Parental Occupation Research Articles

Correlational analysis of parental occupation on students’ agripreneurial competency skills and choice of agribusiness after graduation in Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi, Nigeria

The broad objective of the study is to determine the relationship of parental occupation on students’ agripreneurial competency skills and choice of agribusiness after graduation. The study adopted a descriptive survey design with a population of 196 final year agricultural technology students of 2018/2019 session of the Abubakar Tafawa Balewa university, Bauchi. The sample size for the study was one hundred (100) students that were randomly selected. A self-developed questionnaire was designed and administered for data collection. The questionnaire was validated by three lecturers from the Faculty of Technology Education and Faculty of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology. The Alpha Cronbach’s reliability coefficient was 89.56% which was highly reliable. Data obtained was subjected to descriptive statistics and cross-tabulation. The frequency result indicated that majority of the students do not possess agribusiness skills. There was a significant association between parental occupation and agribusiness competency skills possessed by the students, i.e., students’ whose parents are civil-servants wants to be civil-servants and students whose parents are full-time farmers does want to be farmers.

Socioeconomic disadvantage and polygenic risk for high BMI magnify obesity risk across childhood: a longitudinal, population, cohort study

BackgroundAcross the life course, socioeconomic disadvantage disproportionately afflicts those with genetic predispositions to inflammatory diseases. We describe how socioeconomic disadvantage and polygenic risk for high BMI magnify the risk of obesity across childhood, and using causal analyses, explore the hypothetical impact of intervening on socioeconomic disadvantage to reduce adolescent obesity. MethodsData were drawn from a nationally representative Australian birth cohort, with biennial data collection between 2004 and 2018 (research and ethics committee approved). We generated a polygenic risk score for BMI using published genome-wide association studies. We measured early-childhood disadvantage (age 2–3 years) with a neighbourhood census-based measure and a family-level composite of parent income, occupation, and education. We used generalised linear regression (Poisson-log link) to estimate the risk of overweight or obesity (BMI ≥85th percentile) at age 14–15 years for children with early-childhood disadvantage (quintiles 4–5) versus average (quintile 3) and least disadvantage (quintiles 1–2), for those with high and low polygenic risk separately. FindingsFor 1607 children (n=796 female, n=811 male; 31% of the original cohort [N=5107]), polygenic risk and disadvantage were both associated with overweight or obesity; effects of disadvantage were more marked as polygenic risk increased. Of children with polygenic risk higher than the median (n=805), 37% of children living in disadvantage at age 2–3 years had an overweight or obese BMI by adolescence, compared with 26% of those with least disadvantage. For genetically vulnerable children, causal analyses indicated that early neighbourhood intervention to lessen disadvantage (to quintile 1–2) would reduce risk of adolescent overweight or obesity by 23% (risk ratio 0·77; 95% CI 0·57–1·04); estimates for improving family environments were similar (0·59; 0·43–0·80). InterpretationActions addressing socioeconomic disadvantage could mitigate polygenic risk for developing obesity. This study benefits from population-representative longitudinal data but is limited by sample size. FundingAustralian National Health and Medical Research Council.

Hubungan Komunikasi Orang Tua dengan Anak Terhadap Sikap Sosial Siswa

This research aims to determine the effect of parent-child communication intensity on the social attitudes of eighth-grade students of SMP Negeri 10 Jambi City. The method used in this research is a quantitative approach using a survey. The data were analyzed using simple linear regression. Sources of data obtained from respondents are 66 students taken by random sampling technique. The occupations of parents of Grade VIII students at SMP Negeri 10 Jambi City are: entrepreneur, laborer, security guard, pedicab driver, civil servant, pedicab driver, and housewife. The conclusion of this research is: the intensity of parent-child communication has a significant effect on students' social attitudes in the form of honesty, discipline, courtesy, and tolerance. Low social attitudes can be overcome by establishing intensive communication between parents and children so that children can have an attitude that is in accordance with the norms and rules that apply in the family, school, and community environment. 

Academic Performance of Students in Primary Schools: A Study in Paschim Medinipur District of West Bengal

Education is vital component of human capital formation. Its development put forward the socio-economic developments of the country also enhance the political awareness among the society. Therefore, quality education is very much necessary for the development of the entire country. This paper examines the students’ quality in primary education in Paschim Medinipur district of West Bengal. The study is based on primary survey on 305 students from 7 schools scattered over different regions in the district. The study tries to identify the influencing factors of students’ academic performance. The results find moderate performance of students in reading ability and simple numeracy. Parental occupation and mother’s education are found significant influencing determinants of students’ academic performance.

Social determinants of neurocognitive and academic performance in sickle cell disease.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with poor neurocognitive outcomes due to biomedical and psychosocial factors. The aims of this study were to investigate associations between household and neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) with cognitive and academic outcomes in SCD and to determine if these relationships were modified by sickle genotype, fetal hemoglobin, or age. We prospectively recruited patients to complete a battery of neurocognitive and academic measures. Household SES was measured using the Barratt Simplified Measure of Social Status, a composite index of parent education and occupation. The Social Vulnerability Index was used to classify individuals based on social vulnerabilities at the neighborhood level. Overall, 299 patients between the ages of 4 and 18 (mean=11.4, standard deviation=4.3) years diagnosed with SCD (57% SS/SB0 -thalassemia) completed testing. Stepwise multivariate models demonstrated that patients with low social vulnerability (i.e., high SES) at the neighborhood level displayed intelligence and math scores that were 4.70 and 7.64 points higher than those living in areas with moderate social vulnerability, respectively (p<.05). Reading performance did not differ based on neighborhood SES; however, the effect of neighborhood SES was dependent on age, such that older participants living in neighborhoods with moderate or high levels of social vulnerability displayed poorer reading scores than those with low social vulnerability (p<.05). This study identified patients with SCD at higher risk of poor academic performance based on SES. Interventions addressing academic difficulties should be offered to all children with SCD, but should be emergently offered to this subpopulation.

Childhood obesity inequality in northeast China: joint effect of social economic status and school neighborhood environment

BackgroundObesogenic environment is important in driving obesity epidemic. Children spend large amount of their time in schools. School neighborhood environment, as well as its interaction with socioeconomic status (SES) needs to be explored to provide evidence for children obesity prevention policies.MethodsObjective anthropometric measurement, a household structured questionnaire, and school geospatial analyses were carried out on 3670 children (aged 9–12 years) of 26 schools in northeast China. Interaction between SES inter-categorical intersectionality group and school neighborhood environment was tested for the effect on children’s body mass index z scores (z-BMI) and waist–hip ratio z scores (z-WHR), following formulation of SES inter-categorical intersectionality group based on household wealth, parental education, and parental occupation.ResultsSES groups formed by household wealth, parental education and parental occupation was associated with z-BMI and z-WHR for girls. Those from moderate wealth & self-employed (M&S) families had the highest adjusted z-BMI and z-WHR among all SES groups. School neighborhood environment factors interacted with SES groups in association with WHR for girls. Number of school neighborhood supermarkets and residential sites were negatively associated with z-WHR for girls from M&S families (β= -0.45 (95%CI: -0.76, -0.15) for supermarkets; β= -0.01 (95%CI: -0.03, 0.00) for residential sites). Number of school neighborhood convenience stores and public transport stops were positively associated with z-WHR for girls from M&S families (β = 0.02 (95%CI: 0.00, 0.03) for convenience stores; β = 0.23 (95%CI: 0.15, 0.31) for public transport stops). While non-significant association was found for number of vegetable stores.ConclusionGirls from moderate wealth & self-employed families may be the group susceptible to school neighborhood environment. Local policies targeted at improving the school neighborhood environment may be one avenue for reducing socioeconomic disparities in obesity especially for girls.

Association between Socioeconomic Status and Healthcare Utilization for Children with Allergic Diseases: Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (2015-2019).

This study aimed to investigate the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and healthcare utilization by children with allergic diseases. We determined SES based on parental occupation and household income. A cross-sectional study was conducted using the Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (KNHANES) between 2015 and 2019 with participants who were under 18 years of age. The presence of allergic conditions was determined by a self-reported survey of parental response and healthcare utilization data (such as inpatient and outpatient visits). Moreover, we categorized SES into four quantiles (Q1-Q4) based on household income per annum. Then, the data were analyzed using chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression analysis with confidence intervals (CIs) of 95%, and p < 0.05 was considered significant. A total of 3250 participants were involved in this study. The percentage of allergic diseases was 67.9% for allergic asthma and 32.1% for atopic dermatitis. It was found that the participants who were over 13 years old had atopic dermatitis and were more likely to visit the hospital than younger children. Additionally, the highest SES group in Q4 demonstrated higher healthcare utilization (OR = 1.58; 95% CI, 1.14-1.76) than other SES groups. Our study reveals that parental socioeconomic characteristics are related to the use of healthcare services for children with allergic disorders in Korea. These results highlight the need for public health actions and research to overcome the SES gap among children with allergic diseases.

Predictors of cognitive functioning trajectories among older Americans: A new investigation covering 20 years of age- and non-age-related cognitive change.

Despite the extensive study of predictors of cognitive decline in older age, a key uncertainty is how much these predictors explain both the intercept and age- and non-age-related change in cognitive functioning (CF). We examined the contribution of a broad range of life course determinants to CF trajectories. Data came from 7,068 participants in the 1996-2016 Health and Retirement Study. CF was measured as a summary score on a 27-point cognitive battery of items. We estimated multilevel growth curve models to examine the CF trajectories in individuals ages 54-85. We found that the variation in CF level at age 54 was three times as much as the variation in age slope. All the observed individual predictors explained 38% of the variation in CF at age 54. Personal education was the most important predictor (25%), followed by race, household wealth and income, parental education, occupation, and depression. The contributions of activity limitations, chronic diseases, health behaviors (obesity, smoking, vigorous activity), childhood conditions (childhood health, nutrition, financial situation), gender, marital status, and religion were rather small (<5%). Even though the age slope varied with many adulthood factors, they only explained 5.6% of the between-person variation in age slope. Moreover, age explained 23% of within-person variation in CF from age 54 to 85. The rest non-age-related within-person variation could not be explained by the observed time-varying factors. These findings suggest that future research is urgently needed to discover the main determinants of the slope of cognitive decline to slow down the progression of cognitive impairment and dementia.

Socioeconomic factors in childhood cataracts - A descriptive study from a tertiary eye care center in India.

While there are a few studies that show the prevalence of blindness and ocular morbidity in children, studies on socioeconomic factors in childhood cataracts are scarce. We aimed to study the socioeconomic status, education and occupation of the parents, consanguinity, and gender inequality among children presenting with cataracts. This was a hospital-based, prospective, descriptive study of 68 children with cataracts (aged 0-18 years). In addition to the data on clinical parameters and surgical management, we also collected data on age, gender, age at which the chief complaint was noticed, consanguinity of parents, socioeconomic class, and occupation and education of parents. All statistical analyses were performed using MedCalc statistical software (MedCalc Software 2019, Ostend, Belgium). Sixty-eight children with pediatric cataract, out of which 36 were bilateral, were studied. Thirty children (44%) were in the age group of 1-5 years. Out of the 36 bilateral cataracts, 25 (69.44%) were males and 11 (30.56%) were females. Thirty (44.1%) had a delayed presentation. Also, 31% belonged to middle class and 28% belonged to lower middle class. Moreover, 65% of the mothers had an undergraduate education. There is a gender-based inequality and late presentation of childhood cataracts. To improve early detection, red reflex screening should be mandatorily done. Further studies are required to identify barriers to access of eye care specific to girls, in order to plan interventions to improve uptake of treatment. The lower socioeconomic status of the patients should be taken into account in the management of this disease.

Application of the k-means clustering method and simple linear regression to new student admissions as a promotion method

At private label universities in Indonesia, new students are still the main thing in terms of achieving university operational income. This study intends to group the data of ITTelkom Surabaya students by utilizing the data mining process using the k-means clustering method, then the results of the clustering are forecasted using simple linear regression to be able to predict the achievement of new students as the effect variable and year as the causative variable. The results of this study consist of 5 variables, namely student province, student study program, income of student parents, student parent work and student ethnicity, each of which consists of 4 clusters, then each cluster is predicted for achievement 3 the coming year 2022,2023,2024. It can be concluded that the highest combination of student/parent student profiles was obtained from East Java province, information systems study program, parents' income of 5-10 million per month, the occupation of other parents and the ethnicity of students from Java. The highest forecasting results are found in the income variable of students' parents in cluster 3 with predictions of 1292 students in 2024. It is hoped that with clustering and forecasting based on this research, ITTelkom Surabaya can make the right decision as a basis for decision making to determine strategy in promoting the campus.

Assessment of Treatment Outcomes in the Management of Club foot using the Ponseti Technique: A cross-sectional study.

The Ponseti technique remains the preferred method for club foot treatment. Although measures of treatment outcomes have been well documented, there is no consensus on the determinants of those outcomes. This study aims to assess treatment outcomes and the factors which can influence treatment outcomes. This is a cross-sectional study. A total of 472 children representing 748 feet in total were recruited. Patient characteristics such as age at presentation, gender, tenotomy, walking with or without deformity, parental educational status and occupation were documented. Outcomes of care were assessed using indictors such as parents' satisfaction with the outcome of treatment and the patients' ambulation without deformity. The relationships between the determinant factors and these outcomes were explored using multivariable binary logistic regression. Most of the children (69.1%) were aged below 2 years. Brace compliance was very high (89.9%). The pre-treatment average Pirani scores were 3.9 ± 1.8 and 4.3 ± 1.8 for the right and left feet, respectively. Majority (88.3%) of the children achieved ambulation without deformity, whereas most (87%) of the parents were satisfied with the treatment outcomes. In total, parental satisfaction with child's treatment outcomes was lower in parents who were not formally educated odds ratio (OR) = 0.19 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.08-0.43), but parental satisfaction was lower if the child had higher Pirani score OR = 0.77 (95% CI 0.62-0.96). Children who had more casts applied to the affected foot were more likely to walk without deformity OR = 1.24 (95% CI 1.01-1.52). This study revealed that treatment outcomes in children with club foot can be determined by some sociodemographic and treatment-related factors.

Industry and occupation in California birth certificates (1998-2019): Reporting disparities and classification codability.

Missing and noncodable parental industry and occupation (I/O) information on birth certificates (BCs) can bias analyses informing parental worksite exposures and family economic stability. We used the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) software to code parental I/O in 1989-2019 California BC data (N = 21,739,406). We assessed I/O missingness and codability by reporting period, parental sex, race/ethnicity, age, and education. During 1989-2019, records missing I/O increased from 4.4% to 9.4%. I/O was missing more frequently from parents who were male (7.8% vs. 4.4%), Black or American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) (9.3% and 8.9% vs. 3.2%-4.7% in others), and had high school or less education (4.0%-5.9% vs. 1.4%-2.6% in others). Of records with I/O, less than 2% were noncodable by NIOSH software. Noncodable entries were more common for parents who were male (industry (1.9% vs. 1.0%); occupation (1.5% vs. 0.7%)), Asian/Pacific Islander (industry (2.4% vs. 1.2%-1.6% in other groups); occupation (1.7% vs. 0.7%-1.5% in other groups)), age 40 and older (industry (2.1% vs. 0.4%-1.7% in younger groups); occupation (1.7% vs. 0.3%-1.3% in younger groups)), and 4-year college graduates (industry (2.0% vs. 1.0%-1.9% in other groups); occupation (1.7% vs. 0.5%-1.4%)). In California BC, I/O missingness was systematically higher among parents who are male, Black, AIAN, less than 20 years old, and report no college education. I/O codability is high when information is reported, with small percentage disparities. Improving data collection is vital to equitably describe economic contexts that determine important family outcomes.

Parental socio-economic status on academic achievement of learners with hearing impairment in Biology in selected schools in Lagos state, Nigeria

INTRODUCTION: This research work was carried out to investigate parental socioeconomic status as a determinant of academic achievement of learners with hearing impairment in biology of some selected schools in Lagos state. PURPOSE: The study identified the effects of the educational background, occupation, and income of parents on the academic achievement of learners with hearing impairment in biology. DESIGN: Quantitative research method using descriptive design was used to determine the effect of parental socio-economic status on the academic achievement of learners with hearing impairment in Biology. The population for the study constitute all learners in selected special schools in Lagos state. The total population of the study is 200 learners with hearing impairment. A simple random sample which employed the hat and draw technique was used to select ten (10) males and ten (10) female learners with hearing impairment from each selected school which amount to total number of sixty (60) learners with hearing impairment. A self-designed questionnaire titled “Parental Socio-Economic Status as determinants of Academic Achievement” (PSAA) was used with mean and standard deviation to analyze data. RESULTS: Findings from the study revealed that learners’ academic achievement in Biology is influenced by parental level of education, income and occupation. It was also concluded that there is a direct relationship between parental financial and human capital on the successful learning experience of learners and their academic success in biology. RECOMMENDATIONS: The results notwithstanding, authors recommended among others that Government, multinational companies and public spirited individuals should be able to identify and support intelligent Learners with hearing impairment from low-income parents with a view to boosting their academic achievement.

Persistence of Poverty: How Measures of Socioeconomic Status Have Changed Over Time

Socioeconomic status (SES) is a common measure used to gauge social, cultural, and financial capital in scientific literature. Over time, SES research has produced an extremely wide and inconsistently used variety of SES variables and components. This study will review research that estimates SES and will examine common components and trends from the inception of its measurement to present data. A systematic review protocol was used to gather literature related to SES, and a historical analysis was conducted to examine the SES variables and their components that were most commonly used in the literature. Results displayed varying trends by decade, with earlier SES measures including components on social capital and more recent measures incorporating aspects of cultural and economic capital. Subjective perspectives of social class became more common toward the turn of the century, and few measures included components from more asset-based frameworks. The Big 3 measures (parental education, parental occupation, and income) have been common measures across time.

Maternal and paternal employment in agriculture and early childhood development: A cross-sectional analysis of Demographic and Health Survey data.

Considerable literature from low- and lower-middle-income countries (LLMICs) links maternal employment to child nutritional status. However, less is known about the role of parental employment and occupation type in shaping child development outcomes. Additionally, little empirical work has examined the mechanisms through which parental occupation influences child outcomes. Our objective was to investigate the associations between maternal and paternal employment (comparing agricultural and non-agricultural employment) and child development and to examine childcare practices and women's empowerment as potential mechanisms. We pooled nine Demographic and Health Surveys (Benin, Burundi, Cambodia, Congo, Haiti, Rwanda, Senegal, Togo, and Uganda) with data on 8,516 children aged 36-59 months. We used generalised linear models to estimate associations between parental employment and child development, child stimulation (number of activities provided by the mother, father, and other household members), child supervision (not left alone or with older child for >1 hour), early childhood care and education programme (ECCE) attendance, and women's empowerment. In our sample, all fathers and 85% of mothers were employed. In 40% of families, both parents were employed in agriculture. After adjusting for child, parental and household confounders, we found that parental agricultural employment, relative to non-agricultural employment, was associated with poorer child development (relative risk (RR) 0.86 (95% CI 0.80, 0.92), more child stimulation provided by other household members (mean difference (MD) 0.26 (95% CI 0.09, 0.42)), less adequate child supervision (RR, 0.83 (95% 0.78, 0.80)), less ECCE attendance (RR 0.46 (95% CI 0.39, 0.54)), and lower women's empowerment (MD -1.01 (95% CI -1.18, -0.84)). Parental agricultural employment may be an important risk factor for early childhood development. More research using more comprehensive exposure and outcome measures is needed to unpack these complex relationships and to inform interventions and policies to support working parents in the agricultural sector with young children.

Financial Literacy Rate of Orthopaedic Resident Doctors: A Cross-sectional Study

Background: Healthy financial practices directly affect the financial well-being of an individual, and subsequently the quality of life. Paucity of financial literature in young Indian professionals has been established before by studies that evaluated this topic subjectively. This study emphasizes on assessing the financial literacy of orthopedic resident doctors in a developing country and ascertaining the factors affecting it to improve the same. Methods: Total 286 resident doctors were analyzed cross-sectionally in terms of their financial knowledge, factors affecting it, financial attitude, subjective satisfaction, and thought process regarding improving this scenario. An objective, 46-question survey-based model was used from February 2023 to April 2023. All the findings were collated and analyzed. Results: The mean financial literacy was recorded to be 53.56±17.59%. Age, marital status, children, population of the city, education, and occupation of parent 2 had no bearing on the financial literacy of the residents (P &gt; 0.05). The socioeconomic status, retirement savings, loan/debt, and the presence of an emergency fund significantly influenced the financial literacy (P &lt; 0.05). Only 22.38% were satisfied with the current financial situation and 61.89% wanted an in-person meeting with a financial advisor. Conclusion: Orthopedic resident doctors show low financial literacy and financial satisfaction. Significant steps need to be taken to improve financial knowledge and understanding of the investment options of these professionals to ensure the economic growth of the community. Keywords: Financial literacy, financial knowledge, resident doctors, orthopedics, financial well-being, financial attitude.

Assessment of obesity among children aged 4’17 years using waist-to-height ratio and its correlation with blood pressure

Background: A tool to detect overweight and obesity among children should be simple, reliable, valid, and cost-effective. There is a need to monitor obesity among children in different populations. For this, there should be only one tool that is accepted worldwide or nationally which can be used to detect and compare the trends in different population settings.Objective: To assess obesity among children aged 4–17 years using waist-to-height ratio and to study its correlation with blood pressure.Materials and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out among 261 children aged 4–17 years. Different variables such as age, sex, residence, parent's education and occupation, total family income per year, total family members, height, weight, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were considered.Results: The mean age was 8.05 ± 2.75 years. The mean height was 122.71 ± 16.06 cm. The mean waist-to-height ratio was 0.45 ± 0.05. Males were more than females. Children from rural areas were more. The prevalence of obesity based on waist-to-height ratio was 19.2%. Waist-to-height ratio was significantly correlated with age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), DBP, father education, mother education, and mother occupation. SBP was not correlated with waist-to-height ratio, but DBP was significantly correlated. As waist-to-height ratio increased by one unit, DBP increased by 0.157 mmHg. Age and weight were significantly associated with waist-to-height ratio.Conclusion: The overall prevalence of obesity using waist-to-height ratio was 19.2%. Waist-to-height ratio was significantly correlated with age, height, weight, BMI, DBP, waist circumference, father education, mother education, and mother occupation. Age and body weight were significantly associated with waist-to-height ratio.

Relationship of Social Determinants and Physical Activity among Adolescents with Risk of Obesity in Rural Areas of Indonesia

Physical inactivity in adolescents can increase the risk of obesity which has the potential of negative impacts onthe physical and psychological health of adolescents. It can also increase the incidence of non-communicablediseases in adulthood. This study aimed to identify the relationship between social determinants and physicalactivity among adolescents with the risk of obesity in rural Indonesia. A cross-sectional study was conductedat two senior high schools in rural areas of Indonesia on 134 respondents that were selected by using a simplerandom sampling technique. Data were collected using a demographic data questionnaire and Physical ActivityQuestionnaire-Adolescents (PAQ-A). The results of analysis by using the Chi-square test showed a significantrelationship between parental education and physical activity among adolescents with the risk of obesity (P =0.002). Meanwhile, gender (P = 1.000), parental occupation (P = 0.474), and parental income (P = 0.317) showedthat there was no significant relationship with physical activity among adolescents with the risk of obesity,respectively. It is suggested that the relevant senior high schools collaborate with public health centers to providehealth education for parents of adolescents, especially those with low formal education, about the importance ofphysical activity for adolescents’ health.

Association between Overall Academic Achievement, Cognitive, and Non-Cognitive Variables among Medical and Allied Health Students: A 10-Year Review

Background: Medical and allied health institutions employ cognitive measures to select student applicants who can fulfill curriculum components and pass the licensure examination. Secondary school certificate (SSC) grades and preadmission aptitude test (PAT) scores have been in use without systematic evidence. Nevertheless, the connection between non-cognitive elements and academic achievement is not clear. Objectives: This study explored the association between cognitive and non-cognitive aspects of academic achievement in medical and allied health programs. Methods: A narrative review design was applied, and the PubMed/MEDLINE database was searched. The eligibility criteria were undergraduate courses in medical and allied health programs, examining at least one cognitive (SSC scores and preadmission) and non-cognitive (age, gender, parity, parental occupation, lottery, non-cognitive personality test, and letter of recommendation) factor, measuring academic achievement and associational outcomes. Studies were screened by title, abstract, and full text, and data were extracted using a novel data extraction form. Results: About 22 studies were included, involving a sample of 29,152 students were reviewed. There were mixed results on the examined factors, with SSC grades, PAT scores, being female, and being of younger age appearing to have diminishing consistency in the mentioned order across the reviewed studies. There was a paucity of studies on the examined non-cognitive elements. Conclusion: There is insufficient evidence to recommend the exclusive use of any single cognitive or non-cognitive element for admissions decisions. A combination of SSC grades, PAT scores, female gender, and younger age should be considered and weighed in the mentioned order of importance.

Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Universal Precautions and the Prevention of Blood Borne Infections among The Final Year B.Sc. Nursing Students of Selected Nursing Colleges

A Quasi experimental approach was used for this study. Objectives are to assess the level of knowledgeregarding universal precautions &amp; the prevention of blood borne infections, effectiveness of structured teachingprogramme, association between the pretest level of knowledge among final year B.Sc.Nursing students withselected demographic variables. The study was carried out Rajeev College of Nursing, Hassan. The samplescomprised of 60 final year B.Sc.Nursing students. Sample was selected by using random sampling techniques. Atotal of 60 final year B.Sc.Nursing students selected for the study by using structured knowledge questionnaire,the selected samples were given pre test questionnaire followed by Structured teaching programme was given toall students for 45 minutes. Post test was conducted by using knowledge questionnaire after 15 days of StructuredTeaching programme for same students. The result of study shows that the post test mean score 20.94 (SD=8.17)was more than the pre test mean score 15.42 (SD=3.35), the obtained mean difference between pre and post testscore is 5.52 (SD=4.82), the obtained ‘t’ value is 13.3. So it is significant at the level of 0.05. It was inferred that finalyear B.Sc.Nursing students knowledge was increased regarding universal precautions and prevention of bloodborne infections after structured teaching programme increase in post test score. Therefore structured teachingprogramme is effective in improving knowledge regarding universal precautions and prevention of blood borneinfections among final years B.Sc.Nursing students, also there was significant in income and occupation ofparents with the level of knowledge and selected demographic variables.