Paris Attacks Research Articles

Touch vs. Technology

In 2019, the number of global migrants reached an estimated 272 million—an increase of 51 million since 2010—making up 3.5 percent of the global population compared to 2.8 percent in 2000 (UN department of Economic andSocial Affairs). This makes the number of forcibly displaced people the highest it has ever been since the Second World War (Perfect 188). Since 9/11, however, media coverage of terrorist attacks—such as the March 11, 2004Madrid attacks; the July 7, 2005 London attacks; the January 7, 2015 Paris attacks on Charlie Hebdo; and most recently, the knifing of French school teacher Samuel Paty on October 21, 2020—have caused migrant identity tobe conflated with terrorism in the popular imagination. As Homi Bhabha points out, “When eight terrorists in a music hall can be seen at will on billions of screen devices across the world holding Paris hostage, ‘quantity’ does not quell fear, anxiety or hysterical Islamophobia” (709).

Paris Terrorism Attacks: Interdisciplinary Studies of Insider Trading and Money Laundering on Global Scale

In this paper, we investigate past research and the development of knowledge and practice in the area of countering money laundering and terrorist financing. Additionally, we draw attention to the gaps in the preventive mechanisms adopted by countries to fight against AML & ATF and to highlight areas for possible future research. There are various avenues to invest and one of those is Stock Market. But the decision of the investor depends on various factors. One of the factors which affects the behavior of investment is Terrorism. The paper focuses on short run and long run association and influence of terrorism on major global stock indices and Gold. We have taken Paris attacks of 2015 as base and ARDL model is used to study the short run and long run impact on the selected stock indices. We find that terrorism has got short run impact on the global indices but there is no long run impact.

Terrorist Paris Attack: Lessons in Occupational Health

Terrorist Paris Attack: Lessons in Occupational Health

Advances in prehospital hemorrhagic shock management since Paris' terrorist attacks in 2015: A before-and-after retrospective study.

In France, in 2015, prehospital emergency doctors were faced with civilian casualties in hemorrhagic shock resulting from terrorist attacks with automatic rifle fire and explosive weapons. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of these attacks on the advanced life support (ALS) team's practices and equipment and on physician training in the prehospital management of traumatic hemorrhagic shock. This before-and-after multicenter study evaluated professional practices based on a questionnaire sent to emergency department heads and medical practitioners in 370 ALS teams in metropolitan France. We analyzed 672 responses from 209 (56.5 percent) ALS teams in 91 of 95 emergency medical services (EMS) headquarters. Of these 91, 73 (80.2 percent) had a protocol in use for managing traumatic hemorrhagic shock after the attacks, compared with 45 (49.5 percent) who had protocols in use before the attacks (p < 0.001). Ultrasound equipment was available in 49 (53.8 percent) of the EMS headquarters after the attacks, compared to 39 (42.9 percent) before (p < 0.001). Limb tourniquets were available in 90 (98.9 percent) EMS headquarters after the attacks, versus 27 (29.7 percent) before (p < 0.001). Tranexamic acid was available in 88 (96.7 percent) EMS headquarters after the attacks, versus 71 (78 percent) before (p < 0.001). During the post-attack period, training in war medicine did not affect individual practices, neither for using the shock index or the Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) nor the tourniquet. However, this training was associated with more frequent use of hemostatic dressings (p = 0.002). Following the attacks in Paris and Nice, ALS teams received additional equipment and training to prepare for future mass causality events.

Memory dynamics in times of crisis: An interview with Sarah Gensburger

Working at the intersection of political science, ethnographic sociology, and contemporary historiography, Sarah Gensburger specializes in the social dynamics of memory. In this interview, she talks about her book Memory on My Doorstep: Chronicles of the Bataclan Neighborhood, Paris 2015–2016, which traces the evolving memorialization processes following the 2015 terrorist attacks in Paris, their impact on the local landscape, and the social appropriations of the past by visitors at memorials and commemorative sites. She also discusses her new project Vitrines en confinement—Vetrine in quarantena (“Windows in Lockdown”), which documents public responses to the coronavirus pandemic from different sites across Europe through the creation of a photographic archive of public space. The interview highlights issues around the immediacy of contemporary memorialization practices, the ways in which people engage with their local space during times of crisis, and how we are all actively involved in preserving memory for the future.

Effects of Geopolitical Risks on Gold Market Return Dynamics: Evidence from a Nonparametric Causality-in-quantiles Approach

ABSTRACT This study uses a nonparametric causality-in-quantiles approach to investigate the causal relationship between the gold market and geopolitical risks from 4 January 2000, to 17 November 2017, using high-frequency data. The results indicated that geopolitical risks affect volatility rather than returns in the gold market. We also decompose intraday volatility into continuous and discontinuous jump components and find that geopolitical risks have stronger causality with the jump component under bear and normal market conditions. The results show, moreover, that the effects of geopolitical risks on realized volatility are asymmetric. Lastly, we divide the entire sample into four major geopolitical events (i.e. the 9/11 terrorist attacks, Irap invasion, the Russia-Ukraine crisis, and Paris attacks) and find that the effect of these events on the gold market varied by type and scope.

Mental health care utilization by first responders after Paris attacks.

BackgroundFirst responders (FRs) are frequently exposed to potentially traumatic events, including terror attacks, and may consequently be at risk of developing mental health disorders. Prior research suggests that FRs with mental health disorders often do not receive appropriate treatment. More knowledge is needed about their use of mental health care (MHC).AimsThis study aimed to identify factors associated with receiving immediate support, post-immediate support and engagement in MHC among FRs of the November 2015 terror attacks in Paris.MethodsA web-based study was conducted 8–12 months after the attacks on 663 FRs who were mobilized during the night and/or the aftermath of the attacks. Logistic regression was performed to analyse factors associated with MHC.ResultsOverall, 44 FRs sought MHC. Among FRs with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), partial PTSD or depression (n = 60), 38% sought MHC (n = 23). Post-immediate support was associated with immediate support, and both were associated with knowing someone who could help regarding the potential psychological risks following a traumatic event. MHC engagement was associated with a history of MHC, post-immediate support and the presence of PTSD, partial PTSD or depression.ConclusionsAmong FRs with PTSD, partial PTSD or depression, few sought MHC. Improved access to MHC for FRs after terror attacks is essential. Knowing someone who could help regarding potential psychological risks may facilitate immediate and/or post-immediate support. Furthermore, post-immediate support could encourage engagement in MHC. Efforts should be made before and after potentially traumatic events to ensure mental health education for FR.

Identification of the marks of psychic trauma in spoken language: Definition of the “SPLIT-10” diagnostic scale

Identification of the marks of psychic trauma in spoken language: Definition of the “SPLIT-10” diagnostic scale

The evolution of information-sharing in EU counter-terrorism post-2015: a paradigm shift?

ABSTRACT Despite the instruments in place to facilitate policy and operational cooperation, until 2015 gaps in EU CT governance and operational inefficiency decreased the capacity for prevention and response. The paper will analyse the aftermath of the critical juncture brought by the attacks in Paris and Brussels (2015-2016) and its consequences for the development of EU CT information-sharing, thus enquiring the effects of securitisation on this domain. Having consulted multiple EU CT practitioners, the paper will demonstrate the increased efficiency of cross-border and inter-agency coordination in CT intelligence and police work since 2015, due to improved institutional design and legislative framework, which were able to contribute increased added value to national CT efforts. It will investigate in turn the immediate aftermath of the Paris and Brussels attacks on the institutionalisation of EU CT information exchange, and the long-term impact on practices in EU CT operational work.

Identification des marques du traumatisme psychique dans le langage parlé : définition de l’échelle diagnostique « SPLIT-10 »

Identification des marques du traumatisme psychique dans le langage parlé : définition de l’échelle diagnostique « SPLIT-10 »

Changes in benzodiazepine use in the French general population after November 2015 terrorist attacks in Paris: an interrupted time series analysis of the national CONSTANCES cohort

ObjectivesTo determine whether the terrorist attacks occurring in Paris on November 2015 have changed benzodiazepine use in the French population.DesignInterrupted time series analysis.SettingNational population-based cohort.Participants90 258 individuals included in the...

Who has set whose agenda on social media? A dynamic social network analysis of Tweets on Paris attack

ABSTRACT This study investigates the agenda-setting theory in the context of social media through dynamic social network analyses of 102,145 Tweets in a week after Paris attack on Twitter. Results indicate that professional mass media organizations still hold a greater agenda-setting power than individual opinion leaders for setting the public agenda, as they obtain significantly more tweets, mentions, and replies from the public. While the overall media agenda significantly correlates with the agenda set by the individual opinion leaders on Paris attack, time-series analysis reveals the intermedia agenda-setting effects between mass media and individual opinion leaders on Twitter are immediate and decrease as time elapses. Methodological and theoretical implications are discussed.

Theme-Relevant Truth Discovery on Twitter: An Estimation Theoretic Approach

Twitter has emerged as a new application paradigm of sensing the physical environment by using human as sensors. These human sensed observations are often viewed as binary claims (either true or false). A fundamental challenge on Twitter is how to ascertain the credibility of claims and the reliability of sources without the prior knowledge on either of them beforehand. This challenge is referred to as truth discovery. An important limitation exists in the current Twitter-based truth discovery solutions: they did not explore the theme relevance aspect of claims and the correct claims identified by their solutions can be completely irrelevant to the theme of interests. In this paper, we present a new analytical model that explicitly considers the theme relevance feature of claims in the solutions of truth discovery problem on Twitter. The new model solves a bi-dimensional estimation problem to jointly estimate the correctness and theme relevance of claims as well as the reliability and theme awareness of sources. The new model is compared with the discovery solutions in current literature using three real world datasets collected from Twitter during recent disastrous and emergent events: Paris attack, Oregon shooting, and Baltimore riots, all in 2015. The new model was shown to be effective in terms of finding both correct and relevant claims.

Pemberitaan Isu Terorisme Pada Media di Indonesia: Media Kompas.com dan Voa-Islam.com dalam Peristiwa Serangan Paris November 2015

Terrorism is an issue that has grown for a long time and is now a concern to the world community. This comes after what is being reported by the media can form a public perception or opinion. The amount of media influence on the public is supported also by technological developments in the media that currently raise the speed of delivery and its actuality through online media. Online media in Indonesia itself has many kinds, such as Kompas.com and VOA-islam.com which have two different backgrounds. Using the qualitative method of interviewing, framing analysis in agenda setting theory and public opinion as supporting theory, this research shows that both media were covering the Paris attacks in November with different methods and points of view. This research has proof that every media will cover an event according to the ideology and characteristic (mission and vision) respectively depending on the editor of the media, including in the selection of referrals and foreign media as a comparison.

Terror in Paris: Incidence and risk factors for infections related to high-energy ammunition injuries

BackgroundWe aimed to assess the incidence and the risk factors for secondary wound infections associated to high-energy ammunition injuries (HEAI) in the cohort of civilian casualties from the 2015 terrorist attacks in Paris. MethodsThis retrospective multi-centric study included casualties presenting at least one HEAI who underwent surgery during the first 48 h following hospital admission. HEAI-associated infection was defined as a wound infection occurring within the initial 30 days following trauma. Risk factors were assessed using univariate and multivariate analysis. ResultsAmong the 200 included victims, the rate of infected wounds was 11.5%. The median time between admission and the surgical revision for secondary wound infection was 11 days [IQR 9–20]. No patient died from an infectious cause. Infections were polymicrobial in 44% of the cases. The major risk factors for secondary wound infection were ISS (p < 0.001), SAPS II (p < 0.001), MGAP (p < 0.001), haemorrhagic shock (p = 0.003), use of vasopressors (p < 0.001), blood transfusion (p < 0.001), abdominal penetrating trauma (p = 0.003), open fracture (p = 0.01), vascular injury (p = 0.001), duration of surgery (p = 0.009), presence of surgical material (p = 0.01). In the multivariate analysis, the SAPS II score (OR 1.07 [1.014–1.182], p = 0.019) and the duration of surgery (OR 1.005 [1.000–1.012], p = 0.041) were the only risk factors identified. ConclusionWe report an 11.5% rate of secondary wound infection following high-energy ammunition injuries. Risk factors were an immediately severe condition and a prolonged surgery.

Intra- and Interreligious Dialogue in Flemish (Belgian) Secondary Education as a Tool to Prevent Radicalisation

The attacks in Paris (2015) and Brussels (2016) led to the development of an Action Plan against radicalisation wherein Islamic religious teachers are expected to contribute actively to de-radicalisation processes and counter-discourse. To this end, Flemish teacher training university colleges have rapidly established new ‘Islamic religious education’ (IRE) teacher training programs. Additionally, the Minister of Education made interconvictional dialogue lessons mandatory in compulsory education. These lessons aim to stimulate, strengthen and reinforce the dialogue between pupils of different belief system backgrounds. Thus, the interconvictional competences are seen as a means to prevent radicalisation and polarisation. This article draws an overview of IRE development since 2015 until now regarding the policy incentives concerning the Flemish IRE, taking into account the concept of separation of Church and State. Furthermore, we scrutinise the existing IRE teacher training curricula with regard to the formulated interconvictional competence elements, as these are seen as one of the remedies for radicalisation and polarisation. We observe a clear relationship between the dramatic events and the implementation of new Islamic religious education programs and partnerships. An increasing number of ‘interconvictional’ references are observed in the Islam-related courses that are included in IRE teacher training programs. Further in-depth field research is needed to map the IRE teaching practices and experiences regarding the expectations formulated by policy makers.

We’re Safer than You Think

This article examines terrorism, arguing that the goal of terrorists is to invoke fear into individuals. The consequences of terrorist attacks in San Bernardino and Paris, among other places, is that the perceptions that terrorism is a threat to national security are high. This work contends that such fears are unwarranted as it is more likely that one dies in a traffic accident than a terrorist attack. Delving into the International Relations literature, this article highlights the current debates about terrorism and threats to security.

How fast is fast enough? Twitter usability during emergencies

Social media have sparked increasing appeal for improving emergency management. Many have advocated the use of Social Media for Emergency Management (SMEM) to disseminate early warnings. Resorting to the massive but unstructured inVoluntary Geographic Information (iVGI) from social media during disaster response phase has been encouraged for rapid assessment, location and mapping of people and events, for monitoring the expressed needs and for observing human behavior in crisis dynamics. SMEM encompasses top-down – public information, community engagement – bottom-up – situational awareness, urgent needs collection – and many-to-many information flows – allowing a large number of users to communicate with each other simultaneously in real-time. However, operationalizing social media data in real-time during emergency situations might not be as practical as ex post facto retrospective analyses usually suggest. We question the use of SMEM and the unchallenged expectations that they allow for a faster and more widespread dissemination of early warnings, more citizens involvement and offer a richer and more contextualized crowdsourced feedback than classic emergency channels. We analyze the usefulness of geotagged information to monitor the unfolding of a crisis in real time and to accurately detect events and map people. We also question if the use of social media for emergency management is conditioned by local context and governance, by making a comparison between European countries. We offer a critical review of the literature, an SMEM analytical framework, and then empirical work based on large Twitter datasets collected from three different terror attacks in Europe: the Paris attacks in November 2015, the Brussels attacks in March 2016, and the Nice attack in July 2016. The results reveal important delays in warnings and information sharing, and that the press overshadows official accounts. Moreover, first-hand information is often too scattered, too thinly geotagged, and too late to be reliably used during emergency situations.

Variations in response to trauma and hippocampal subfield changes

Models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) suggest that the hippocampus is key to the persistence of traumatic memory. Yet very little is known about the precise changes that take place in this structure, nor their relation with PTSD symptoms. Previous studies have mostly used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at low resolutions, making it impossible to identify sensitive anatomical landmarks, or compared groups often unequally matched in terms of traumatic exposure. The present cross-sectional study included 92 individuals who had all been exposed to the terrorist attacks in Paris on November 13, 2015 (53 of whom subsequently developed PTSD) and 56 individuals who had not been exposed. Hippocampal subfield volumes were estimated using cross-validated automatic segmentation of high-resolution MRI images. Results revealed changes in CA1 and CA2-3/dentate gyrus (DG) volumes in individuals with PTSD, but not in resilient (i.e., exposed but without PTSD) individuals, after controlling for potential nuisance variables such as previous traumatic exposure and substance abuse. In line with current models of hippocampal subfield functions, CA1 changes were linked to the uncontrollable re-experiencing of intrusive memories, while CA2-3/DG changes, potentially exacerbated by comorbid depression, fostered the overgeneralization of fear linked to avoidance and hypervigilance behaviors. Additional analyses revealed that CA1 integrity was linked to optimum functioning of the memory control network in resilient individuals. These findings shed new light on potential pathophysiological mechanisms in the hippocampus subtending the development of PTSD and the failure to recover from trauma.

Online Hate and Zeitgeist of Fear: A Five‐Country Longitudinal Analysis of Hate Exposure and Fear of Terrorism After the Paris Terrorist Attacks in 2015

Acts of terror lead to both a rise of an extended sense of fear that goes beyond the physical location of the attacks and to increased expressions of online hate. In this longitudinal study, we analyzed dynamics between the exposure to online hate and the fear of terrorism after the Paris attacks in November 13, 2015. We hypothesized that exposure to online hate is connected to a perceived Zeitgeist of fear (i.e., collective fear). In turn, the perceived Zeitgeist of fear is related to higher personal fear of terrorism both immediately after the attacks and a year later. Hypotheses were tested using path modeling and panel data (N = 2325) from Norway, Finland, Spain, France, and the United States a few weeks after the Paris attacks in November 2015 and again a year later in January 2017. With the exception of Norway, exposure to online hate had a positive association with the perceived Zeitgeist of fear in all our samples. The Zeitgeist of fear was correlated with higher personal fear of terrorism immediately after the attacks and one year later. We conclude that online hate content can contribute to the extended sense of fear after the terrorist attacks by skewing perceptions of social climate.