Pari Island Research Articles

The Paradox Between Economic Gain and Environmental Sustainability: A Case of Small Island Tourism in Pari Island, Indonesia

As an important economic sector in Indonesia, tourism, particularly for small islands, should shift towards sustainable management practices. This study examines possible sustainable tourism management practices in Pari Island, one of Indonesia???s small islands with both a diverse ecosystem and high annual tourist flux. Tourism activities in Pari Island have resulted in environmental impacts, and implementing sustainable tourism has therefore become challenging. This study used a comprehensive assessment framework called DPSIR (Driver‐Pressure‐State‐Impact‐Response) to identify factors that triggered environmental problems and assess their implications for sustainable tourism management. A questionnaire method was used to collect survey data from 317 residents and 143 tourists. Water quality samples were collected from 15 sampling points (11 groundwater wells and 4 seawater locations) and tested via the APHA‐9221‐B method to determine the coliform bacteria content as a proxy for tourism pressure on the environment. Results showed that the small island tourism was built upon economic activities that trigger a range of environmental pressures (e.g., increased population, tourists, and lodging), with consequences for tourism-related resource exploitation, spatial changes, and contamination of groundwater and seawater. Implementing the DPSIR approach would ensure adequate responses to the main problems of small island tourism, such as creation of regulations informed by tourism???s carrying capacity, an open???close system for use of coastal and marine areas, increased public and tourist awareness, and legal assurance over spatial control.

Locals and Tourists Participation on Coral Reef Rehabilitation in Seribu Islands, Indonesia

Abstract Despite coral reefs being one of the main attractions for marine tourism activities, these activities are also the main factor causing coral damage. To preserve and overcome the damage to coral reefs, rehabilitation activities involving the community and tourists should be attempted. This research studies the locals’ and tourists’ participation and involvement in coral reef rehabilitation activities on Pramuka Island and Pari Island. The results show that the level of local participation and involvement on Pramuka Island is generally moderate, while on Pari Island, the level is generally high. The locals on Pramuka Island predominantly participate in the form of ideas (46,91%) and are involved in implementing rehabilitation activities (59,64%). On Pari Island, participation is more diverse; it comes in the form of labor (69,47%), time (57,72%), and skills (59,47%), and is more involved in implementing (68,95%) and benefiting from rehabilitation (64,74%). The productive age group dominates the age group active in rehabilitation activities on Pramuka Island, while on Pari Island, it is dominated by young people. In general, tourist participation and involvement in both research locations are still minimal. Thus, efforts to develop rehabilitation activities on Pramuka Island must focus more on young people by emphasizing participation in various aspects. Meanwhile, on Pramuka Island, rehabilitation activities must involve more productive age communities and integrate them with existing communities. Tourist participation and involvement can be integrated with existing tourism activities for these two locations.

Case study of the application of the blue economy in making coral reefs a business commodity on Pari Island, Indonesia

Case study of the application of the blue economy in making coral reefs a business commodity on Pari Island, Indonesia

Spatio-temporal variation in progression rates of black band disease between Pramuka Island and Pari Island of the Seribu Islands, Indonesia

Black band disease (BBD) is one of the oldest recognized diseases of scleractinian corals. This disease is little known on the variation of progression rates across relatively small spatial scales and how local variations in the environment can impact prevalence and spread. The purpose of this study was to explore the progression of BBD on genus Montipora in relation to spatio-temporal environmental parameters in two islands of the Seribu Islands, North Jakarta, Indonesia during dry season and rainy season. Monthly underwater pictures were taken for determining the progress of disease level. Interestingly, the progression rate of the disease recorded at Pramuka Island was higher (8.10 cm2 day-1) than the one at Pari Island (3.79 cm2 day-1). In Pramuka Island, the infected corals had almost 89% of the dead surface, compared to only 68% at Pari Island. Similar to other studies in the region, we confirmed that the disease progressed faster during the dry season, where the environmental parameters, such as temperature, light intensity, and phosphate, were starting to increase, while total organic matter, current flow rates, and turbidity were lower. Progression of the disease was significantly different between seasons (p<0.001), but not between sites (p=0.118). Therefore, the progress of BBD has a higher impact at the more populated Pramuka island than at the less populated Pari Island, in addition to the influence of environmental parameters on coral vulnerability to diseases.

The Island's Call for Justice: NGO Advocacy in the Climate Litigation Case of Pari Island in Indonesia

Climate injustice has become a prominent issue following the Paris Agreement, where emissions generated by developed countries burden local communities in developing countries. Consequently, one of the efforts to address climate injustice for communities in the Global South is through climate litigation processes. The process itself is a challenging one since the litigants need support legally and politically to ensure it has proceeded. Here, non-governmental organisation’s (NGO) engagement is the most feasible support that local communities can access. This article analyzes the dynamics of climate justice attempts through a unique case study: climate litigation between residents of Pulau Pari, a small island located in the Java Sea, Indonesia, and the cement giant Holcim-LaFarge in Switzerland. This climate litigation is advocated by three collaborating NGOs: HEKS (Switzerland), ECCHR (Germany), and WALHI (Indonesia). Using a qualitative method, we analyze the role of NGO advocacy in the litigation process using the advocacy function concept by Joseph Szarka; issue framing, construction and dissemination of knowledge, responsibility attribution, political lobbying, public mobilization and agenda setting. We argue that the advocacy support of the three related NGOs amplified the climate litigation process beyond legal proceedings. The strategy of advocating climate litigation is an innovative way to create wider recognition from the international community and push adaptation to the struggle of the local community.

Analysis of Ecological Role and Biotechnology Potential of Marine Yeast Rhodotorula sp. in Mangrove Forest of Pari Island, Jakarta

Mangrove forests have a very diverse microbial population. Among these microbes, some have the ability to convert mangrove forest organic waste into useful nutrients for the sustainability of the mangrove ecosystem. One of the species that has this ability is the marine yeast Rhodotorula sp. Apart from this ecological role, the yeast Rhodotorula sp. reported to have a lot of biotechnology potential, including as a producer of lipid omega-3, carotenoids, anti-bacterial, plant growth promoter, anti-cancer, biosurfactant, and a very potential workhorse for biotechnology applications. As a country that has the largest mangrove forest in the world, Indonesia has not reported much and has not intensified the use of marine yeast Rhodotorula sp. from Indonesian mangrove forests as a bioresource for high-value strategic products. This study aims to isolate the marine yeast Rhodotorula sp. from the mangrove forest of Pari island, Jakarta and reviewing the ecological role and biotechnological potential of these species. Marine yeast Rhodotorula sp. obtained will be cultivated and exploited its biotechnology potential in the future

Pengelolaan Budi daya Rumput Laut dengan Pendekatan Sosial-Ekonomi dan Ekologi di Pulau Pari

Seaweed plays an essential role in the people's economy in Pari Island because its cultivation has been the main livelihood for a long time. Currently, seaweed cultivation activities are no longer found, possibly due to tourism activities that directly degrade the cultivation activities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the status of sustainability and determine the strategy of cultivation management in 5 aspects: ecological, social, economic, institutional, and infrastructure. Data were collected from primary and secondary sources related to socio-ecology in Pari Island. The assessment of the level of sustainability in each dimension was carried out using multidimensional scaling analysis, and a fairly sustainable average suitability value was obtained, namely the infrastructure (73.37), institutional (71.24), ecological (62.48), and economics (62.16). Meanwhile, the dimension with a very suitable sustainability value is the social dimension, with a value of 76.33, meaning that it is very suitable. Overall, the sustainability of seaweed cultivation, if viewed from several dimensions, shows the level of suitability of cultivation, both in terms of infrastructure, institutions, ecology, and economics. However, several dimensions, such as economic and ecological dimensions, must still be considered and continue to be encouraged so that sustainability can be achieved in all dimensions.
 
 Keywords: cultivation, management, Pari Island, seaweed, socio-ecology

DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM INSTRUMENTS FOR ECOLOGICAL RESILIENCE IN PARI ISLAND, DKI JAKARTA

<p><span>The research objective is to develop an instrument for assessing sustainable tourism in the context of ecological resilience in Pari Island, DKI Jakarta. This study uses research and development methods through the ADDIE model approach. The research sample includes potential and factual coral reef areas for tourism in Pari Island. The results of the study concluded that the validation of important instruments includes: (1) natural/biological criteria, namely unique and beautiful coral reefs, quite unique tidal phenomena, endemic flora and fauna such as seagrass and fish habitat, as well as other aquatic biota, ease of observing aquatic biota, opportunities for trekking, snorkeling, etc. as well as the support of comfortable temperature and humidity, normal rainfall conditions, as well as well-managed household industrial waste; and (2) Physical environmental criteria such as dominant beaches, controlled coastal land conversion rate and protected from pollution, ease of utilizing rocky beaches for friendly productive activities. The environment, such as maintaining fish, marine tourism, and others as well as the existence of a map of the distribution of coral reefs that accurately depicts local potential as well as information related to the low risk of natural disasters (landslides, floods, tsunamis). </span></p>

Program Bimbingan Belajar Gratis “Bimbel Calistung” untuk Anak-anak di Sekolah Pulau Pari

Background: Calistung Tutoring is a basic capability that a person needs to have so that he can learn other things more easily. For example, at school, children must be able to read, write and also count. The aim of this program is to provide an effective Calistung tutoring program to children at school. Method: Guiding children to improve their understanding and abilities in calistung tutoring for children at school and the targets for this activity are 25 students spread across class 1 of Pari Island Elementary School 01. Results: The students have high enthusiasm for learning calistung tutoring but There is a lack of creating an interesting and stimulating reading environment in schools and in the community, so creating an attractive environment for students can be done by providing a diverse collection of books that suit the students' interests. Conclusion: By implementing the right strategy and carrying out regular evaluations, the Calistung tutoring program can be an effective means of forming a generation that likes reading, writing and arithmetic and has strong skills for its students.

The Inventory of Macroalgae in The Rengge Beach, Pari Island, Thousand Islands, Jakarta

Pari Island is one of the islands among the Thousand Islands group, about 46.32 km from the center of Jakarta with a total area of 310,000 km2 has high biodiversity, one of which is from the macroalgae group. Although macroalgae are a source of high biodiversity, the utilization of macroalgae is still very minimal to do because of the lack of education in the community about the types and benefits of macroalgae found in waters. This study aims to determine the diversity of macroalgae in Rengge Beach, Pari Island, Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta so that later the community can find out more information about the types, characteristics, and potential utilization of macroalgae. The research was conducted in December 2022 using the benthic belt transect method with a total of 5 stations, carried out by drawing a line from the shoreline inland with a transect length of 100 m and a width of 10 m (5 m to the right and left sides), a monitoring area of 1 km² (10x100 m) between stations. Samples were taken and identified to the species level at the Plant Structure and Development Laboratory, Biology study program, Jakarta State University, Jakarta. Observations include several characteristics both morphologically and anatomically. The results showed that there were five species of macroalgae that could be identified, namely Halimeda sp, Gracilaria sp, Turbinaria sp, Padina sp, and Sargassum sp, therefore it can be concluded that there are only five genera of macroalgae in this place. This research needs more development that can provide more benefits, one of which is to develop the research area and further identify the types of macroalgae obtained to find out more specific information about the potential of macroalgae.

Macroalgae diversity and its relationship with environmental conditions in polluted waters of Seribu Islands, Jakarta Bay, Indonesia

Abstract. Handayani S, Widhiono I, Widyartini DS. 2023. Macroalgae diversity and its relationship with environmental conditions in polluted waters of Seribu Islands, Jakarta Bay, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 6291-6298. Macroalgae are one of the important marine primary producers because they support the life of other organisms at a higher trophic level in aquatic ecosystems. This study aimed to determine the species diversity and composition of macroalgae and its relationship with local aquatic environmental conditions. This research was conducted in Seribu Islands, Jakarta Bay, and consisted of Pramuka Island, Semak Daun Island, Kotok Besar Island, Karang Bongkok Island, Kongsi Island, and Pari Island as sampling sites. This research used the transect method with quadratic sampling and the data was analyzed using the Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index, Dominance Index, and Evenness. Diversity parameter calculations were carried out using PAST4.0 software. The relationship between diversity and water quality was analyzed using PCA software. Across the six sampling sites, there were 41 species of macroalgae belonging to 3 divisions, namely Chlorophyta (19 species), Phaeophyta/Ochrophyta (10 species), and Rhodophyta (12 species). The species richness among islands showed that Karang Bongkok Island had the highest species with 28 species and the lowest was Semak Daun Island and Kongsi Island with only 15 species. The Diversity Index was the highest in Karang Bongkok Island with 2.679 and the lowest was in Kongsi Island with 1.907. The species with the largest number of individuals were Halimeda macroloba with 930 individuals, followed by Sargassum binderi with 648 individuals, and Corallina officinalis. with 257 individuals. The diversity of macroalgae species on the six islands is classified as moderate and can be used as an indicator of marine ecosystems. Physicochemical parameters that affect macroalgae diversity in the Seribu Islands waters are temperature, depth, currents, salinity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Cu, and Phosphate. The finding of this study implies that despite the high pollution in Seribu Islands waters, it is still good for the growth of macroalgae.

Epibiont of venus clam (Gafrarium tumidum) shells: a study on Pari Island, Seribu Islands

Molluscs play a crucial role as ecosystem engineer by providing habitat for other organisms. However, little is known about the shells’ ability to host other species, especially in tropical ecosystems like Pari Island. In sandy locations, hard substrates are scarce, but clam shells introduce substrate heterogeneity. Our study focused on the Venus Clam (Gafrarium tumidum), prevalent in the seagrass bed ecosystem on Pari Island, to explore the epibiont species residing on its shells. Epibionts were examined through visual observation and microscopy analysis in a laboratory. We found the attached epibionts were categorized into three main groups. The first group was macroalgae, specifically Padina sp., which attached to the posterior part of the clam shell, relying on stable substrates to withstand waves. The second group encompassed microalgae, including Bacillaria, Nitzchia, Prorocentrum, Pseudo-nitzschia, Surirella, and Trichodesmium. These microalgae have diverse ecological roles, including causing harmful algal blooms and nitrogen fixation. The third group consisted of possibly cyanobacteria forming blue-green biofilms on clam shells, predominantly on recently deceased or living clams, mainly in exposed, sunlit areas. This research emphasizes the significant role of clam shells in supporting epibiont species richness in the ecosystem.

Provisioning services of seagrass ecosystem in Pari Island

Seagrass ecosystem provides many ecosystem services, including provisioning services in which people obtain direct products (e.g., food) from the ecosystem. This study examined the seagrass ecosystem provisioning service in Pari Island, Jakarta Bay. The data was collected in May 2021 using questionaries from 97 respondents (40 fishers and 57 non-fishers) living on the island. Our analysis reveals that seagrass ecosystems around Pari Island deliver food sources and income for the local communities. Many species of fishes, shellfishes, shrimps, and swimming crabs are commonly harvested by the local community. The most dominant harvested fishes are rabbitfishes (Siganus spp, 85%) and emperor fishes (Lethrinus sp, 15%), while the harvested shellfishess are “kerang bulu” (Anadara spp, 42%), “buol” (Venus sp, 32%), and “kere-kere” (Grafrarium spp, 26%). The locals use fishing gear such as nets and handlines to catch fish and use knives, machetes, and crowbars to collect shellfish. Generally, the locals harvest biota in seagrass ecosystems 1-2 times per week, with a time of about 1-2 hours. The harvested biotas serve as protein sources; only a few community members sell it for livelihood. In conclusion, the provisioning services of seagrass ecosystems is manifested as a food sources and livelihood to the local communities.

Aboveground carbon stock of marine mangroves in Kepulauan Seribu Islands

Mangroves, as one of the important blue carbon ecosystems, store large amounts of organic carbon. In the last decades, carbon stock assessment in mangrove ecosystems has been increased intensely following international agreements targeted at reducing global carbon emission. Many studies have investigated carbon stock potential in mangrove ecosystems, however, little is known about carbon stocks of mangroves growing in carbonate setting in small islands. These marine mangroves usually receive little or no terrestrial input, thus may have limited nutrient availability to support their growth. Meanwhile, their contribution to a global carbon inventory cannot be neglected. Here, we assessed biomass carbon stock of marine mangroves in Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta, by using published allometric equations. Data collection was conducted in seven small islands; Burung Island, Kongsi Island, Pari Island, Lancang Besar Island, Lancang Kecil Island, Pramuka Island, and Rambut Island. The total average aboveground carbon stock was 46.68 Mg C ha−1, with Rhizopora sp. as the dominant species. The highest carbon stock was measured in Pari Island (72.1 ± 30.4 C ha−1), followed by Lancang Kecil Island (62.4 ± 38.6 Mg C ha−1), Kongsi Island (54.1 ± 27.0 Mg C ha−1), Rambut Island (52.1 ± 21.6 Mg C ha-1), Burung Island (47.9 ± 21.0 Mg C ha−1), Lancang Besar Island (31.3 ± 13.8 Mg C ha−1), and the lowest was in Pramuka Island (6.8 ± 4.8 Mg C ha-1). Mangrove aboveground carbon in these islands were comparable to those in other areas. Having thousands of small islands, Indonesia thus has a significant contribution to global climate change mitigation.

Microplastic contamination in the digestive tract of sea urchins (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in Kepulauan Seribu, Indonesia.

The accumulation of microplastics on sediment surfaces contributed to the digestive tract of sea urchins contamination during foraging. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the potential relationship between the accumulation of microplastics on sediment surfaces and the contamination of sea urchins' digestive tracts during their foraging activities. Sediment and sea urchins' samples were collected from Pari and Harapan Islands, in Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia. Microplastics were extracted and observed in sediment and the digestive tract of sea urchins' samples. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy identified microplastic polymers. The average microplastic concentration on Pari Island was 160 ± 158.75 particles/kg dry weight sediment and 3.93 ± 2.25 particles/g dry weight in the digestive tract of sea urchins. Correspondingly, on Harapan Island, the values were 113 ± 41.63 particles/kg dry weight and 0.27 ± 0.28 particles/g dry weight. Fragment-type microplastics (75%) were predominantly detected in the digestive tract of sea urchins, while fiber-type microplastics (59%) were more common in sediments on Pari Island. Conversely, on Harapan Island fragment types were more prevalent (53%). Microplastics larger than 1000µm were identified in both sediment and the digestive tract of sea urchins. The observed plastic polymers, such as polyethylene, polyester, and polypropylene were dominant at both study sites. This study postulated that microplastics in sediments may be ingested during sea urchins digestion, supported by a significant correlation of 0.016. Consequently, the presence of microplastics in sea urchins from Pari Island and Harapan Island in Kepulauan Seribu was confirmed. Future investigations should explore the toxic effects of absorbed microplastics on sea urchins' physiology, requiring further analysis.

Mapping Seagrass Biodiversity Indicators of Pari Island using Multiple WorldView-2 Bands Derivatives

Comprehensive information on seagrass biodiversity indicators, such as species composition, percentage cover, and biomass carbon stock, remains limited across various regions globally. Mapping these indicators using remote sensing images requires extracting maximum information from the input images to achieve effective results. This study aims to map seagrass distribution, percent cover (PC), and aboveground carbon stock (AGC) as biodiversity indicators in the optically shallow waters surrounding Pari Island. We integrate WorldView-2 (WV2) derivatives, field seagrass data, and RF classification and regression algorithms to accomplish this objective. The WV2 image derivatives encompass surface reflectance bands, band ratios, mean and variance co-occurrence texture bands, and principle component bands. These inputs are used individually and collectively for mapping, employing a random forest algorithm trained with field seagrass data. Our results demonstrate that the most accurate benthic habitat map achieves an overall accuracy (OA) of 65.2%, with a user's accuracy of 65.2% and a producer's accuracy of 72.8% for the seagrass-dominated class. Seagrass PC mapping yields a root mean square error (RMSE) of 17.1%, with an average PC of 47.4 ± 9.9%. Seagrass AGC mapping achieves an RMSE of 5.0 g C m-2, with an average AGC range of 6.2 – 29.1 g C m-2, estimating the study area's aboveground biomass carbon stock at 27.9 tons C. Combined inputs produce the most accurate results for all biodiversity indicators, emphasizing the importance of utilizing combined bands from SR band derivatives to maximize information input for training mapping algorithms, instead of using derivative bands individually or as replacements for the initial SR bands.
 Keywords : Seagrass; Biodiversity; Mapping; WorldView-2; Pari Island
 
 Copyright (c) 2023 Geosfera Indonesia and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember
 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License

Water sources, consumption, and water-related sanitation on Pari Island, Indonesia: a mixed-focus group discussion and survey study

Abstract Pari Island has 1,441 inhabitants who are facing major environmental challenges related to water consumption and availability. These challenges may impact water quality and availability in the future. Previous research examining water usage and sanitation behavior on Pari Island remains limited. Since domestic activities dominate in Pari Island, this study evaluated water sources for domestic usage, estimated water consumption, and evaluated sanitation behavior, as well as community behavior and awareness. This study was based on a field survey using a questionnaire involving 317 heads of household, and had focus group discussions. The results revealed that reverse osmosis (RO) water and branded bottled water were the dominant water sources for drinking and food preparation, and RO water had become an important alternative water source for its affordable price. An individual's well water was mostly used for bathing and toilets. Annual water consumption on Pari Island for drinking, food preparation, and water-related sanitation is 24,930.74–29,401.44 m3/year, which still fell within the estimated water capacity of 290,000.48 m3/year, yet problems related to sanitation need special attention with respect to the increasing population. The awareness of the Pari Island community on technological interventions should be an advantage to maintain water sustainability.

Assessment of habitat and reef fish population characteristics in Pari Island cluster waters Seribu Archipelago Indonesia

The Pari Island Cluster, located on the Southside of the Seribu Archipelago, is bordered by Jakarta and Tangerang Regency is covered Pari, Kudus, and Tikus Islands. The Pari Island cluster has potential ecosystems, such as coral reefs, seagrass, and mangrove. The presentation of this article is an overview of the results of research conducted by the Research Institute for Marine Fisheries and the Research Institute for Fisheries Enhancement, The Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Human Resources. This study aims to present and describe habitat and reef fish populations. The assessment result shows that the criteria for the coral reefs’ health were poor to good, mostly moderate, the best in the southeast and northeast waters, which had been designated MPAs. Reef fish population density on the criteria was very rare or low at all observation sites. The dominant group was Caesio cuning, Cephalopholis boenak, Scarus ghobban (target group), and Chaetodon octofasciatus (indicator group). The implementation hopes Pari Island Cluster waters would expand to be designated MPAs due to the large number of care areas used for fishing territories.

Coral density level in the context of ecological resilience and its effect on sustainable tourism in Pari Island, DKI Jakarta

Social changes in the context of climate change include the character of capitalism and the relationship between nature and culture that encourages people to respond to climate change and adapt their livelihoods. The purpose of this study is to calculate coral density in the context of ecological resilience and its effect on sustainable tourism in Pari Island, DKI Jakarta. The research method uses a survey with the Line Intercept Transect method. Sampling was carried out at a depth of 5 and 7 meters, depending on the presence of coral. The length of transect used is 50 meters and is placed parallel to the shoreline of the island. The results showed: First, most of the coral reefs in Pari Island are still in good and healthy condition. Of the 15 sample points observed, only 2 showed coral mortality due to internal and external factors in the sea. From the results of the analysis it was concluded that the condition of healthy coral reefs in the waters of Pari Island had a high density. Meanwhile, stressed or dead coral reefs have a low density. This condition indicates that coral reefs are still effective in supporting tourism activities.

Macroalgae diversity in the Pari Island Cluster, Seribu Islands District, Jakarta, Indonesia

Abstract. Handayani S, Widhiono I, Widyartini DS. 2023. Macroalgae diversity in the Pari Island Cluster, Seribu Islands District, Jakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 1659-1667. Macroalgae are primary producers of the ocean that support the life of other organisms at higher trophic levels in aquatic ecosystems. This study aimed to determine the diversity of macroalgae in the Pari Island cluster and the diversity of water quality. The research method used is the survey method, with the quadratic transect method. Ecological index analysis using PAST 4.0 software. The relationship between diversity correlation and water quality using PCA software. The results of the study found 22 species of macroalgae consisting of 3 divisions, namely Chlorophyta (11 species), Phaeophyta (4 species), and Rhodophyta (7 species). Diversity of Pari Island (H'=2.314, E=0.594, D=0.121) and Kongsi Island (H'=1.191, E=0.481, D=0.211). The largest species are Acanthophora spicifera (M.Vahl) Børgesen (Rhodophyta), with 396 individuals; Caulerpa racemosa (Forssk.) J.Agardh (Chlorophyta), with 343 individuals; and Padina australis Hauck (Phaeophyta), with an individual number of 130. Macroalgae diversity in the Pari Island Cluster belongs to the moderate category. The diversity of macroalgae in the Pari Island Cluster is influenced by physical factors of temperature, salinity, brightness, depth, and current speed, as well as chemical factors of nitrate, orthophosphate, dissolved oxygen, heavy metal levels of Pb, Cu, and pH.