Pari Island Research Articles

Identification of Navicula Genus Isolated from Pari Island, Seribu Island Regency, Indonesia

Indonesia is an archipelagic country with a water area of up to 5.9 million km2, where this water area is a habitat for marine diversity. One such diversity consists of macroalgae and microalgae. Diatoms are a group of microalgae with high diversity. Diatoms are one of a group of microscopic algae that can live in various habitats and are abundant in various ecosystems. Diatoms can be used as bioindicators of aquatic environmental quality. Navicula genus is an isolate that was successfully isolated from the waters of Pari Island, Kepulauan Seribu Regency. The total protein was analyzed by the Lowry-Follin method. The total fat content was determined by the soxhletation method. This genus Navicula contains a total protein content of 30,944 mg/L and a lipid content of 3.17%.

IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE NATURE TOURISM POTENTIAL IN PARI ISLAND, THE THOUSAND ISLANDS, JAKARTA

Pari Island is one of around 110 islands in the Thousand Islands cluster that are inhabited by locals. This island with an area of 41.32 hectares contains many sorts of abundant natural resources and offers diverse tourism potentials including marine tourism, nature tourism and education. In addition to its coastal habitat, Pari Island is home to mangrove ecosystems, seagrass beds, and coral reefs, which captivate both local and international tourists. As a tourist destination, the management of nature tourism on Pari Island has not yet been completely established, therefore visitor attention is primarily centered on other tourist attractions in the Thousand Islands. The underlying issue of this research are what is the current state of nature tourism on Pari Island? Is there any further tourism potential that can be developed? The aims of the research are to assess the existing condition of nature tourism on Pari Island- both physically and in terms of management, and carry out identification of further nature tourism potentials on Pari Island. This research uses qualitative descriptive method based on a case study approach. Analysis of Operational Areas of Nature Tourism Objects and Attractions is used to define the strategy for developing Pari Island's nature tourism potential by analyzing both internal and external tourism potential. The outcomes of the research are to promote the potential of Pari Island to develop nature tourism area as a whole that incorporates all stakeholders and benefits all parties involved.

Assessing the Shallow Water Habitat Mapping Extracted from High-Resolution Satellite Image with Multi Classification Algorithms

Remote sensing technology is reliable in identifying the distribution of seabed cover yet there are still challenges in retrieving the data collection of shallow water habitats than with other objects on land. Classification algorithms based on remote sensing technology have been developed for application to map benthic habitats, such as Maximum Likelihood, Minimum Distance, and Support Vector Machine. This study focuses on examining those three classification algorithms to retrieve information on the benthic habitat in Pari Island, Jakarta using visual interpretation data for classification, and data field measurements for accuracy testing. This study used five classes of benthic objects, namely sand, sand-seagrass, rubble, seagrass, and coral. The results show how the proposed approach in this study provides an overall good classification of marine habitat with an accuracy produced 63.89–81.95%. The Support Vector Machine algorithm produced the highest accuracy rate of about 81.95%. The Support Vector Machine algorithm at a very high spatial resolution is considered to be capable of identifying, monitoring, and performing the rapid assessment of benthic habitat objects.

The Assemblage of Carnivore Fish Composition (Lutjanidae, Lethrinidae, Haemulidae and Serranidae) of a Thousand Islands, Jakarta, Indonesia

The pivotal contribution of the Lutjanidae, Lethrinidae, and Serranidae families to coral reef ecosystems, coupled with their significance as targets for fishing activities, underscores the importance of understanding their presence and population dynamics in formulating effective coastal management policies. Employing the Underwater Visual Census (UVC) method, we conducted a carnivorous fish study at 14 station locations in the Thousand Islands. This group exhibited a diverse array of 17 species distributed across four families (Haemulidae, Lethrinidae, Lutjanidae, and Serranidae). Notably, Cephalopolis micropion emerged as the predominant carnivorous species, constituting 48.35% of the relative frequency. Site location KSBC.14 (Pari Island) displayed the highest diversity and abundance of carnivorous fish species, with 11 species and 1457 individuals per hectare (Ind./ha). KSBC.12 (Pramuka Island) also have highest abundance and additionally recorded the highest carnivorous fish biomass at 188.43 kg/ha. These findings provide valuable insights into the ecological dynamics of carnivorous fish populations, informing conservation and management strategies in coral reef ecosystems.

Strategi Community Based Tourism melalui Pengembangan Wisata Alam dan Budaya Pulau Pari

Indonesia is an archipelagic country that has thousands of islands stretching from Sabang to Merauke. One of them is Pari Island which has high natural potential and is a natural tourist destination that is worth a visit. This study uses descriptive qualitative methods, literature studies and interviews. The purpose of this study is to analyze the Community Based Tourism strategy for the Pari Island tourism sector, especially for natural and cultural tourism. The results of this study with a Community-Based Tourism strategy can improve the community's economy and the youth community becomes active in participating in Pari Island tourism with a note of the need for special handling for the development of Pari island cultural tourism so that it can increase the attractiveness of visits to Pari Island.

Exploration Of High Economic Value Microalgaes In The Mangrove Area Of Pari Island, Seribu Islands, Jakarta

Mangrove areas are widely reported as a place of abundance of microalgae producing omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and other bioactive materials of high economic value from the genus Aurantiochytrium. The search for microalgae was carried out in the mangrove area of Pari Island, Seribu Islands, Jakarta, in April 2022 and identified at the Biology Education Laboratory, FKIP UHAMKA. The purpose of this study is part of the long-term goal of collecting new strains or isolates from the genus Aurantiochytrium and other members of the family Thraustochytriidae from forests in Indonesian mangroves. This research was conducted by isolating microalgae with the pure streaking method and identifying them morphologically. This study succeeded in obtaining eight isolates (UHA1, UHA3, UHA5, UHA6, UHA10, UHA11, UHA12, and UHA13) which in the appearance of colonies and microscopic morphology lead to the species Aurantiochytrium sp. One of the isolates obtained (UHA12) was cultivated by batch culture for five days in an Erlenmeyer flask using glucose, yeasts extract, and seawater as a medium. The result is that the dry biomass obtained is almost equivalent to that of the Aurantiochytrium sp. other famous

Assessment of shallow groundwater contamination on Pari Island, Indonesia.

Freshwater on small islands is generally limited and relies on rainwater and groundwater. This study aimed to assess changes in shallow groundwater quality on Pari Island, Indonesia. Pari Island is a small island with an area of 41.32 ha and belongs to a monsoon climate. Also, being a residential island, it attracts many tourists. The approach was to assess the shallow groundwater quality of ten wells during the dry and wet seasons. Changes in water quality were evaluated using traditional hydrochemical analysis methods (Schoeller, Piper, and Gibbs diagrams) and ion ratios. Shallow groundwater quality in the study area showed different responses depending on the season. Therefore, each well responded differently to changes represented by changes in water quality. The change is controlled by various factors: evaporation (or water balance), geology, aquifer characteristics, tides, wind direction, and wave height. These factors trigger the fluctuation of groundwater and seawater interface, affecting the amount of rainwater and seawater transported to the freshwater aquifer layer. This water volume transported affects the process of rock weathering, dissolution, and dilution of contaminants in shallow groundwater.

Isolation of Dunaliella salina Microalgae from Pari Island, Jakarta, Indonesia

Dunaliella salina is a microalga from the Chlorophyta group which is reported to be found in mangrove forests. These microalgae are reported to have economic value as a producer of beta carotene, astaxanthin, and EPA fatty acids. The microalga was isolated from Pari Island, Jakarta. Sampling by streak plate method. This study aimed to obtain Dunaliella salina isolates for further exploration. The results obtained were, that three pure isolates MKA1, MKA2, and MKA3, were successfully purified. The three isolates showed oval-ovoid morphology and orange-pink pigmentation of the culture. Cultivation using seawater, glucose (10 g/L) and yeast extract (3 g/L) produced biomass of about 2.3 g/L and further optimization needs to be explored.

INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING ON TOURIST VISIT INTENTION TO PARI ISLAND, THOUSAND ISLAND

One of the government's efforts to increase tourist visits is by doing digital marketing. Digital marketing is also carried out by the SUDINPAREKRAF Thousand Island to increase the number of tourists to Pari Island. Pari Island is one of the resident islands on Thousand Island. Starting from 2018 until now there has been a decline in the level of tourist visits to Pari Island caused to natural disasters. Even so, other resident islands in the Kepulauan Seribu have more tourist visits than Pari Island. In 2020, the SUDINPAREKRAF Thousand Island held technical guidance on using social media as a tool to market Pari Island. This study aims to explain the influence of social media marketing on interest in visiting Pari Island, Thousand Island. This study uses a quantitative approach through a verification method based on probability sampling of the population. The number of respondents in this study was 150 who were obtained through an online questionnaire and were taken according to the target market of the SUDINPAREKRAF Thousand Island. The data obtained were processed using SPSS, interval successive method (MSI), descriptive statistical analysis, and simple regression. The results of this study indicate that social media marketing has a significant effect on interest in visiting Pari Island, Thousand Island.

Strategi Komunikasi Pemasaran Digital Dalam Meningkatkan Minat Pariwisata Pulau Pari (Mix Method: Exploratory Sequential Design)

The tourism sector is confirmed to be a significant economic growth sub-sector in Indonesia, especially on Pari Island which has tourism potential that can contribute to the country's foreign exchange. However, complex problems with digital marketing communication strategies and Covid-19 have occurred in recent years. This study aims to explore digital marketing communication strategies for increasing tourist visits. This type of research is Mix Method Exploratory Sequential Design used with 2 phases. Phase 1 is the qualitative technique, purposive sampling, data collection is by observation and semi-interviews and the analysis is Interactive Model Analysis and phase 2 is a quantitative technique, saturated sampling (N=20), and the analysis is Simple Linear Regression. The results show that in phase 1 (qualitative approach), the travel manager of the Pari Island tourist attraction applies a digital marketing communication strategy to increase tourist visits, namely Advertising, Sales promotion, Direct Marketing, Personal selling, and Public Relations. Phase 2 (quantitative approach) confirms that the digital marketing communication strategy has a significant effect on tourism interest. The implications of the research suggest that tourism travel managers and tourism offices can implement good digital marketing communication strategies in order to increase tourist visits to Pari Island after the Covid-19 pandemic.

Improving Service Coverage and Response Times for Three-Wheeled Mobile Fire Units on Pari Island, Indonesia

Improved service area coverage and response times by mobile fire response units is key to successful fire suppression and risk reduction. In this paper, the challenges of fire suppression in remote island communities are investigated. Small islands not only have limited firefighting equipment and resources but also face significant transportation problems. This study examines Pari, an island in the Pulau Seribu archipelago in Indonesia, to understand the planning and management of mobile fire units (MFUs) for improving effective response and suppression. Like other communities in developing countries, Pari Island uses small three-wheeled MFU vehicles to respond to emergencies in densely populated settlements with narrow roads and limited access. This study reviews environmental, roadway, vehicle, and operating requirements to support planning, management, and operations of MFUs. Service area coverages were estimated using geographic information system tools to investigate factors such as hose length and constraints based on the transportation infrastructure and exposure to fire hazards. Based on existing conditions, increasing hose length to 20 m would increase the coverage of the MFU service area by two times that of the existing service. The use of a 30-m hose could provide coverage to over 96% of residential structures on Pari Island. In addition to describing the analytical tools including coverage zones, receiver operating characteristic, and area under the curve metrics to support MFU planning and operations, this paper highlights other initiatives that could increase resilience against fires and other hazards threatening small island communities.

The Impact of Tourism on Coastal Communities on Small Islands: Case on Pari Island, Seribu Islands Regency

Marine and coastal tourism in the small islands is one of the fastest-groing trourist activiities compared to the other tourism activities. However, along with the explosive growth of tourism activity, tourism has a potential impact on the small island; hence, the sustainability of tourism itself is questionable. This research was conducted in July-August 2021 on Pari Island, Seribu Islands Regency. This study aims to determine the impact of tourism development on the people's lives on Pari Island from the economic, socio-cultural, and political dimensions. The data were collected through a questionnaire with 317 respondents who were the head of the family; therefore, the data will analyze descriptively. The impact of tourism from the economic dimension is the development of livelihoods, reduced unemployment, improved quality of life, increased wages and income levels, despite an increase in the cost of living happened. From the socio-cultural dimension, there are limited residential areas for people who have moved to and from Pari Island. Then, it is known that tourism does not influence the local community's cultural changes. Meanwhile, from the political dimension, the community has been included in making decisions regarding tourism on this island.

Validating the 6 year (2016–2021) anthropogenic induced small island wildfire hazards in Pulau Seribu archipelago, Indonesia

Due to their specific characteristics, small islands tend to face unique challenges, including the challenges posed by wildfire threats caused by the presence of volatile vegetations and anthropogenic influences. This study aims to validate the impacts of the anthropogenic influence on wildfire risks for the period of 2011–2021 in several occupied small islands in Pulau Seribu archipelago, including Tidung and Pari Islands. An uninhabited island, Tidung Kecil Island, was used as control. To validate the anthropogenic influences on wildfire presences, the ANOVA one-way and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) methods were used. Results show that human occupancy has significantly contributed to the wildfire frequency and burnt area size (F = 4.413, p = 0.001), with the occupied islands have the highest wildfire frequencies of 0.45 cases annually, and the highest burn area average of 4076 m2 annually. The uninhabited island only experiences 0.09 wildfires per year. Wildfires occur both day and night. Daytime wildfires were mostly caused by improper disposal of cigarette butts or smoking activities. In contrast, nighttime wildfires were caused by open waste burning and camping activities.The validation using the ROC, with an area under the ROC curve value (AUC) of 0.671 (95%CI: 0.301–1), has validated the accuracy that the anthropogenic factors are proxies for wildfire hazards in Tidung Island. However, the accuracy of the anthropogenic influence-wildfire hazard association in Pari Island is slightly lower with an AUC of 0.633 (95%CI: 0.321–0.946). These confirm the potential of anthropogenic influences as a proxy for wildfire, especially in Tidung Island.

Preliminary study on community’s perception of seagrass restoration on Pari Island, Seribu Islands Regency

Pari Island is one of the islands located in the Seribu Islands Regency. Seagrasses on this island are scattered almost around the island. However, development on this island is overgrowing, so there is a decrease in the seagrass area. This study aims to determine the community’s perception of the possibility of seagrass restoration on the island. Data collection was conducted in May 2021 through a questionnaire. Respondents were local people of Pari Island. The number of respondents was 104 people consisting of fishers, housewifes, government employees, tourism actors, students, and entrepreneurs. The results showed that, in general, people in Pari Island know the existence of seagrass (99%), understand the functions and benefits of seagrass (100%), and use the biota that lives in the seagrass ecosystem for their lives, as household food needs. Almost all respondents agreed with the seagrass restoration in Pari Island (96%) and voluntarily participated in restoration activities (91%). A total of 90% of respondents agree that there is a regulation on protecting seagrass meadow and say that restoration efforts must involve local communities, Non-Government organizations (NGOs), Research Institutes or Universities, and the Government. Our finding shows that the local community in Pari Island has a deep concern for seagrass restoration.

Habitat Preference and Population Study of House Gecko (Gekko gecko) in Seribu Islands, Special Capital Region of Jakarta

The house gecko (Gekko gecko) or tokek is a reptile species known widely used as an export commodity. Overexploitation can threaten wild populations of tokek in the wild. The research was conducted through a Visual Encounter Survey on the islands of Tidung, Pari, and Untung Jawa from 27 November to 02 December 2021. We also distributed questionnaires about the insight and presence of geckos in residents' homes or buildings. The number of respondents have been interviewed are 117 people, while for direct observation the results obtained are 273 individuals. The highest number of geckos was found on Pari Island and the least was on Untung Jawa Island. The house gecko is distributed throughout on these islands and is relatively more abundant in residential areas. The house gecko is most found on power poles and building walls and in breadfruit trees (Artocarpus altilis). Area of The Kepulauan Seribu is about 474562 hectares with a land area of 877 hectares. The population density of tokek based on direct observation was 13.60 individuals/ha. Therefore, the estimated population of tokek; in the Seribu Islands based on direct observations is around 11930.12 individuals.

Bioakumulasi Merkuri (Hg) pada Lamun Enhalus acoroides dan Mangrove Rhizophora apiculata di Pulau Pari, Kepulauan Seribu

<strong>Bioaccumulation of Mercury (Hg) in Seagrass <em>Enhalus acoroides</em> and Mangrove <em>Rhizophora apiculata</em> in Pari Island, Seribu Islands. </strong>Heavy metal pollution, especially Hg metal in Jakarta Bay, is feared to have a negative impact on the quality of the waters around the Jakarta Bay waters, one of which is Pari Island in the Thousand Islands. Seagrass and mangroves plants distributed surrounding Pari Island can be used as indicators of heavy metal pollution. The value of bioaccumulation and translocation of Hg metal factors will provide an overview of the ability of plants to accumulate heavy metals in their surroundings. This study aims to determine the bioaccumulation and translocation of the heavy metal Hg factor in <em>Enhalus acoroides</em> seagrass and <em>Rhizophora apiculata</em> mangroves on Pari Island, Seribu Islands. Seagrass and mangrove samples were taken at five sampling points through purposive sampling. The bioaccumulation value was calculated using the ratio of the metal concentrations in each part of the plant body and sediment. Meanwhile, the translocation factor value was calculated by the ratio of Hg concentration in each part of the plant body (roots/rhizomes, stems, and leaves). The results of this study indicate that the bioaccumulation value in seagrass is infinite (bioaccumulation factor, BAF=∞) and in mangroves is 1.57 (BAF>1). The highest <em>translocation factor</em> value in seagrass leaves is 3.86 (translocation factor, TF) >1) and in mangrove leaves is 2.84 (TF>1). This study shows that seagrass and mangrove plants are classified as good bio accumulator and hyperaccumulator plants and accumulate heavy metals, especially Hg in the upper part of their bodies, namely leaves

Kelimpahan Dinoflagellata Bentik Berbahaya di Habitat Lamun dan Makroalga di Pulau Pari, Kepulauan Seribu, Indonesia

<p class="Papertext"><strong>The Abundance of the Harmful Benthic Dinoflagellate in the Seagrass and Macroalgae Habitats on Pari Island, Thousand Islands, Indonesia. </strong>Benthic dinoflagellates are an important part of benthic ecosystems and part of their ecological functions. However, ciguatoxin (CTX) producer dinoflagellates, which could cause Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) disease, is a known threat to marine biota and the island’s coastal communities, such as in Pari Island. Thus, this research aimed is to study the population of five harmful and toxin producer benthic dinoflagellate genera, namely <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Amphidinium</span>, <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Coolia</span>, <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Gambierdiscus</span>, <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Ostreopsis</span>, and <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Prorocentrum</span>, in macroalgae and seagrass habitats of Pari Island. Benthic dinoflagellate samples were collected in Juni 2019 using artificial substrates in the form of a 10×15 cm nylon screen. Environmental variables, such as nutrient concentration (nitrogen and phosphorus) and water temperature were also measured. The results showed that the average benthic dinoflagellate density in seagrass habitats was four times higher compared to the macroalgae habitats. <em>Gambierdiscus</em> were found as the most abundant benthic dinoflagellate in seagrass habitats, while <em>Prorocentrum</em> were more abundant in macroalgae habitats. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that the N:P ratio was the most important regulating parameter for most benthic dinoflagellate genera in this study, except <em>Ostreopsis</em>, which was found to be more abundant in phosphorus-rich macroalga habitats. The data also shows an increase of benthic dinoflagellate cell density up to seven times compared to the previous research data in 2012 and 2013. That trend indicates an increase in the disturbance and pressure on the macroalgae and seagrass habitats of Pari Island, which require special attention to prevent the occurrence of toxic Benthic Harmful Algal Blooms (bHABs) and CFP cases in the island.</p>

Estimation of soil carbon storage under mono-specific Enhalus acoroides meadows in Pari Island, Indonesia

Large seagrass meadows in Indonesia are predicted to have a significant ability in capturing and storing carbon and are useful to mitigate global climate change. However, most of the available data are derived from short-term carbon storage of living biomass, whereas data on long-term carbon storage in the soil is still limited. This study, therefore, aims to measure soil carbon storage in mono-specific Enhalus acoroides meadows in Pari Island. A total of nine soil cores was collected in a 100×100 m2 area. The parameters were soil depth, dry bulk density (DBD), and Corg content. We applied a PVC corer with 7.4 cm in diameter and 80 cm in length to collect the soil. The length of the soil core varied between 8 and 67 cm. The mean (±SE) of soil dry bulk density is 0.98±0.04 gr/cm3 and the median is 1.1 gr/cm3, while Corg content is 2.1±0.1% soil DW (mean±SE) and 1.9% (median). E. acoroides vegetation in Pari Island stores around 63 Mg Corg/ha organic carbon in 8-67cm or 34cm (mean depth) of topsoil. Carbon storage of these mono-specific meadows is comparable to soil carbon storage in the seagrass ecosystems per hectare areas on national, regional, and global levels.

Coral diseases of mushroom coral (Fungiidae) in Pari Island, Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta

Coral disease is one of the causes of the decline in the condition of coral reef ecosystems. This study aims to measure coral health based on the abundance and prevalence of coral health categories. The research was conducted in the Pari Island Cluster, Seribu Islands at four stations. The Belt Transect method with 2 × 100 meters was used to calculate coral health and a 30 m Line Intercept Transect (LIT) with three replications to determine substrate cover. The condition of coral reefs can be categorized as moderate to good based on this percentage value. The study results found five genera from the Fungiidae, namely Fungia, Ctenactis, Herpolitha, Heliofungia, and Sandalolitha. The most commonly found genus is the genus Fungia. The health condition of Fungiidae corals in Pari Island is divided into two categories, namely 35% healthy and 65% unhealthy, consisting of changes in tissue color - white (coral bleaching), changes in tissue color - not white (yellow band disease), and compromised health (damage by sedimentation). Yellow band disease is only found in the genus ˆ and is not found in other genera.

Study of the Historic Shipwreck Sites Area Development for Marine Ecotourism in Thousand Islands

The historic shipwreck sites are a part of the Maritime Archaeological Resources. They are currently occupying an important position as one of the non-conventional marine resources with blue economy potential in it. Sites are usually found in the conditions that have been integrated with the marine ecosystem in their environment. Some have even been completely covered with coral reefs, so that this uniqueness becomes the added value of the site for a tourist attraction. The research was carried out in Thousand Islands waters, which having kept many records of the maritime history of the Nusantara Archipelago for centuries and in their current development, the Jakarta∧s Thousand Islands are included as one of the Marine Tourism Village areas (Desa Wisata Bahari/Dewi Bahari). The purpose of this research is to determine the value of the shipwreck sites potency which are suitable for marine ecotourism development area in Thousand Islands waters and for obtaining the sustainable management model that can be integrated with the ecosystem in their environment. The research methods used sites surveys, focus group discussions, and interviews. Data processing was done by using Site Significance Assessment analysis. The result shows there are 4 (four) of historic shipwreck sites potency area in Thousand Islands waters which can be recommended as the attraction for marine ecotourism with the model of the Marine Eco Archaeological Park (MEA Park). These sites areas include 1)Shinta wreck in Pari Island waters, 2) Tabularasa wreck in Pramuka Island waters, 3) Poso wreck in Karang Congkak waters, and 4) Papatheo wreck in Sepa Island waters.