber) and the enhancement in the pollution rates (heat emissions) from a four-stroke, spark-ignition engine has been studied experimentally and theoretically. Two different programs, Gaseq and Ansys, were used to simulate the effect of the combustion chamber shape, turbulent kinetic energy, intake temperature, intake pressure, parity ratio, compression ratio, and engine speed on reducing specific fuel consumption in the engine, reducing carbon dioxide emissions, and increasing overall engine efficiency. The results showed increasing the intake temperature increased the amount of heat produced in the combustion chamber. This leads to increases in the overall efficiency of the engine, but leads to increasing the carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions. Increasing the intake pressure has a positive effect on the combustion temperature and pressure, but it has a negative effect on carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Raising the pressure ratio improved the overall efficiency of the engine by increasing the combustion heat, but increasing specific fuel consumption and emissions. Also, increasing the engine speed above the permissible limit has an adverse effect on the spraying speed due to the piston speed being higher than the flame speed, which leads to a reduction in the engine brake torque. An increase in the compression ratio leads to higher fluid pressure and output capacity, but combustion methods occur. An increase in the kinetic energy of the turbulence leads to good combustion. A bowl in a piston has the highest rate of rotation and rotation compared to flat and hemispherical pistons. That is, the design of the cylinder head of this type leads to an improvement in the combustion efficiency and thus the efficiency of the engine.

A Novel Stateful Logic Device and Circuit for In‐Memory Parity Programming in Crossbar Memory

AbstractAs one application of stateful logic computation in crossbar array, a in‐array parity programming method is proposed. A single programming step within the array can simultaneously program and store a parity bit right adjacent to the data bits, minimizing the overhead from a complex parity calculation and transfer process from outside of the array. Sensing on the basis of a gray code for a multi‐bit memristor is the key enabler for generating an even or odd parity. A memristor device that features an altering resistance switching behavior according to monotonous change in electrical bias size, complementary resistive switching (CRS), is deployed to improve data per parity ratio. A step‐by‐step derivation of the array scheme optimal for this purpose is shown through margin analysis. A simulation based on the experimental parameters of a 2‐bit per CRS parity cell proves that the proposed current driven scheme enables an output voltage linearization on the parity cell node with varying resistance states of 6‐bit data cells while meeting the voltage requirements of both the parity and data cells. Such in‐memory parity programming is thought to improve the robustness of current crossbar memory technology with the miniscule overhead, further extending the versatility of the in‐memory logic applications.

Decentralization reform in Ukraine and the social function of the state: challenges and prospects

In 2014, the process of reforming local self-government and territorial organization of government began in Ukraine. The purpose of the reform is to carry out administrative and financial decentralization in order to build a capable local government and to improve the quality of public services provided to community residents. Decentralization should ensure the fulfillment of the social function of the state, taking into account the requirements of modern society. The necessity of decentralization reform is grounded in the article, theoretical aspects and international practice in the sphere of decentralization are considered, the current situation in Ukraine is analyzed, specific problems of the decentralization process are identified and possible solutions are outlined.The main tasks to be addressed by decentralization reform in Ukraine include: the establishment of institutionally capable local self-government bodies; separation of powers between local and executive authorities on the principle of subsidiarity; maximum involvement of the population in managerial decision-making, promoting the development of forms of direct democracy; ensuring the transparency of local self-government bodies and their accountability to the population of territorial communities; development of mechanisms for quality control of administrative, social and other services provision to the population; creation of sufficient material and financial opportunities to support the tasks of local self-government bodies; equalization of territorial financial disparities and provision of high quality public services to the population.Based of the indicators of statistical reporting and indicators of execution of local budgets, the analysis of individual aspects of financial capability of the amalgamated territorial communities (hromadas) was carried out, the problems of unequal distribution of financial potential between the territories were highlighted, and the necessity of applying measures to equalize regional financial disparities was noted.The conclusions are formulated that the decentralization reform in Ukraine needs active continuation. In this regard, required to take a number of basic legislative acts to resolve issues of administrative-territorial structure. Also it is necessary to clearly define the powers of local self-governments and ensure parity ratio between the functions authority and resource base. There are problems with the financial and institutional capability of amalgamated communities (hromadas) to be addressed by central government. As a result, state should ensure implementation of the social functions with new powers and new conditions for the functioning of local self-government that will be formed in the decentralization reform.

Assessing the impacts of globalization and gender parity on economic growth: empirical evidence from OIC countries.

The contemporary debate on globalization and gender equality has a strong impact on economic growth. The present study analyzes the impacts of globalization and gender parity on economic growth in the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) 47 member countries for the period (1991-2017), using System GMM panel data technique. The results of system GMM have also been empirically estimated by making two groups (viz., low-income and high-income OIC member countries from the World Bank data classification, 2019) to examine the robustness of globalization and gender parity on economic growth. The results reveal that there is a negative impact of globalization on economic growth in the overall sample of OIC countries. When estimated by decomposing low-income countries and high-income countries, globalization has a significantly positive impact on economic growth in the case of high-income OIC countries, whereas globalization slashes GDP in the case of low-income OIC countries. The study finds that there is a positive impact of gender parity (ratio of female to male labor force work participation) on economic growth. Moreover, foreign remittances, government expenditures, capital formation, and human capital are also becoming the causes of a significant increase in economic growth in OIC member countries.

Valuing Heritage as a Public Good: Initial Application to ZTCM in Hoi An, Vietnam

Literacy overview shows that almost all of valuation researches for heritages have built demand curves as that of private goods. We argue that heritages are high-end purity public goods. A heritage valuation research would yield more accurate results if the demand curve could be built as that of a public good. This paper presents arguments of the superiority of the public good demand curve over that of private good in the scope of heritage valuation, and initially apply for Zonal Travel Cost Method (ZTCM) in valuating Hoi An, a World Heritage in Central of Vietnam, to look for evidences of such superiority. Evidences show that: (i) the relationship between visits and travel cost could be represented more accurately by the public good’s demand curve rather than the private good’s one; (ii) To build the demand curve for such a World Heritage (tourists are inhomogeneous) it requires additional technique to minimize potential distortions, in which the purchasing power parity ratio (PPP ratio) has been used to adjust inconsistence of actual traveling costs; (iii) The values of Hoi An has been valuated at US $ 4,255,724,958 USD in accordance with its public good’s demand curve, shows 206.6% higher than the value computed according to the private goods’ demand curve.

Ефективність виробництва молока в спеціалізованих аграрних підприємствах

The article describes the current state and efficiency of milk production in specialized agrarian enterprises of Ukraine. It is emphasized that in the conditions of globalization of the agro-industrial complex the important role is given to specialized dairy enterprises, because the level of maintenance of Ukrainian population by extremely important food products depends on their effective development. It is established that the crisis phenomena in dairy farming of agricultural enterprises are caused by a decrease in investment attractiveness, lack of economic interest in the production of milk; the imperfection of the economic regulation of the development of dairy cattle by the state; the deterioration of the provision of agricultural enterprises with material and technical resources, etc. It is substantiated that increasing the level of concentration and specialization of production is the key to the successful development of the livestock industry. Due to the introduction of innovative technologies, modernization of equipment for optimized feeding of animals, and also the provision of a high quality animal feed stock, specialized agrarian enterprises provide high technological quality and quality of produced products. It is proved that in conditions of high concentration of milk production in private households it is impossible to provide the processing industry with high quality raw materials, therefore, it is necessary to focus on the formation of the optimal parity ratio of households' farms, family farms and specialized large-scale farms, which will ensure a reduction in the cost price of milk and increase the price at the expense of top quality products. Based on the research, it is found that in the conditions of orientation towards European markets, the strategic task of the state should be the revival of specialized commodity dairy farms, the formation of large holdings, associations and complexes, introducing advanced technologies and the achievement of breeding science. It is possible to fulfill the tasks with balanced equilibrium between demand and supply at milk and dairy products market.

Is there a financial incentive to immigrate? Examining of the health worker salary gap between India and popular destination countries

BackgroundInternational migration is one of the factors resulting in the shortage of Human Resources for Health (HRH) in India. Literature suggests that migration is fuelled by the prospect of higher salaries available abroad. The extent of these salary differentials are unknown, and this study seeks to examine the salaries of selected HRH in India and four popular destination countries (United States of America, United Kingdom, Canada and the United Arab Emirates), whilst accounting for the in-country cost of living. This study will therefore determine truer financial incentives for Indian HRH to migrate abroad.MethodsA purchasing power parity (PPP) ratio is employed to equalise the international price of buying a representative basket of commonly bought goods (including food, entertainment, fuel and utilities). Using the PPP index, real differences in salaries are directly compared for selected work categories and different levels of work experience in the four respective countries.ResultsNurses in the USA can earn up to 82.7% more than their Indian counterparts. Nurses in Canada and the UAE reveal more modest salary differentials, yet still significant better off by up to 28 and 20% respectively. Only nurses in the UK are potentially materially worse off than nurses working in India. We observe significant potential PPP gains of up to 57.4, 99.1 and 94.4% for medical doctors in the USA, Canada and the UAE respectively. Medical specialists potentially experience the greatest income disparities with anaesthetists potentially earning up to 600% more than their counterparts in India. Radiologists operating in the UK and general surgeons working in the USA can potentially earn more than double that of their counterparts working in India. We observe more modest positive or negligible PPP gains in other selected countries for health specialists.ConclusionEven when considering the differences in the cost of living, the financial incentive for selected cadres of Indian HRH to seek work abroad remains strong. The migration of Indian HRH to countries offering superior salaries makes it difficult for India to retain experienced health personal and compromises government efforts to render health care more accessible across the country.

Reversal of Gender Disparity in Journalism Education- Study of Ghana Institute of Journalism

Journalism has practically become a feminine profession across the world. To understand the root of the flow of women into the Journalism profession it is pertinent to begin at the university education level. Gallagher’s 1992 worldwide survey of female students in 83 journalism institutions reveals a significant increase in number of female students. Djerf-Pierre (2007) and others argue along Bourdieu’s conception of education as a form of social capital which empowers, enables and enhances women’s competitiveness in a pre-dominantly androgynous social arena. The study analyses 16 years of enrolment data of the Academic Affairs Unit of the Ghana Institute of Journalism (GIJ), a leading Journalism, and Communication University in Africa, to understand the growing feminization of the journalism profession in Ghana. To this end the study, employs the UNESCO gender parity index model (GPI) to ascertain the gender parity ratio of male to female students enrolled at the University. Findings indicate a significant shift in the gender parity ratio in favour of women in the journalism education.

Teacher salary differentials using Purchasing Power Parity (PPP): a South African perspective as both a ‘source’ and ‘destination’ country

Teacher migration is a problem for developing countries as it impacts on delivery of quality education. The potential to earn higher incomes remains the most common factor driving teacher migration. This study seeks to investigate how the South African teacher salary structure compares with the equivalent salary structure in six prominent migrating countries whilst highlighting the economic appeal of South Africa from a Zimbabwean teacher perspective. Using a representative basket of commonly bought goods (including food, entertainment, fuel and utilities), a purchasing power parity (PPP) ratio is used to equalise the international price of buying that basket. Our study makes comparisons, using a PPP index, and allows the identification of real differences in salaries for our selected countries (South Africa, United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan and Zimbabwe) for selected teaching categories. Even when controlling for differences in the cost of living, the incentive for a South African teacher to seek work overseas remains strong and increases with career experience. A worrying conclusion for South Africa concerned with keeping its experienced teachers is that as more human capital is gained by experience, the greater the incentive to emigrate.

Interrelation between competitive achievements and attitude to sports activities in judokas

In clause the results of research of a parity (ratio) of productivity of competitive activity judokas of various qualification both attitude (relation) to trainings and competitions are submitted. The various influence of productivity of competitive activity on the attitude (relation) to competitions and training at judokas of various qualification is shown.