Parenting Styles And Dimensions Questionnaire Research Articles

Gambaran Penerapan Pola Asuh Orang Tua dengan Anak Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

This research study delves into the parenting styles employed by parents of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, potentially impacting a child's social, academic, and professional functioning. The research method used is qualitative. The study involved three pairs of parents cohabiting with their children aged 6-11 years old who have been diagnosed with ADHD by a specialist. The Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) was employed to categorize the parenting styles of each couple. Screening results were further analyzed qualitatively, and semi-structured interviews were conducted to gather qualitative data. The findings revealed that parents do not adhere to a single parenting style, exhibiting varied responses and employing different styles depending on the situation and specific conditions. Mothers tend to be more involved in their child's daily activities, actively implementing strategies to manage ADHD symptoms, while fathers are more involved in disciplining their children through punishments aimed at promoting discipline.

Associations between smartphone addiction, parenting styles, and mental well-being among adolescents aged 15–19 years in Gujarat, India

BackgroundThe pervasive use of smartphones among adolescents has raised concerns about addiction and its impact on mental well-being. This study investigates the prevalence of smartphone addiction and its associations with socio-demographic factors, parenting styles, and mental health among Indian adolescents.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 560 school-going adolescents (aged 15–19) in Gujarat, India, from January to October 2023. Data was collected using validated scales: the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV), the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ), and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with smartphone addiction.ResultsThe prevalence of smartphone addiction was 64.6%. Urban residence (AOR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.8–3.3), higher parental education (AOR: 3.3, 95% CI: 1.7–4.3 for graduate fathers), longer smartphone use (AOR: 2.08, 95% CI: 1.7–3.6 for > 3 years), and higher socioeconomic status (AOR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.5–3.51) were associated with increased odds of addiction. Authoritarian and permissive parenting styles in both parents were positively associated with smartphone addiction, while authoritative parenting was negatively associated. Smartphone addiction was strongly associated with mental health issues, particularly with severe stress (AOR: 10.82, 95% CI: 5.11–22.88, p < 0.001).ConclusionSmartphone addiction is highly prevalent among Indian adolescents and is significantly associated with urban living, higher socioeconomic status, non-authoritative parenting styles, and poor mental health. These findings underscore the need for digital literacy programs, parenting interventions promoting authoritative styles, and mental health support to foster healthy smartphone use among adolescents.

Parenting style in the NICU is stable, measurable, and predictive of 2-year parenting style.

To establish psychometric properties of Baby Care Questionnaire (BCQ) in preterm infants, individual level stability of BCQ scores from NICU to 2 years corrected gestational age (CGA), and to determine whether early BCQ scores predict 2-year parenting styles. In this prospective study, the BCQ assessed early parental structure and attunement at 4 time points between NICU and 2-years CGA. The Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) at 2-years evaluated authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting styles. Intraclass correlations analyzed reliability and Reliable Change Index (RCI) studied individual-level stability. Multivariate regression examined predictive properties. n=162 parent/preterm infant dyads were followed sequentially. Cronbach's α BCQ structure and attunement were 0.9 and 0.8. RCI showed high individual level stability of both constructs. Higher early structure scores were associated higher 2-year authoritative scores. Early parenting characteristics beginning in the NICU are stable in infancy, measurable, reliable, and predictive of 2-year parenting styles. Early parental structure correlates with 2-year authoritative parenting style.

Parenting Educational Styles and Obesity Association in Mexican Children.

Introduction Obesity can develop from childhood through adulthood and is influenced by genetics, family, and environmental factors. Parenting educational style is believed to contribute to an individual's future weight status. This study aims to assess the connection between parenting educational style and weight-related issues. Methods The study involved 487 participants, including either the mother and/or father and their school-age child, aged 6-11, at a primary care unit in Mexico. Fifty-two records were excluded due to incomplete questionnaires, electronic records, and refusal of informed consent. The study group consisted of 435 adults and children who completed an adapted version of the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) tailored for the Mexican population. The researchers also gathered anthropometric measurements of the primary caregiver (parent) and the child from the electronic record to calculate their BMI and nutritional status. We used IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0 (Released 2017; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) to analyze the data. The Pearson Chi-square and Fisher's exact test were applied to examine interaction terms between variables, revealing a statistically significant p-value of <0.05. Results Out of the 435 patients examined, there were 229 (52.6%) children and 206 (47.3%) adult patients. Grade 2 obesity was present in 90 (39.3%) school-age children and 104 (50.5%) adult patients. The family's parenting educational style, as determined by the PSDQ questionnaire, was found to be permissive in 143 (69.4%) patients, authoritarian in 33 (16.0%) patients, and authoritative in 30 (14.6%) patients. Conclusions Parenting educational style and the PSDQ tool can be used to assess how parents influence the development of obesogenic home environments. We observed that a permissive parenting educational style was linked to a more obesogenic environment, whereas an authoritative parenting educational style was linked to a less obesogenic environment.

Parental Upbringing, Nutritional Status, and Physical Activity in Preschoolers

Introduction: in Mexico the prevalence of childhood obesity has experienced an alarming increase; it was reported that 9,7 % of children under 5 years of age were suffering from overweight or obesity. This situation was exacerbated in the northern region of the country with a prevalence of 13,2 %. Within this context, Parenting Style has been identified as a determinant factor in children's eating behavior, directly influencing their Body Mass Index. Aim: to understand the relationship between Parenting Styles (General and by type of Parenting Style), Body Mass Index, and Physical Activity of preschoolers. Methodology: a cross-sectional, descriptive, and correlational study involved 664 individuals, comprising 332 mother/child dyads, aged between 3 and 5 years. Variables were measured using the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) and the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Parents of Preschool Children, with descriptive and correlational statistics being conducted. Results: a positive and significant correlation was found between the Democratic Parenteral Parenting Style with the minutes that preschoolers dedicated to performing mild physical activities (rs = 0,136, p&lt;0,05) and moderate physical activities (rs = 0,172, p&lt;0,01). ). Permissive and authoritarian parenting styles did not show significant relationships with minutes of physical activity. Discussion: despite the lack of correlation between the general Parenting Style and BMI, this finding underscores the complexity of factors shaping children's physical activity, suggesting the need for multifaceted strategies that include parental education, improvements in infrastructure, and public policies to promote a healthy lifestyle among children

The Influence of Genetic and Environmental Factors on Anxiety among Chinese Adolescents: A Twin Study

This study explored the influence of genetic and environmental factors on adolescent anxiety. Ninety-eight monozygotic and dizygotic twins from Chongqing, China (aged 15–18 years) were assessed for anxiety with the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS). The Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) were applied to assess environmental factors. Venous blood was drawn from the twins for zygosity determination. Structural equation modeling was performed to evaluate the effects of additive genetic factors (A), common environmental factors (C), and individual-specific environmental factors (E) on adolescent anxiety. The estimates of A and E on adolescent anxiety were 0.34 (95% CI = 0.12–0.53) and 0.66 (95% CI:0.47–0.89), respectively. The environment played an important role in adolescent anxiety. Adolescent anxiety was significantly positively correlated with peer relations (r = 0.606, p < 0.05) and negatively correlated with prosocial behavior (r = 0.207, p < 0. 05). No sex differences were observed. Adolescent anxiety was influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The individual-specific environmental factors played an important role. Consideration of these variables will facilitate the targeted and individualized implementation of specific interventions for adolescent anxiety.

Correlation between Parenting Styles and Big Five Personality of Adolescents

Personality is one of the development tasks of adolescents that happened during transition to adulthood. One of the popular theories of personality is Big Five Personality. Parenting styles is one of the factors that affect personality on adolescents. This study aims to see the relationship between parenting styles and big five personality in adolescents. This study uses quantitative methods with accidental sampling technique. Total of participants in this study was 202 adolescents. The instrument that used in this study was the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) to measure parenting styles and Big Five Inventory (BFI) to measure big five personality. This study uses the Spearman correlation test technique with the results that authoritative parenting has a positive and significant relationship with openness to experience (0.157 p&lt;0.05), conscientiousness (0.229 p&lt;0.01), extraversion (0.216 p&lt;0.01), and agreeableness (0.203 p&lt;0.01) and had a negative and significant relationship with neuroticism (-0.265 p&lt;0.001). The results of authoritarian parenting have a positive and significant relationship with neuroticism (0.038 p&lt;0.05). This shows that the more parents apply authoritative parenting, the more dominant openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, and agreeableness personality traits on adolescents. On the other hand, the more parents apply authoritarian parenting, the more dominant the neuroticism personality trait is.

Parenting Styles and Psychosocial Factors of Mother-Child Dyads Participating in the ENDORSE Digital Weight Management Program for Children and Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Semi-structured clinical interviews were conducted with all participating mothers pre-and post-intervention. The Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) evaluated the mothers' parenting styles. The psychosocial functioning of the participating children was assessed with the parental version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The relationship between parenting styles, psychosocial parameters, and weight outcomes was investigated using a linear regression analysis. Weight-related stigma at school (56%), body image concerns (66%), and difficulties in family relationships (48%) were the main concerns documented during the initial psychological interviews. According to the SDQ, there was a significant decrease in children's conduct problems during the study's initial phase (pre-pilot group). A decrease in maternal demandingness (i.e., strict parenting style) was associated with a decrease in BMI z-score (beta coefficient = 0.314, p-value = 0.003). Decreasing parental demandingness was associated with better weight outcomes, highlighting the importance of assessing parenting factors in pediatric weight management programs.

Effects of service dogs on children with ASD's symptoms and parents' well-being: On the importance of considering those effects with a more systemic perspective.

The integration of a service dog can have numerous benefits for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). However, although integration takes place within a family, little is known about the dynamics of these benefits on the family microsystem. Thus, the aim of our study was to propose a more systemic perspective, not only by investigating the benefits of SD integration, but also by exploring the relationships between improvements in children with ASD, parents' well-being, parenting strategies and the quality of the child-dog relationship. Twenty parent-child with ASD dyads were followed before, as well as 3 and 6 months after service dog integration. At each stage, parents completed an online survey which included: the Autism Behavior Inventory (ABI-S), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y), the Parenting Stress Index Short Version (PSI-SF), the Monash Dog Owner Relationship Scale (MDORS) and the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ). First, repeated measure one-way ANOVAs revealed that both children's ASD symptoms and parents' anxiety decreased significantly after service dog integration. Additionally, Spearman correlations revealed that the more ASD symptoms decreased, the more parent's anxiety and parenting stress also decreased. Second, the quality of the child-dog relationship appeared to contribute to those benefits on both children's ASD symptoms and parents' well-being. Interestingly, parenting strategies seemed to adapt according to these benefits and to the quality of the child-dog relationship. Through a more systemic perspective, this study highlighted that the integration of a service dog involved reciprocal and dynamic effects for children with ASD and their parents, and shed new light on the processes that may underlie the effects of a service dog for children with ASD.

Measurement of Parenting Types Based on Adolescent Perspective: Modification and Content Validity Analysis of the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ)

Parents develop their own rules for their children by having appropriate parenting methods. Measurements of parenting style types from several studies were measured based on parents' perspectives, while very rarely measurements of parenting style types were assessed based on adolescents' perspectives. Therefore, this research aims to test content validity by modifying the Parenting Styles and Dimension Questionnaire (PSDQ) measuring instrument compiled by Robinson et al (1995) which has three factors, namely authoritative 15 items, authoritarian 12 items and permissive 5 items with a total of 32 items with the aim of this measuring tool can be used for teenagers. The research method used in this research is quantitative descriptive involving three expert panels in the fields of Developmental Psychology, Child and Adolescent Psychology and Psychometrics. Data analysis uses Content Validity Ratio (CVR). The research results show that each type of parenting style is invalid, because the average value of V Aiken is below 1.00. Based on these results, improvements to the scale were carried out in accordance with expert advice before conducting a reliability test analysis to measure the consistency of the PSDQ scale in adolescents. After the scale was revised and distributed to a number of 72 teenagers with an age range of 12-21 years, the results showed that this modified PSDQ modification scale for authoritative had a reliability of 0.935, authoritarian of 0.872 and permissive of 0.631. The implication of this research is that it can help in measuring the type of parenting style of parents from the perspective of adolescents by looking at parents' behavior in caring for them.Orang tua mengembangkan aturan-aturan tersendiri bagi anaknya dengan memiliki cara pengasuhan yang sesuai. Pengukuran tipe pola asuh dari beberapa penelitian diukur berdasarkan perspektif orang tua, sementara sangat jarang pengukuran tipe pola asuh dinilai berdasarkan perspektif remaja. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan uji validitas isi dengan memodifikasi alat ukur Parenting Styles and Dimension Questionnaire (PSDQ) yang disusun oleh Robinson et al (1995) yang memiliki tiga faktor yaitu otoritatif 15 item, otoriter 12 item dan permisif 5 item dengan total 32 item dengan tujuan alat ukur ini dapat digunakan untuk remaja. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif deskriptif dengan melibatkan tiga panel ahli di bidang Psikologi Perkembangan, Psikologi Anak dan Remaja serta Psikometri. Analisis data menggunakan Content Validity Ratio (CVR). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa setiap tipe pola asuh tidak valid, karena nilai rata-rata V Aiken dibawah 1,00. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, perbaikan skala dilakukan sesuai dengan saran ahli sebelum dilakukan analisis uji reliabilitas untuk mengukur konsistensi dari skala PSDQ pada remaja. Setelah skala direvisi dan disebarkan kepada sejumlah 72 remaja dengan rentang usia 12-21 tahun, didapatkan hasil bahwa skala modifikasi PSDQ untuk otoritatif memiliki reliabilitas sebesar 0.935, otoriter sebesar 0.872 dan permisif sebesar 0.631. Implikasi penelitian ini dapat membantu dalam mengukur tipe pola asuh orang tua dalam perspektif remaja dengan melihat perilaku orang tua dalam mengasuh mereka.Orang tua mengembangkan aturan-aturan tersendiri bagi anaknya dengan memiliki cara pengasuhan yang sesuai. Pengukuran tipe pola asuh dari beberapa penelitian diukur berdasarkan perspektif orang tua, sementara sangat jarang pengukuran tipe pola asuh dinilai berdasarkan perspektif remaja. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan uji validitas isi dengan memodifikasi alat ukur Parenting Styles and Dimension Questionnaire (PSDQ) yang disusun oleh Robinson et al (1995) yang memiliki tiga faktor yaitu otoritatif 15 item, otoriter 12 item dan permisif 5 item dengan total 32 item dengan tujuan alat ukur ini dapat digunakan untuk remaja. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif deskriptif dengan melibatkan tiga panel ahli di bidang Psikologi Perkembangan, Psikologi Anak dan Remaja serta Psikometri. Analisis data menggunakan Content Validity Ratio (CVR). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa setiap tipe pola asuh tidak valid, karena nilai rata-rata V Aiken dibawah 1,00. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, perbaikan skala dilakukan sesuai dengan saran ahli sebelum dilakukan analisis uji reliabilitas untuk mengukur konsistensi dari skala PSDQ pada remaja. Setelah skala direvisi dan disebarkan kepada sejumlah 72 remaja dengan rentang usia 12-21 tahun, didapatkan hasil bahwa skala modifikasi PSDQ untuk otoritatif memiliki reliabilitas sebesar 0.935, otoriter sebesar 0.872 dan permisif sebesar 0.631. Implikasi penelitian ini dapat membantu dalam mengukur tipe pola asuh orang tua dalam perspektif remaja dengan melihat perilaku orang tua dalam mengasuh mereka.

The Preliminary Study of the Effects of Cochlear Implantation on Developmental Outcome in Thai Children

Background: Children born with severe or profound hearing loss usually have delays in receptive and expressive language development that affect academic achievement and social functioning. Cochlear implantation is the treatment of choice for these children. There were very few studies on developmental outcome of the children with severe sensory neural hearing loss who had gone through cochlear implantation. Objective: 1) To assess developmental outcome of cochlear implantation in children aged 9 to 66 months. 2) To study attitude and Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) of the parents. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study of 27 children aged 9 to 66 months who received cochlear implantation at Rajavithi Hospital. The data were collected online using the Ages &amp; Stages Questionnaires, Third Edition, Thai-Version (ASQ-3 Thai), Parents’ attitudes and PSDQ, Thai version. Results: The age of cochlear implant was 30.52±12.22 months with 29.6% of the patients getting the cochlear implantation before two years of age. There was 70%, and 37% of children suspected of having delays in language and problem solving. Relationship between language development with age at diagnosis of hearing impairment, age of receive hearing aids, age of auditory-verbal therapy, age of cochlear implantation, and duration of auditory verbal training after cochlear implantation were statistically significant. There was a significant relationship between problem solving and reading with children family type. Most parenting style was authoritative. Parental knowledge and attitudes were very good at 96.3%. Conclusion: Children with severe sensory neural hearing loss who received early diagnosis and cochlear implantation at the age younger than 2 years old, as well as long consecutive auditory and speech skills training, results in better language developmental outcomes. Keywords: Cochlear implantation; Development outcome; Language; Sensory neural hearing loss

Parenting Style, Diet Pattern and Obesity of School-Age Children at Muhammadiyah University Elementary School, Purwokerto

Background : Parenting style can influence the occurrence of obesity in children through their attitudes, habits, choices, and diet patterns. School-age children require a balanced nutritional intake to support their growth and development. Therefore, parents need to pay great attention to their child's nutrition to ensure that their growth and development processes are not disrupted and to prevent various illnesses. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between parenting style and diet patterns with the incidence of obesity in school-age children at Muhammadiyah University Elementary School, Purwokerto&#x0D; Methods : This research used a cross-sectional design with purposive sampling. The total number of respondents in this study was 46 students. The Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) was used to assess parenting styles, while the Food Frequency Questionnaire was used to determine the diet patterns of the respondents.The data analysis used in this study was the Spearman correlation test.&#x0D; Results : The results of the bivariate analysis indicate that there is no significant relationship between parenting style and obesity (p=0.331). However, there is a significant association between fast food consumption and obesity (p=0.000), while there is no significant association between the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and obesity (p=0.309).&#x0D; Conclusions : There was no association found between parenting style and the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages with obesity. However, a significant association was observed between fast food consumption and obesity among school-age children at Muhammadiyah University Purwokerto Primary School.

Parenting style of mothers with generalized anxiety disorder and behavioral problems in their children

The study aimed to examine the role of mother’s generalized anxiety disorder on their parenting style and its association with behavioral problems in their children. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional, matched-control group design, using purposive sampling method was employed. Total sample of forty mothers with their children were recruited. Twenty mothers diagnosed with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and the remaining 20 were healthy mothers, in study and healthy control groups respectively, all matched on age, gender and education. MINI International Psychiatric Interview (MINI 7.0), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), and Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) were administered on all mothers. Behavioral Assessment System for Children 3rd (BASC-3) was administered to assess presence of or possibility of developing behavioral problems in their children. Results and Conclusion: The study findings highlighted that as compared to healthy mothers who implemented more of authoritative style of parenting, mothers with GAD, on the other hand, employed more of authoritarian and permissive styles of parenting. Further, authoritative parenting style was significantly and negatively correlated with scores on HAM-A in the study group. Significant numbers of the children of mothers with GAD found to have clinically significant scores and were at-risk for developing internalizing problems, inattention/ hyperactivity, problems related to personal adjustment and emotional problems as compared to children of healthy mothers in the present study.

Parental Worry About COVID-19 in Preschool Children's Mothers During the Pandemic Waves: The Role of Maternal Negative Feelings and Parenting Styles.

This cross-sectional study explores the relationship between maternal feelings, maternal parenting styles, and mothers' worry about COVID-19's detrimental consequences on preschool children's health and well-being. The study is among the first to concentrate on this reference specific group, whose characteristics might be particularly vulnerable to COVID-19's adversities. One hundred and four mothers of at least one preschool-age child completed an online questionnaire battery, which included the Parental Feelings Inventory, the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ), and the parental worry about COVID-19 scale. Negative maternal feelings (i.e., anger, anxiety/sadness) were associated with authoritarian and indulgent parenting practices, especially verbal hostility, while maternal happiness was associated with more authoritative practices, especially warmth and support. The hierarchical multiple regression model explained about 42% of variance of the overall maternal worry about COVID-19 from maternal negative feelings and parenting styles, with maternal authoritative parenting and maternal anxiety/sadness as the significant predictors that uniquely explain maternal worry about COVID-19. These results are discussed in terms of positive and negative maternal worry, which partially reflect the differences between overprotective and authoritative parenting in early childhood.

A relação entre estilos parentais e desenvolvimento auditivo em crianças com implante coclear

ABSTRACT Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between parenting styles and hearing skills in children with hearing loss who use cochlear implants. Methods This is an observational analytical study. The participants were the children’s main caregivers divided into a study group (N=50) and a control group (N=28). The children’s ages were between 3 and 7 years old. Subjects in the study group provided a past medical history (PMH), and completed the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) and the Infant-Toddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale (IT-MAIS) or the Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale (MAIS). Subjects in the control group also provided a PMH and completed the PSDQ. The Mann Whitney test, the Spearman coefficient, and the Kruskal-Wallis test were used for data analysis, utilizing the JASP 0.8 and SPSS 23 softwares. Results Results showed that The authoritarian parenting style and punishment dimension revealed a statistical significance, with higher scores for children with altered auditory development. Conclusion It was concluded that the practice of authoritarian parenting style with punitive dimensions and physical coercion were related to altered hearing development. Regulation dimension presented a significant correlation with hearing development. The outcome suggested the importance of psychotherapeutic strategies for caregivers who are responsible for children with hearing loss.

Association Between Parenting Styles, Children’s Nutritional Status, and Quality of Life among Children Ages 8-12 Years

Nutritional status and parenting styles are two factors that are thought to affect children’s quality of life. This study aimed to assess the relationship between parenting styles, nutritional status, and quality of life of children aged 8-12 years. This cross-sectional observational analytic study used data collected from November 2020 to January 2021 using the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) that were distributed in the form of e-questionnaire . The analysis tests used were the Spearman and logistic regression tests with a level of significance of 0.05. The results of the Spearman test showed that there was no correlation between parenting style and quality of life (p = 0.882) and between the nutritional status and quality of life (p = 0.568). The results of the logistic regression analysis showed that the variables of parenting (p = 0.437; 95% CI = 0.607–3.174; OR = 1.388) and nutritional status (p = 0.432; 95% CI = 0.504–1.341; OR = 0.822) were not associated with quality of life. Thus, there is no significant relationship between parenting patterns and children's nutritional status on the quality of life of children aged 8-12 years.

The Moderating Role of Surgency, Behavioral Inhibition, Negative Emotionality and Effortful Control in the Relationship between Parenting Style and Children's Reactive and Proactive Aggression.

The principal aim of this study is to explore the moderating role of temperament in the relationship between parenting style and the reactive and proactive aggressive behavior of 8-year-old children. The participants are 279 children (154 boys and 125 girls). To measure reactive and proactive aggression, children completed the reactive and proactive questionnaire (RPQ). Child temperament and parenting styles were evaluated by both parents using the temperament in middle childhood questionnaire (TMCQ) and the parenting styles and dimensions questionnaire (PSDQ). The results revealed that boys with high surgency levels and authoritarian fathers displayed more reactive aggression, whereas behaviorally inhibited boys with mothers who scored low for authoritarian parenting displayed less reactive aggression. Finally, girls with high levels of effortful control and mothers who scored low for authoritative parenting displayed more proactive aggression. The results highlight the value of studying the moderating role of temperament in the relationship between children’s aggressive behavior and both mothers’ and fathers’ parenting styles, and underscores the importance of doing so separately for boys and girls.

Parenting Style and Emotional Regulation in Children with Intellectual Disability

Background: Children with intellectual disability experience problems in emotional regulation. This is important for children to control their emotions to face pressure and difficulties in their life. Parenting style will affect children's ability to manage their emotions and have a positive impact on children's well-being and children's emotional regulation abilities. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between parenting style and emotional regulation of children with intellectual disability. Methods: The research design used a cross sectional study. The sample in this study were children with intellectual disabilities and their parents as many as 32 of 35 children who were in special schools in Surabaya Indonesia were selected by simple random sampling. Parenting style were measured using the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) and emotional regulation was measured using the Emotional Regulation Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (ERQ-CA) with the Spearman Rho analysis test. Results: Most parents apply authoritative parenting (81.3%). Meanwhile, the emotion regulation strategy is balanced between using cognitive reappraisal (53.1%) and expressive suppression strategies (46.9%). The relationship between parenting style and emotion regulation is quite strongly correlated (p value = 0.003, r = 0.509). Conclusion: Democratic parenting applied by parents towards intellectually disabled children makes children better in terms of emotional regulation abilities. Special attention and the role of parents in this case is the application of effective parenting is needed to help children regulate their emotions which will have an impact on life in the future.

Evaluation of the parenting styles and other social variables influencing behaviour of child in dental clinic

Background: Parents play a major role in the physical and emotional development of children. The parenting style has influence over child behaviour in the dental office. Other factors like family type, presence of siblings as well as position of child in the family may also affect the behaviour of the child in the dental clinic. Objectives: To evaluate the parenting styles and other social variables influencing child dental behaviour. Methods: One hundred and fifty-one healthy children aged 4-12 years were recruited by convenience sampling during their regular dental visits to Paediatric Dentistry Department, Kantipur Dental College from April to July 2021 after ethical clearance. Family and child demographic data were evaluated through a questionnaire. The accompanying parent completed the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ). The behaviour of the children was evaluated during the routine non-invasive dental procedure using Frankl behaviour rating scale. Results: All three parenting styles were identified among Nepalese parents, including authoritative (136, 90.06%), authoritarian (6, 3.97%), and permissive parenting styles (9, 5.96%). Most of the children showed positive behaviour (98, 64.9%). Significant associations were detected with age (p = 0.027) and gender (p = 0.015) and their behaviour, but not between parenting styles, type of family, number of siblings, and position of child in the family with behaviour. Conclusion: The behaviour of the child was significantly associated with the age of the child, with younger children exhibiting more negative dental behaviour than older ones. However, other factors did not have association with child behaviour.

Relationship of Temperament and Character Traits, Emotional Regulation and Perceived Parenting With Self-harming Behaviors in Adolescents

Objectives: The current study aims to provide a structural modeling of self-harm behaviors in adolescents based on their temperament and character traits, emotion regulation strategies, and perceived parenting. Methods: This is a descriptive/correlational study. The study population consists of all high school students (1-3th grade) during 2017-2018 in Tehran, Iran. Of these, 159 with a mean age of 15±0.75 years were selected by using a cluster sampling technique. they were assessed by Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), and Deliberate Self-Harming Inventory (DSHI). For data analysis, Pearson correlation test and structural equation modeling were conducted in LISREL v. 8.8 and SPSS v. 20 applications. Results: Novelty seeking dimension of TCI and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies had a direct and positive relationship with self-harming behavior. Although harm avoidance dimension of TCI and authoritarian parenting had no direct effect on self-harming behaviors, they became effective after mediation by maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and novelty seeking together were able to predict 22% of the variance in self- harming behavior Conclusion: Novelty seeking personality trait and authoritarian parenting can affect and predict self-harming behaviors of the adolescents.Sirwan Karimi