Pari Island Research Articles

THE DISTRIBUTION OF TOXIC DINOFLAGELLATES ON SEA GRASS Enhalus acoroides AT PARI ISLAND, SERIBU ISLANDS

<p>Benthic dinoflagellates causing Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP), could be found attached either on macroalgae or sea grasses. Research on density and distribution of benthic dinoflagellates on sea grass leaves was conducted in Pari Island waters, Seribu Islands, in April 2012. Research was carried out by collecting Enhalus acoroides leaves from each site, and put inside the plastic jars containing seawater. In order to separate the dinoflagellates species from the leaves, the plastic jars were shaken vigorously and the seawater filtered through a series of sieves (125μm and 20μm). The resulted residue was than observed using Sedgewick rafter cell under light microscope. Based on samples collected, eight benthic dinoflagellates were found, where five of them were potentially toxic. They were Prorocentrum concavum, P. lima, P. rhathymum, Ostreopsis lenticularis, and O. siamensis. The highest abundance was found in the reef flat on the southern side of the island (652 sel/cm2 seagrass leaf). Research showed that the density and distribution of toxic dinoflagellates on sea grass at Pari Island, Seribu Islands were more influenced by local water currents.</p><p>Keywords: benthic dinoflagellates, Ciguatera Fish Poisoning, Pari Island, seagrass</p>

Water Quality To Support Potential Aquaculture Development In The Coastal Water Of Pari Island: Microbiology Aspect

Pari Island was planed for developing aquaculture therefore water quality assessments is important. One of the parameters to evaluate waters quality for aquaculture is based on the microbiology condition. Research on microbiology condition for aquaculture in Pari island waters was carried out in Mei and October 2010, stressing on total coliform, isolation pathogen bacteria, heterotrophic, and total cell bacteria. Method to analyze coliform bacteria was filtration, pathogenic bacteria identification was done after biochemical test, heterotrophic bacteria was identified by pour plate and total cell used Acridine Orange Epifluorescence Microscopy. The results indicate that abundance of total coliform cell was very high in Pari island waters about 7,000-7,640 colonies forming unit (cfu)/100 ml, heterotrophic in seawater (5-10) x 105 cfu/ml, heterotrophic in sediment (40-45) x 105 cfu/m,; and abundance of total cell was (49-9,400) x 106 cell/ml. The dog-conch (Strombus turturella) and blood-clamps (Anadara granosa) can live in Pari Island and there is a significant increase in the litter of sea grass with relatively growth in average 2 mm/day and 0.44 mm/day. During the growth of snails and clamps found several genus of pathogenic bacteria are harmless as Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Citrobacter, Proteus, Shigella and Yersinia. Measurement of water fertility is through an observation on the content of nutrient in the waters, sediments and density of plankton parameters. The conclusion is Pari island waters productivity was in good condition and supported by litter, density of heterotrophic bacteria and plankton, then can used for marine aquaculture especially for Strombus turturella and Anadara granosa.

ABUNDANCE AND DIVERSITY OF ECHINODERM IN PARI ISLAND, SERIBU ISLANDS

<p>Pari Island is one of the island in the Seribu Islands region. Abundance of echinoderms in Pari Island waters has been observed since 1969. In this research, data of echinoderms was collected on March 2011 applying quadratic transect method 1 x 1 m2, as well as freely collection methods using snorkel and scuba equipment. Thirteen individuals of echinoderms were collected during the study, one species (Archaster typicus) was found by quadratic transect method and 12 species of echinoderms by freely collection methods. The density of starfish Archaster typicus at the sites was between 2.1 to 4.3 individual/m2.</p><p>Keywords: Echinodermata, distribution, abundance, density, Pari Island, Seribu Islands</p>

ABUNDANCE AND DIVERSITY OF ECHINODERM IN PARI ISLAND, SERIBU ISLANDS

Pari Island is one of the island in the Seribu Islands region. Abundance of echinoderms in Pari Island waters has been observed since 1969. In this research, data of echinoderms was collected on March 2011 applying quadratic transect method 1 x 1 m2, as well as freely collection methods using snorkel and scuba equipment. Thirteen individuals of echinoderms were collected during the study, one species (Archaster typicus) was found by quadratic transect method and 12 species of echinoderms by freely collection methods. The density of starfish Archaster typicus at the sites was between 2.1 to 4.3 individual/m2.Keywords: Echinodermata, distribution, abundance, density, Pari Island, Seribu Islands

Seasonal trends and fish-habitat associations around Pari Island, Indonesia: setting a baseline for environmental monitoring

Indonesia is the world’s richest country regarding reef fish diversity. Nevertheless, the reef ichthyofauna of the Indonesian Archipelago remains poorly known, primarily due to a lack of sampling. Coral reefs in the Kepulauan Seribu Marine National Park close to the Indonesian capital Jakarta are under threat by many destructive activities that trigger a loss of habitat and species diversity. This communication: (1) describes the reef fish community structure from three distinct reef habitats in the Pari Island group dominated by Acropora branching corals (ACB), foliose corals (CF) and massive corals (CM), using a number of community properties such as numerical abundance, species richness, diversity, and multivariate similarity; (2) examines the temporal variation of the fish community from the three habitats; and (3) discusses possible implications for the monitoring of qualitative changes in coral reef systems on small islands. During this study, a total of 13 536 individual fishes were counted, representing 205 species belonging to 36 families. In terms of species richness, Pomacentridae was the dominant fish family in ACB and CF sites (40 % and 48.6 %, respectively), and Labridae (27.4 %) was the dominant family in the CM plots. The most species-rich habitat was ACB with 125 species (with Amblyglyphidodon curacao as the most characteristic species), followed by CM and CF with 117 (Thalassoma lunare) and 79 species (Pomacentrus alexanderae), respectively. Average Shannon-Wiener diversity (ln basis) ranged from 2.0–2.9 (ACB), 2.4–3.1 (CF), and 2.1–3.0 (CM), with no significant difference between growth forms. Abundance, species richness and diversity showed significant seasonal variability, but the effects differed between habitats. Multivariate analysis of the reef fish community was able to detect significant differences between species composition and diversity of the reef fish community between sites with different coral growth forms at Pari Island, both when based on species abundances and when aggregated according to trophic categories. It thus constitutes a useful tool to detect qualitative differences of the species-rich Indonesian coral reef ecosystems.

MORPHOLOGY AND CELL BIOMASS OF SPONGE Aaptos aaptos AND

<p>Aaptos aaptos and Petrosia sp. sponges are known for their ability to produce potential marine bioactive compound. As a metazoan animal with simple body structure, the morphology and it association with symbiont-bacteria could influence their bioactive compound both type and activity, as much as their habitat adaptation. In order to determine morphology and its cell biomass of Aaptos aaptos dan Petrosia sp., samples were taken from the West Pari Island, at 7 m depth. Preserved samples (in 4% formaldehyde) were examined using a histological mounting and centrifugation method to separate the cells fraction of sponge’s tissues. A. aaptos sponge has a soft body structure with 55.9% skeleton-forming fraction, 14.2% sponge cell fraction and 29.9% bacteria fraction. Meanwhile, Petrosia sp. sponge has a rigid body with dominant skeleton-forming fraction (68.6%), and lesser sponge cell and bacteria associated (19.7% and 11.7%, respectively).</p><p>Keywords: A. aaptos, Petrosia sp, morphology, cell biomass</p>

MORPHOLOGY AND CELL BIOMASS OF SPONGE Aaptos aaptos AND

Aaptos aaptos and Petrosia sp. sponges are known for their ability to produce potential marine bioactive compound. As a metazoan animal with simple body structure, the morphology and it association with symbiont-bacteria could influence their bioactive compound both type and activity, as much as their habitat adaptation. In order to determine morphology and its cell biomass of Aaptos aaptos dan Petrosia sp., samples were taken from the West Pari Island, at 7 m depth. Preserved samples (in 4% formaldehyde) were examined using a histological mounting and centrifugation method to separate the cells fraction of sponge’s tissues. A. aaptos sponge has a soft body structure with 55.9% skeleton-forming fraction, 14.2% sponge cell fraction and 29.9% bacteria fraction. Meanwhile, Petrosia sp. sponge has a rigid body with dominant skeleton-forming fraction (68.6%), and lesser sponge cell and bacteria associated (19.7% and 11.7%, respectively).Keywords: A. aaptos, Petrosia sp, morphology, cell biomass

Carbon Backup Estimation Of Seagress Community In Pari Island, Thousand Is Lands National Park, Jakarta

The rapid development of industrial sector in many countries has caused the increasing of greenhouse gases emission in the atmosphere that contributes to global climate change. One of aspect of climate change mitigation is maintaining and improving the ability of ocean and coastal area ecosystems as carbon sequester and carbon storage. A study was conducted on carbon stock of seagrass community at Pari Island, Jakarta. Data were colected randomly along the coastal area using plots measuring of 0.0625 m2 for biomass and 0.25 m2 for community structure. Whilst carbon content of seagrasses was analysed using Kurmies method. Results show that Pari Coastal Island was formed by Enhaluss-Thalassia community. The average of carbon stock of seagrass community at Pari Island was 200.5 g C m-2 or 2.005 Mg C ha-1 equivalence of 2.005 tons ha-1 mean while the total carbon stock was 67.21 Mg C (6 7.21 tons C). This information could be used as a basic information on the mitigation and adaptation to climate change or 2.005 Mg Cha-1 equivalence of 2.005 ton sha-1 mean while the total carbon stock was 67.21 MgC(67.21 tons C). This information could be used as a basic information on the mitigation, and adaptation to climate change.

MICROBIAL COMMUNITY DURING BIOREMEDIATION EXPERIMENTAL ON OIL SPILL IN COASTAL OF PARI ISLAND

There is an information how to identify hydrocarbon degrading bacteria for bioremediation of marine oil spill. We have Bioremediation treatment for degradation of oil spill on Pari island and need two kind of experiment there are tanks experiment (sampling 0 to 90 days) and semi enclosed system (sampling 0 to 150 days). Biostimulation with nutrients (N and P) was done to analyze biodegradation of hydrocarbon compounds. Experiment design using fertilizer Super IB and Linstar will stimulate bacteria can degrade oil, n-alkane, and alkane as poly aromatic hydrocarbon. The bacteria communities were monitored and analyzed by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) and Clone Library; oil chemistry was analyzed by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) was extracted from colonies of bacteria and sequence determination of the 16S rDNA was amplified by primers U515f and U1492r. Strains had been sequence and had similarity about 90-99% to their closest taxa by homology Blast search and few of them suspected as new species. The results showed that fertilizers gave a significant effect on alkane, PAH and oil degradation in tanks experiment but not in the field test. Dominant of the specific bacteria on this experiment were Alcanivorax, Marinobacter and Prosthecochloris.
 
 Keywords: Bioremediation, Biostimulation, DGGE, PAH, Pari Island

MICROBIAL COMMUNITY DURING BIOREMEDIATION EXPERIMENTAL ON OIL SPILL IN COASTAL OF PARI ISLAND

There is an information how to identify hydrocarbon degrading bacteria for bioremediation of marine oil spill. We have Bioremediation treatment for degradation of oil spill on Pari island and need two kind of experiment there are tanks experiment (sampling 0 to 90 days) and semi enclosed system (sampling 0 to 150 days). Biostimulation with nutrients (N and P) was done to analyze biodegradation of hydrocarbon compounds. Experiment design using fertilizer Super IB and Linstar will stimulate bacteria can degrade oil, n-alkane, and alkane as poly aromatic hydrocarbon. The bacteria communities were monitored and analyzed by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) and Clone Library; oil chemistry was analyzed by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) was extracted from colonies of bacteria and sequence determination of the 16S rDNA was amplified by primers U515f and U1492r. Strains had been sequence and had similarity about 90-99% to their closest taxa by homology Blast search and few of them suspected as new species. The results showed that fertilizers gave a significant effect on alkane, PAH and oil degradation in tanks experiment but not in the field test. Dominant of the specific bacteria on this experiment were Alcanivorax, Marinobacter and Prosthecochloris.
 
 Keywords: Bioremediation, Biostimulation, DGGE, PAH, Pari Island

Kondisi Terumbu Karang Di Kepulauan Seribu Dalam Kaitan Dengan Gradasi Kualitas Perairan <Br><I>[Water Quality Gradation Of Coral Reef At Seribu Island]<I>

Abstract The increasing of Jakarta land activies caused eutrophication, so that it changes species composition and decreasing of number of species. The sea within the high of eutrophication has correlation with the high growth of alga, depletion of oxygen and change of coral species composition. These researchs was done at coral reef ecosystem of Lancang Island, Pari Island and Payung Island, whereas there are part of Seribu Island Cluster. The aims of research was evaluating of nutrient enrichment effect to morphology and functional of coral reef condition. Morphology figures are showed by basic cover, whereas functional aspects are evaluated by zooxanthellae density. The results are showed that the high eutrophication is significantly correlated with main land of Java Island distance. The increasing of nutrient enrichment is significantly to change profile of coral reef and zooxanthellae densities.

Endemic coastal malaria in the Thousand Islands District, near Jakarta, Indonesia

To conduct malaria surveillance near Jakarta where only imported malaria has been described over the past two decades and to characterize endemicity and risk to heavily populated peri-urban locations. Standard cross-sectional malariometric surveys and mosquito collections at the Thousand Islands District and developing peri-urban areas of Jakarta. During October 2000 outbreak investigations in the Tidung Island group, the slide positive rate was 47% (38%Plasmodium falciparum, 7%P. vivax, and 2% mixed infections) among 733 persons screened. Very few parasitemic inhabitants were symptomatic (<1%), and native residents were more commonly infected than immigrants (odds ratio 1.72), consistent with endemic autochthonous transmission. Adult and larval mosquito collections detected Anopheles sundaicus. In June 2001, prevalence of parasitemia at Pari Island, where sampling was adequate for comparison, remained high, 32%vs. 43% previously. Among 1377 individuals screened at nearby Tangerang District, a heavily populated mainland suburb dominated by fishponds through which many islanders travel to Jakarta, only 19 malaria infections were identified, all imported from Pari Island. Entomological surveillance in Tangerang identified An. subpictus, An. vagus, and An. barbirostris, all considered minor malaria vectors on Java. Malaria is endemic in the Tidung Island group. Imported malaria occurs in the heavily populated Tangerang District where coastal development is increasing and vector breeding sites and demographic patterns lend increasingly to malaria importation and risk of emergent malaria. Careful attention to the impact of coastal development activities on vector populations and efforts to prevent introduction of An. sundaicus are warranted.

Control of bleaching in mushroom coral populations (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) in the Java Sea: stress tolerance and interference by life history strategy

Bleaching was studied in populations of phylogenetically closely related species (n = 21) of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) around Pari Island (Java Sea) during a period of excessive seawater warming in 1983. The interspecific variation in the proportions of affected individuals was significant. Spatial variation in the degree of bleaching anlong fungiid assemblages depended much on relative species abundances. Mushroom corals In relatively stagnant water of lagoons and on the inner reef flat showed little bleaching. Many of the outer reef mushroom corals at ≤ 9 m depth were affected, but only a few at greater depths (≥15 m). In most affected fungiids, the bleached part was pale (associated with pigment loss) instead of white (assumedly caused by zooxanthcllae expulsion). The difference between the proportions of paled and whitened corals was not clearly depth-related, but most probably species-related. Most bleached fungiids were affected over their whole upper surface, whereas others showed a mosaic pattern. Entire bleaching was most common at depths 20 cm), usually occurring deep, were the least affected. The latter may have escaped bleaching by recurrent downward migration.

Control of bleaching in mushroom coral populations (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) in the Java Sea: stress tolerance and interference by life history strategy

Bleaching was studied in populations of phylogenetically closely related species (n = 21) of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) around Pari Island (Java Sea) during a period of excessive seawater warming in 1983. The interspecific variation in the proportions of affected individuals was significant. Spatial variation in the degree of bleaching anlong fungiid assemblages depended much on relative species abundances. Mushroom corals In relatively stagnant water of lagoons and on the inner reef flat showed little bleaching. Many of the outer reef mushroom corals at ≤ 9 m depth were affected, but only a few at greater depths (≥15 m). In most affected fungiids, the bleached part was pale (associated with pigment loss) instead of white (assumedly caused by zooxanthcllae expulsion). The difference between the proportions of paled and whitened corals was not clearly depth-related, but most probably species-related. Most bleached fungiids were affected over their whole upper surface, whereas others showed a mosaic pattern. Entire bleaching was most common at depths 20 cm), usually occurring deep, were the least affected. The latter may have escaped bleaching by recurrent downward migration.

A statistical analysis of coral community responses to the 1982?83 El Ni�o in the Thousand Islands, Indonesia

Changes in species composition of coral com- munities at South Pari and South Tikus Islands, Indo- nesia, were examined through six sampling occasions over the period 1981 to 1988. In addition to computation of standard univariate measures of species diversity, tech- niques developed for use with soft-sediment community data were applied. These included graphical descriptors (k-dominance curves) and multivariate ordinations (mul- tidimensional scaling), together with associated non- parametric multivariate significance tests which allowed hypotheses about community change to be examined. Both univariate and graphical methods illustrated clearly the major community changes following the 1982-83 E1 Nifio, though the multivariate techniques were more sen- sitive in monitoring the recovery stages in later years.

La réaction aux traumatismes : comparaison entre les arbres et les coraux

Observations and in situ experiments carried out between 1981 and 1983 near Pari Island, Seribu Archipelago, Java Sea, showed that reef-building corals can reiterate their specific colony architecture after being subjected to an environmental trauma which irreversibly alters their characteristic appearance. Besides trees (Oldeman, 1974 ; Hallé, Oldeman and Tomlinson, 1978) many fixed colonial organisms such as hydroids, gorgonians, sponges and corals, display this process of architectural adjustment. Reiteration appears to be a fundamental characteristic of sessile organisms.