Parenting Styles And Dimensions Questionnaire Research Articles

Study of family environmental factor on only-children’s personality

Objective: To analyze the impact of family environment on only-children’s personality. Methods: Using cross-sectional design to recruit only-children aged 6 - 16 years old; using EPQ to evaluate the children’s personality. The general questionnaire, PSDQ (Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire), FAD-GFS (The General Functioning Scale of MacMaster family activity device), SLE(Stressful Life Events), FSQ (Family Stresses Questionnaire), FLQ (Family Life Questionnaire), EFQ (Everyday Feelings Questionnaire) were used to collect information about family environment from parents. Results: In only-child family, standardized regression equations of family environment influence on children personality include: 1) EPQ-p = 0.087 × SLE + 0.207 × father autocratic parenting + 0.131 × education of father + 0.110 × family type - 0.110 × role of discipline - 0.080 × parental attitude + 0.087 × family adaptability; 2) EPQ-e = 0.105 × EFQ- 0.088 × SLE - 0.101 × family income; 3) EPQ-n = 0.143 × SLE - 0.090 × family cohesion + 0.089 × family income + 0.117 × the orderly’s attitude - 0.138 × the child’s role experience of FLQ - 0.101 × parents shaping the behavior of children of FLQ and 4) EPQ - l = -0.136× SLE - 0.093 × relationship between parents - 0.155 × attitude of the old. Conclusion: It is important for children to develop personality normally if the father doesn’t choose autocratic parent style. Children tend to be optimistic if the parent can feel happy. The stressful life events are a double-blade sword depending on the parent’s handling. The difference of the parenting style can influence the lie-personality of children.

Psychometric Properties of the Lithuanian Version of the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ): Pilot Study

The internal consistency reliability and structure-related validity of the Lithuanian version of Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ), a 32-item instrument originally developed to assess the parenting behavior of parents of 4- to 12-year-olds, was the focus of the research study. The translated instrument was completed by 265 parents (mostly mothers) of nonclinical elementary school-aged children from a metro school district in Lithuania. In this pilot study, it was found that the PSDQ Lithuanian version had preliminary sufficient internal consistency reliability and structure-related validity similar to those reported by the authors of the original instrument. However, the PSDQ Lithuanian version still needs further studies with a more balanced gender representation, larger sample, and more diverse number of schools for exploring the psychometric properties more thoroughly. Nevertheless, in that there are few instruments on parenting that have already been translated and used with Lithuanian parents; the authors believe that this pilot study is a very important first step in the process of creating a valid and reliable instrument based on Baumrind’s parenting model.

Family stress, parenting styles, and behavioral adjustment in preschool-age adopted Chinese girls

This study seeks to extend previous research on family stress, parenting, and child adjustment to families with adopted Chinese children. In doing so, we also seek to strengthen inferences regarding the experiential underpinnings of previously obtained relationships among these variables by determining if they also occur in families where parents and children are not biologically related. Participants were families of 133 preschool-age adopted Chinese girls (Mage = 5.2 years, SD = 0.7; Mage at adoption = 12.8 months, SD = 4.1). Data on family stress, parenting styles, and children's behavioral adjustment were collected from the adoptive mothers with the Social Problem Questionnaire (SPQ), Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ), and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) respectively. Results showed that adoptive mothers reported relatively mild family stress, frequent authoritative parenting, and few behavior problems in their children. Nonetheless, family stress, authoritarian and permissive parenting styles positively correlated with children's behavioral problems. Finally, authoritarian parenting mediated the effect of non-child-related family stress (NCR-stress) on the adopted Chinese girls’ CBCL internalizing and overall problems, even after controlling for corresponding CBCL scores from 2 years earlier. Our results showed that the overall pattern of relationships found in non-adoptive families is also seen in families with adopted Chinese children.

Maternal depression and socio-economic status moderate the parenting style/child obesity association

The purpose of the study was to test the moderating influence of two risk factors, maternal depression and socio-economic status (SES), on the association between authoritarian and permissive parenting styles and child obesity. Correlational, cross-sectional study. Parenting style was measured with the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ). Maternal depression was measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). BMI-for-age percentile was used to categorize children by weight status (children with BMI-for-age > or = 95th percentile were classified as obese). SES was computed from parent education and occupational status using the four-factor Hollingshead index. Rural public schools in a mid-western state in the USA. One hundred and seventy-six mothers of first-grade children (ninety-one boys, eighty-five girls) enrolled in rural public schools. Both maternal depression and SES were found to moderate the permissive parenting style/child obesity association, but not the authoritarian/child obesity association. For depressed mothers, but not for non-depressed mothers, more permissive parenting was predictive of child obesity. Similarly more permissive parenting was predictive of child obesity among higher SES mothers, but not for lower SES mothers. Maternal depression and SES interact with permissive parenting style to predict child obesity. Future research should examine the relationship among these variables using a longitudinal design.

Maternal characteristics differentiating first grade children above 75th versus below 50th percentile on BMI

Study objective was to identify maternal characteristics discriminating children above 75th versus below 50th percentile on BMI ‐for‐age. Participants were 444 rural first‐grade children and mothers. Maternal measures were Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ), Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD). Child BMI was measured in fall and spring: 42.6% (189) children had fall BMI > 75th percentile and 28.4% (126) had BMI < 50th percentile. ANOVAs revealed the following higher means for the fall BMI > 75th percentile group: all CFQ items about mother weight status, all p < .001; PSDQ permissive parenting, F(1, 312) = 4.793, p = .029; CESD F(1, 310) = 3.208, p = .074. BMI > 75th percentile group had lower mean CFQ responsible for feeding/eating scores, F(1, 312) = 8.577, p = .004. Regressions showed CFQ responsible explained significant variance in child BMI percentile (R2 = .02, p = .005) after maternal current and childhood weight status were controlled (R2 = .09, p < .000001). Children in fall BMI > 75th group with more permissive mothers had a closer link between mother childhood weight status and child BMI spring percentile (r = .303, p = .007) than children with less permissive mothers (r = .188, p = .070). Results extend previous findings on early childhood BMI > 75th percentile status as linked to greater risk for later childhood obesity.

Do parental feeding practices predict authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting styles?

Study objective was to evaluate links of parenting styles to feeding practices. Participants were 239 parents of first‐grade children (134 boys; 105 girls) enrolled in rural public schools. Measures included parental responses to Encouraging and Modeling questionnaires and parental responses to Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ); parenting styles were measured by the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ). Regression analyses revealed that feeding behaviors explained 21%, 15%, and 8% of the variance in authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting, respectively. Hypothesis 1: Responsibility, restriction (negative), monitoring, and modeling were significantly related to authoritative style (p < .00001). Hypothesis 2: Restriction, pressure to eat, and monitoring (negative) were significantly related to authoritarian style (p < .00001). Hypothesis 3: Modeling (negative) and restriction were significantly related to permissive style (p < .001). We conclude that parental feeding practices with young children are linked to general parenting styles and successful interventions to change parental feeding practices should address underlying parenting styles. This research was supported by United States Department of Agriculture Grant 2004‐05545.

Correspondence between maternal and paternal parenting styles in early childhood

The goal of the present study was to investigate perceived similarities and differences in parenting styles between mothers and fathers in the same family. The 56 parents of 28 preschool children independently completed the parenting styles and dimensions questionnaire (PSDQ) [Robinson, C. C., Mandleco, B., Frost Olsen, S., & Hart, C. H. (2001). The parenting styles and dimensions questionnaire (PSDQ). In B. F. Perlmutter, J. Touliatos, & G. W. Holden (Eds.), Handbook of family measurement techniques. Vol. 2: Instruments and index (p. 190). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage]. Results reveal only modest similarity in parenting styles used by two parents within the same home. Permissive (and to a lesser extent, authoritarian) parenting was somewhat positively associated across parents but no cross-informant association was found for authoritative parenting. Fathers perceive their spouses to be more authoritative, more permissive, and less authoritarian than themselves, whereas mothers only perceive themselves to be more authoritative than fathers. Parents who share similar parenting styles are more accurate at reporting on their spouses’ parenting styles than are parents with differing styles. Correspondence in parenting style across both parents in the home is important as are parental perceptions of similarity and differences in styles. Independent assessment of both mother's and father's parenting styles, and each parent's perception of their spouse's parenting appears needed in research and practical settings.